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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
# A6 {0 C2 L! u% `6 CBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
& P" u% r3 _; N+ J2 \( v9 MExposure to Testosterone9 ?% O r8 j% p, c
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,21 }& q' U" o7 J5 m2 ~
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD17 C6 g& z/ Y- X8 T, K
Clinical Pediatrics
% q/ d: o6 W) G$ P: F fVolume 46 Number 6) b: J4 B& r9 W& A$ n
July 2007 540-5430 [8 g' ^- b; e3 Z/ u/ I/ ]+ }
© 2007 Sage Publications
7 } Y4 t0 z* s10.1177/00099228062966513 Z u; y6 f/ l
http://clp.sagepub.com
: }, ]; i5 k1 ^$ I8 ghosted at
8 O6 w2 k' E, ^/ u$ b; t4 Yhttp://online.sagepub.com2 @' n$ G. }# d. Y4 ~' M" c" K
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
( I$ u/ W7 g$ t5 r3 T+ ris a significant concern for physicians. Central7 \. i+ Q/ K, M* _
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated6 z7 @- X+ T+ ?
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has/ H9 w5 L2 W% \5 D9 A$ I
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system! {6 F. y$ K& P) p5 \8 c) I( ?5 a
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
& \) U' c; e% t2 eby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic; f3 C2 Y; f9 p" N4 d
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-* y6 t( a8 k1 \
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We% r) K( g2 ]+ L! z
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
! i' G$ ^) B; }/ @enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-3 ^: A+ e; l0 B D8 H" c7 ^
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due: u; D, J _& \1 N( y$ w% o E
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by1 p' E$ C' C8 H. i+ G! c: `
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-- r0 @6 b W2 }* m5 d1 }. X0 e8 _; s
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
2 B) i3 n. m& f# ]: X5 \( D* a2 w0 I( Ychild. Given the widespread and easy availability of5 Z2 k. i2 H. K: m0 H* k3 R- K
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
9 e+ W6 u+ h, T0 v. j% nbly more common than the rare case report in the
) u& Z8 K/ l* F& [( t2 `0 T$ Aliterature.4
9 e# U; Q" {( h/ ]" g9 `Patient Report
4 K7 n& y! o0 j CA 16-month-old white child was referred to the' R3 H0 j. x$ t6 l# l* j
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
3 }6 t4 Q# w; i6 ^" ~of early sexual development. His mother noticed
6 y2 d$ T- a7 K! r4 @light colored pubic hair development when he was. ` v4 ~2 Q( n% G. Q1 a
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
) N# p6 S6 t) ~7 Q" F9 JSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
9 I! }0 U, B8 E- S P0 m+ _Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,& L5 Z" x. W) T4 f
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
4 |6 V. X5 d$ P" O2 ~; w. RMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
9 u# v( t) v# m) z6 ve-mail: [email protected].+ e5 O2 Y+ b0 p+ c( w
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
/ w- c h3 k! mdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
1 r2 t# m3 q& S2 a$ g( \ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
! p+ w, Q* H' C. o" Iwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
* g/ R/ A- ]1 G. e, Ra birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of) _) [# G: S4 H" J0 M
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year+ ^( Q) ~3 O- H) E" Y
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
) L4 Q- W4 r9 f; v0 ]! Zsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,7 w$ ]8 K( K5 ~; o# q2 v5 r3 E: f- [: O
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
" Q* r# F1 f' M& @& B) D. dwas age appropriate.
" y! S, E. B9 u; E$ \The family history was remarkable for the father,' {; J% f* Q, e# `
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,' x+ Y1 U( m( u* }9 c& S0 W$ [3 h
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s1 V% H q+ z7 V2 k K
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat2 F9 x) Q/ z _& T
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.4 n' e' n& j- n6 @: h) h4 ~
The father denied taking any other medication. The
- A7 u. }, m$ W3 e! E# c1 pchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche* U5 Q0 |6 ~& v, e( v' F6 k
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
: l' E; } ^- }; G$ m) ^5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
* w9 N0 o8 }* R. lcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-0 l) v( N( H0 ?( G3 r
tives. There were no siblings.
6 x) H# Z9 M v' D; LPhysical Examination" C6 ^2 D3 }5 [9 R) _0 m
The physical examination revealed a very active,+ N9 d, G( w( v0 N
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented/ q9 ?* }" ]: u% x9 ^8 p& s
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was: x; P/ V' i* M; l9 |, Y
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg2 i+ b7 M3 a& A0 t9 s1 W: j
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
" c O6 B! y0 N( X( g. W9 b2 svelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
8 b1 F% i: x) ` D6 @; Xthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.: {- G5 e9 T' F+ Y+ w: ^9 m
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
+ W: p% F' ?* u; y( Y% {enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of. U; }& b& m0 m, t" U
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well9 H5 i2 Y3 H* Y3 y
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around, S. c: ` j% \: b
540
7 O5 M9 I) k. c. Vat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& H! d1 O' [1 B; |
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
. ?) y6 v2 R- X' F# _testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.. k* j+ v& ?" m0 h5 F: q
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
* \# q5 N6 C7 a. I# noily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
9 D; g# p1 p0 J6 v$ x" N; Kabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.$ i2 [4 e. T' g- Y& ^/ y0 c9 H
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+; M: ~: j6 I+ K( ^6 L5 ~
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion# f j% c. ~# Q9 F/ o6 \ i
of papilledema.
: T" P, \. d. J( ?7 vLaboratory Evaluation
! z; W. i+ x2 |+ Q4 s% C yThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by1 G2 L& `0 S* Q1 o r6 M9 @
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
: G# @6 ?+ B- h! v/ s/ {logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal6 N) Q: J% u- S' [, F
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test- ^4 K% [, X% c8 K5 v
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-- a) l& W" w8 s @, v
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).0 Z% X' F( Q! T$ o s
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood/ i! p0 N6 a x8 g6 E- _2 M, b
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
& X j2 E8 e9 u7 gwithin normal range for his age. The concentration, m, i5 _9 A, s; f' L# n. L% A
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
" ` J4 \) s3 @' ?(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 208 I" P) M/ z6 z! W% L/ J2 H
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-/ K' @4 ^9 T0 H9 F5 U8 O; O, I
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
7 @. \8 T7 q2 b6 _) R0 d! Sdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to, [8 e. [' h; C& x5 g* g
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)( _& e( h3 M0 \! f) f) s
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
/ ^& I8 X' l* W6 Otisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
* R7 x( L5 j0 [# a' M( K; Ytestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
$ ?* G6 `2 H4 ~and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than. K+ m8 G1 X. q6 J9 b
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular3 b9 @, c) ^$ t. N& F1 O
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone- y. h @% a, _+ d( u
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
! p7 v& L! w9 i* O) X(prepubertal).
' o3 `- J* R# Y4 MThe parents were notified about the laboratory
; m3 S- K6 ^6 yresults and were informed that all of the tests were
2 Z+ Z3 r1 D5 i/ {2 U1 c% g2 Lnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
: q# j" }) P# d zfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to, Z {' X$ u. Q
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
Q8 k0 W0 u0 W1 T3 s" D @$ Hever, the family did not return for 4 months., t; L: D/ a; L# f4 m/ W- `
Physical examination at this time revealed that the( E: G* k4 K* @3 a, C
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained* ~7 C3 V( P- [
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained4 [7 b; f8 b' z" ~2 h$ ~
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
3 d+ V6 O1 n+ Upletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at; \) }( ^9 H9 j e. ^4 r
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
9 x9 ?; {3 n8 m& W8 z& RmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.6 g3 `- Y) A, y' m2 u% b1 x+ O5 U
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
+ _2 `9 ~" |: H' Oing frequent erections.2 T( ?( B# q5 n' R
Both parents were again questioned about use of
5 l2 M* h: u! Sany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
% d/ H4 N% z/ K$ @) e/ p7 cthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
4 T6 j0 o8 U; S& @Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5411 P$ t3 `) n2 `3 G: ^
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
* P- K7 k( c, z; w( {ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
) N* C8 K. _, p' m, C$ ga year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
. D# f1 P) ]+ F% @) K7 C+ Wto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
' s; ^( g9 g8 i8 u' R4 sscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
* H3 q# _& |: F) O0 Y7 Esecondary to depression.
1 V. t2 z' s/ u5 HThe child slept in the same bed with parents.+ j o- N5 \0 M4 s* K: H& R
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
# `9 C/ ?2 `) o/ l; `* Mchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
# r; q) t& j" W! L1 U# Enificant bare skin contact between baby and father.( ?9 ^6 b9 ^7 @6 D( J
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
% w: I( {8 T0 |when he learned the testosterone level in the baby1 `$ _7 ^" [! Z7 T
was high, he then read the product information
0 N7 W" s! D' C Wpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
2 |* R' R; ]$ _6 |9 h& A- ]0 \son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they1 @: ?" C% j W9 P: C3 R
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the0 a7 `" `- y2 t
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
5 x, Q. K, J F( Cbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone" L+ T2 P/ r. N' q) y, [4 _
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
$ f3 l) ` ? l5 ylaboratory to obtain the test.2 y* A% n2 b5 c8 s9 _3 j# S) u7 ~
Discussion
* R1 h! [6 u' IPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary2 l7 E" j& a# {* X/ d( q8 }
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,46 G" W$ F( i/ n3 j# d `
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
9 R2 k8 M8 |0 Q; I' {it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
& ~, h, G5 f X# x$ ithalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-, K( o# ] R n
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP+ r' J$ B; w( h5 T! b
may have a central nervous system lesion that is. a+ w' ?. r# s- y
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
: |# U! y- J2 d0 i. H* b! yamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
, G: W6 s9 H$ E( A3 U' Isis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
) `0 T8 m8 F4 P. aboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-: W0 b! y8 J+ ~0 a' V
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
# e6 r0 `0 O" @0 @4 x8 `9 a1 d" I) Yrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by' h6 R- @0 o5 n- o. p' H( w
gonadotropins.1,3
$ p+ N i% n7 I7 b: EGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
# m& `& p$ c% C2 v3 q: ~0 ^* Y! {0 Acious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate7 v- b& p, F. F- u' `5 ?4 v
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or- |' t/ ]$ y% N6 O( v4 r1 P
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
8 v- O2 [1 |/ L. L! I( T0 L+ uulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
2 Q2 S& e8 v6 F; vcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive, `' D X% a: P& |* K0 O% H) ~
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious/ A2 c I& R6 o0 k
puberty in boys.3,4* e. a( e0 }6 P: a
The most common form of congenital adrenal
/ |* G) B, o/ G& l+ n+ Fhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
4 f1 y0 |5 ?. j' k' b5 p$ pThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
( g, I" R' S# E' I* v. Fexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
. s' { K4 W: zan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
/ \) b% R% ~7 V4 Sexcess.1,34 a9 I4 w3 S, D6 p
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
# `6 j8 {5 @ q1 j( m% X3 [542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
7 h' u9 r5 R' m3 B+ oA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-1 L N2 k& [& F4 K; N
independent precocious puberty, which is also known8 X4 Q1 @: j) A
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
: Q, G2 x* Z' Y1 e2 t' b. e( b z7 lvery young age. The physical findings in these boys( _1 [: q. p2 Y( D$ h" ^4 t/ z* ~7 T
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
9 O! x- R. A5 i |2 i$ ^& Wincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
R. K+ t/ N: }+ }& C$ j" ] K0 Cwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
+ h8 {* ~: I& b2 y8 |are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
6 s" a3 X+ G& U H5 @# Dpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
7 s2 q3 p9 _1 dreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked, [) e; \8 d& b7 D8 r1 U% ^
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only# M& O9 g/ j6 A! {+ P# [
males; therefore, other male members of the family
3 @4 T% G* j# u. Emay have similar precocious puberty.3 b7 a5 p8 Z3 s( a6 a- T
In our patient, physical examination was incon-1 J# u/ } `! d% p. T' X4 t
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
- x, O, H Y. M) O* _cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
# W+ r, [% J( s" awas in the differential diagnosis because his father& A/ z$ w' S; H/ M3 c# F
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
$ r4 b' I, [* a+ v8 ?* w4 C& E/ ktesticular enlargement is not that evident in the/ W) ^ \0 |6 j$ K
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
. m# Y# T; p/ f* W5 K& M1 mative initial history of androgen exposure, our
( g4 G, @* v4 `* V7 t' g; l: {biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,7 e% G5 L( m& N* m, m/ Z
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
7 n. N p' A( ^; u$ Odeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-. } i$ h: p6 Q* N9 U7 l
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
0 U: f+ s' Q* W7 g& kThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
. g5 `( n; ?1 Osuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because0 n& i% n, M2 A
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
* a% Y1 N' e; _6 n. Jpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
6 `. ^0 W# U% |) n# C+ C8 G1 ]decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-5 b. ~9 D, L( b# b" A
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was5 t( c4 @' U% D: v3 |
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
/ |0 F# N6 \; H3 dDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
( m( u+ @8 O1 j/ W/ L- z, Y4 P1 vcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to6 Z+ h# F' _& T2 g( {
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.2 F+ w; M. |- l1 P! R# g# h/ \
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the. T2 v$ a& {$ H3 F
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
7 E9 d, a% b$ w$ |3 m& g) ?even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
7 v# L$ l! k+ i: d& dpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
. k M; [: x" B7 `2 etion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.5 x/ ~; e/ O( f% t* f5 X9 f
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
/ h: l" C, h) G+ b) x2 owhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that3 k7 X3 U& V( l9 k6 S# E: p
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
' D1 q3 S# r9 M1 r8 vterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more! k2 W7 i4 V: K& s6 R
active in young children exposed to testosterone- J' t" B$ E+ j) S
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
' d5 p- m' b) a* m: O, gdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
; q( A7 x$ Z% vvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in2 [! z/ T8 ?# I
children results in an increase in growth velocity and( H" k3 E" l+ T0 O$ M$ o7 Y
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.) U- o2 }5 v5 ~+ t* i; G9 \
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
5 L% b, T5 |* w$ b. Wearly childhood on pubertal development and final
8 H% Q% F/ r2 sadult height are not fully known and always remain
4 p3 a" v8 u0 q; pa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
" u% `& `2 E+ h! P7 ]9 {terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some+ n+ t4 |0 t: P( {
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
8 U3 t; _8 G g3 qcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation7 q3 [* R, j, ` h0 ]/ r9 B) ^. C( R
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
4 @' I3 P7 _3 U2 f+ L. t( L2 bThere are conflicting reports and controversy, |' l1 `' @1 J% p( N5 j
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult# s1 a7 ~+ t6 g/ [% q. W2 l
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
. [1 H% r! r* k% {# g/ hadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-, G. a/ q4 _' [2 T: o& Q3 G+ E
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
. K4 F9 ?: S) X/ F# v7 l8 hSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
+ D( Z4 E6 z* Z- m! J5 E( [childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult$ a0 r* F) d' B# j# f" r9 b: `$ w5 B
penile length in clinical studies.# ` K7 |. Q! u
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
6 I) y$ [& y# {$ U* `% {7 x( Bgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
4 v0 u3 H, C& jtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
2 C0 E- D6 s" N0 W/ C3 zthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.; z( c- J: O6 V U4 ]- w7 q6 l' R! y& [/ Y
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
$ d6 ]) y7 J7 n6 w, mdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at. E7 ~+ v4 Y0 D7 p& ?
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
+ ~4 Q/ n. l4 I# lheight will not be affected.
* g, N3 {! a P8 `Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
8 d3 [: ^0 \: [$ q k% J8 Lability of androgen products in our society may
! `7 K4 N: h: P- p( p( Hindeed cause more virilization in male or female# {7 [+ j9 o- s0 W0 I) Z5 L% d
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-8 Z& `7 T9 d% g8 Y' a1 m& ~( b
gen products must be considered and specific ques- _, Q) ^) w; U( g. `2 \! s/ k0 M5 z
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
5 M, ^+ p, N4 P3 Z, N% fgel should be asked of the family members during
/ e9 j4 a X6 A2 h+ v: N8 uthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
" s4 F# A; L9 }# Filization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-' R, F1 H+ X& r7 {1 ^7 ~
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by h9 S, W# |, ^# I
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a/ V+ q8 E Y* Y. L2 q
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
& o) _! b2 a7 `# J2 bresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive" p8 Q& v8 Y% B4 t" b( M
investigation. The primary care physician should be* p# V, L. @7 i# h3 K- w! j& z/ S
aware of this fact, because most of these children
5 O5 t6 F: q+ U, E4 }2 H( }may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
* J6 p: M+ C+ f% b7 lDesk Reference and package insert should also put a2 [% R% j. n, |) g0 T
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
- w! T# z) Y+ S3 |3 d& ]& \; P/ {; Pfemale child who might come in contact with some-4 C/ }' Z- ^0 ^* z! L' i) h9 i
one using any of these products.
P0 c: Z0 z3 oReferences
8 b) A3 j2 t3 q5 ~1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
: T) ~( ^6 \# P6 E. K, ^ pand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric* C6 u5 F" b7 u: s$ }0 {
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
- t% ^9 l: O9 Y; A6 _& J2002: 565-628.
. r5 i3 F) \6 z+ E# m" w) ^& p2 P" z5 I2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
. `6 O; U z" t' Upuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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