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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old' M' H! h) I7 d
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical' L* X. O  u$ b$ `& [0 [8 z
Exposure to Testosterone
7 m0 }- }7 G1 L3 t4 S" p0 u  b7 fSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2- p: H. H- v, X3 F
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1! T% r. i" K& V$ p
Clinical Pediatrics
. V  ^' E4 A" q' FVolume 46 Number 6
- [" k- T2 N, B$ EJuly 2007 540-543
2 x- f, g+ |( a4 t' F) W. m© 2007 Sage Publications
4 d: N  x. j$ W9 P; R5 c10.1177/0009922806296651
4 C. Q, o+ q6 S7 [http://clp.sagepub.com/ c- v" z6 K8 x- w
hosted at
/ v* K3 F" q5 }% i0 Qhttp://online.sagepub.com  X6 b5 a% `; J
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
9 ^8 W) ~' M0 n5 ~- ?- L; j4 A8 U: Pis a significant concern for physicians. Central
7 p' ?6 T8 J+ r* o- P+ Uprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated# b  b1 H/ H% ?9 p; ]8 F3 j
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has5 r& U8 e: S" K  T' `
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system6 I" O' t- h( n
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested: Z, r7 W( y4 z0 @& c) u6 j
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
8 i. m/ D0 m* z5 S: H1 G) z6 _6 thair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-) \( r* j- {; B
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We6 G" t. S) E/ r6 d, G9 |% @
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
) C1 A. y# n- P' N1 f) Qenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-  _& b+ H- ^1 W# G% s6 V/ @
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due, q% ]$ G; H! I  [- N/ _. {
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by9 u5 a  j! ?/ L" i4 W, K
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-, J9 H# \7 x: _' N1 z
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
4 u9 e5 C) ^8 L( b8 zchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of! c' u/ d& K- H- G) E7 b
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
: p! o, C* M0 f& W! F. }6 K6 Rbly more common than the rare case report in the
/ C1 P5 `: @- _, u7 G/ b/ Eliterature.41 }- E! K& p$ @9 Q
Patient Report( s& w, j1 d9 c( G/ Q
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the+ o8 f! k! u. i  B9 e( y7 \
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
" ~, ~8 e8 y1 J$ r, M5 Sof early sexual development. His mother noticed5 \$ {; q3 D% `  o
light colored pubic hair development when he was
- P! M" K% c+ i% e7 nFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
, x3 T. Q, H. ]9 cSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.- C/ n7 Z1 H. x* q9 w
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,# v/ S+ B+ n7 E- u8 W
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
; z. T2 ]" U7 G$ }Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;" {& h9 T2 V+ A- m
e-mail: [email protected].
2 K/ i5 Z3 A+ U3 ^( h/ j) ~1 {about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became" @: ^! \3 R$ L1 _
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-2 {# t" l1 T. F8 I9 c
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
: ~7 G& E. a. @) ~was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with. h) t2 V% h" C' X4 c  O" w( X- t
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
5 b) J$ C8 ]* `6 W, t7 W20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
4 d$ x  ]. g/ K8 z! iof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
  [% n& Y  O5 m) ksolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,( r5 i; y. O# b( A
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
! e1 p' Q- e6 Z3 i3 Q4 M9 twas age appropriate.$ |. f) u$ k3 R4 v1 X
The family history was remarkable for the father,: f# d: x. h/ m3 W
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
9 f3 D6 ~0 Y9 A# f/ f1 r: m9 Rwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s5 L# |# x$ W" j6 b
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
+ d8 Y* f3 b2 }0 Y# aearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.' N- P$ S  t5 {$ q7 _
The father denied taking any other medication. The
/ ]  w3 g) v. w4 Z, U( t6 V; r/ vchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
1 }7 X0 D, Z9 I* `0 bwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet( V8 J/ G- M3 i0 O' ^7 ]
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
/ G' R0 a  A1 g( y7 Zcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
+ y& O3 @( w" q! [( vtives. There were no siblings.: O; N) \; `" D' r! J
Physical Examination
  H8 y# T' k" N- G) U8 [+ h0 e( b1 wThe physical examination revealed a very active,  `: n4 }9 s, d4 ~1 d/ T
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented, O. L. B/ u, m8 g0 M4 `4 Y
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
- x/ x2 n! J: b: B. }. ^  ~90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
" P$ F' h! k. q, Z1 m(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
3 G2 B) h0 N; pvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of- s# h) _" A7 e( J& {* {8 f9 ?
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement., C8 ~! B. |5 n/ ~3 V
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for' j( y6 J  d! L4 k2 l
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
3 f4 x4 |" x; x) J8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
" h" P7 i( ?- {9 wdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around. a$ \, c1 c- }4 f9 q
540: H/ F6 D5 {4 }* ^2 U% c
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from$ f4 R$ B: p4 O% w8 m6 r# A6 C# p, d
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The& ~6 P) ]8 A- B& ?* I2 B3 K
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
& E8 Y- Z; ~* WThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat& t* j; B8 r& m2 K6 [. |
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
/ r; {0 h" m4 _3 W0 cabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
# W# @# K8 r7 G3 `1 A6 T- `8 ~Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+4 N8 U: i6 R8 r: \" w9 U$ d6 I
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
% i* U: x, a+ qof papilledema.
1 U. m8 X- [* W9 {. |/ G2 WLaboratory Evaluation
" }; E6 M: X3 _2 P- x' h: V5 _6 ^, RThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
2 A0 V1 D9 V) ~7 F  ~0 b; Husing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
6 J9 P; G5 j6 s* F( o$ p5 ]logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
0 b7 a0 p( D7 a7 w/ ^7 Hkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test' S2 a5 l( N4 Q4 M# {
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-4 R; C; b. m) j, c' h
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
$ ~+ a! K& k: F; h' r3 N: n& xThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
* e5 v) @5 [7 Q( P+ {/ D8 Wurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were: e$ i' D9 a6 k8 o% y
within normal range for his age. The concentration% T$ E3 r+ C5 h9 ~2 ]  X
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL6 z: O* s4 N; `
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
& v# b. j# L' b4 a' n& Ing/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
$ E+ M: H9 v. M6 p0 p6 z# qterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
: Y; o( x/ |& B9 zdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
% d7 K) W* A, M* _49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
3 y* O1 s( P5 a# qwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-4 |4 ?' \1 k- z: J2 C$ a+ n
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total& G. l) _* h9 u5 w
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
3 Q# U5 n2 {3 Zand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
3 P5 `# x5 a% W" v: H  e  H/ N5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular+ P5 h, n# z- k, n. k, [, B  z
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
$ j9 @/ c2 g" U7 i# _% S* Q% yconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL: r$ D8 F$ O4 I- q
(prepubertal).& q6 \- c1 }" Y3 h& c
The parents were notified about the laboratory  B2 H0 a, s5 L0 x$ n
results and were informed that all of the tests were
# d! E' J. ^: f6 L% {3 cnormal except the testosterone level was high. The# r0 n, C0 b* ?1 \5 L0 _
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to& I# s3 e7 e4 r) A6 M2 P
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
! \- o# E/ \& j' G/ ^" [7 _$ Dever, the family did not return for 4 months.
6 L$ n+ z3 u% ~; R2 U! UPhysical examination at this time revealed that the* W4 {) D3 B$ Q+ r2 F
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained7 n$ L3 {+ }3 H
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
( n! x- v. |- M  wunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-' e& a  o' p6 V& w+ A
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at3 N' Y3 [* x3 L9 N; `2 \
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2( T. n" v0 a& J
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
7 t" S1 C5 }: w% _0 C; p  Q9 c7 ?$ JThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-: l; Q' y  A8 E6 I
ing frequent erections.' a" _. Y& R" @" S
Both parents were again questioned about use of
4 D8 P8 }" _" h7 H; z* _; G$ Wany ointment/creams that they may have applied to! Y" T3 r) G/ n0 z! P
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
- b1 Y) U3 k1 x. M4 vTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541$ J( k' f: M+ i( a" F. \4 I7 z( Y  x
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-9 }9 n1 K1 F( j% O4 \) P
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for6 S5 p) J# i0 y  U
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
8 {' ?- v% V/ ?2 F: u6 Nto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
6 V: J6 _) |- }0 uscribed by his family physician for decreased libido" G4 V3 c  r  y6 P% p; }: A$ d# r
secondary to depression.
% b" W/ d4 o. K  T$ nThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
- a; ]% B4 z9 b) V* y# f0 y; k4 o0 E" yThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his  E0 I9 I; M/ Q7 n& _7 A! `
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-% f  z( c6 i% c& g4 _1 W
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.) W1 p' j$ z) V5 ~& _8 `) z
The father also admitted that after the phone call,5 z) Z2 P  [+ T2 m
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby* D; G6 n% N4 |) v
was high, he then read the product information# b+ f3 }  X8 s: F# C, V& e
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-, \: [& G( }& Z
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they1 l* _# [: J1 H- i6 I9 k
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the+ t7 |. q9 z2 W7 O( k, @  u- O
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had2 r0 ^+ i3 D" U. `0 `( o2 V2 C: }
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone, f' Q  D0 a  e" d1 |6 G0 ]
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
) b# X3 d+ {" G: G3 @* B! J& @& A, Tlaboratory to obtain the test.6 Z/ a/ V" u6 M# V: a0 R
Discussion" b9 a- x- q1 M) J: r
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
. S+ S# y" v. W, r) Nsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
* k/ l- l3 |/ bPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
$ t+ P; `% ?$ |) V) ?, lit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-* K5 w) r6 m2 W2 p
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
, x% U% P, N  e' R. N9 y+ U- P  K# Amon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
" C: I% n5 ]) q& q" Emay have a central nervous system lesion that is
  e  O  d" w- o, _, Yresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
5 F  U8 C7 N  |$ v0 T5 y( [amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
: n3 y( B, B- }/ F8 Ssis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
, L: \! P. y2 n: {' D. T. fboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
  I; u" i, v& g8 d; }7 S/ sization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
& t& P8 F. `- l  prical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by4 D4 V3 z% @  U7 o: s- i4 ^2 _0 ~
gonadotropins.1,33 F$ i4 R+ m; |5 @
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-" r3 H4 w8 c' Q4 n% u
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
' ]# X4 s2 e0 L% Y1 Sandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
  F6 ^& j) @, N% z; z6 {exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
, Q" k4 V: X3 ^5 f) V  ^( gulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
( I3 B: N9 F5 M$ K( ^+ Kcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
% J, T. p% M* O3 Jadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious! U6 {. `8 C' l, ~' h- M, |
puberty in boys.3,4
2 k8 Y0 M  C3 r) I8 L  WThe most common form of congenital adrenal
; q. b/ y9 a$ j7 R- a4 {hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.' w4 G8 _2 c6 a# ^! F" @
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in! V# M3 H: ]) W2 Z
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,( ]" O/ E+ H5 ?6 _
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
% y2 P- |8 Y" B/ F: O/ B, Texcess.1,38 ^, b) q4 i3 K8 n
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
% H- l0 \  A) v2 r# d' X; {542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20075 N$ {& H" b9 T8 i
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-: Y, ]3 n! F. Y
independent precocious puberty, which is also known( e8 P4 Z, m# P2 b3 h3 K
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a- S) y& o/ G% G; R! |
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
. @' T$ m; i- j4 J, T, jwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
, K- d7 N- v" F8 y$ eincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
, |2 ?4 P9 j+ [' dwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder+ j9 s+ c+ |+ ^$ B2 x* t) [
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
) O* s5 C8 Y: J8 epubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
7 G7 @5 K( @4 k- v1 _# V' oreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
7 D; G1 |9 I2 i" V" i5 _autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
4 [; P. C& y# T# g3 C5 Mmales; therefore, other male members of the family
: _+ s7 j3 N- pmay have similar precocious puberty.3  i( g6 G* x* O5 W1 t
In our patient, physical examination was incon-! w, X: a! k1 M) h
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-/ T! l! A- H6 f& v
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
4 I: k- {3 |6 _- l! f0 ?was in the differential diagnosis because his father4 N' b$ q* G  K! F( V
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,  k0 ^. Q1 n: k& ~. ~
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
4 t4 ?! c, ]2 ^) v1 A$ J1 mbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
* q9 D+ t3 ?, d  G& Aative initial history of androgen exposure, our
. Q1 m% P/ A8 G. l( y2 s, T( kbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
/ a$ [/ x# a$ O6 _either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
8 W8 E& l% I4 C2 W5 P$ ideficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
4 ~# u: [- x& @8 U8 ?ing the normal level of adrenal steroids./ }0 A: j" [- m! I2 M
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly% e6 y2 p. @+ ?9 y" r5 A9 }4 O* R$ P
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because& z1 t% y5 S0 U; d. \% O* s
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-# h5 x+ q, L; _# h6 I3 u3 {: z
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
* I' X+ i& p. n/ \# y5 V! f! W) tdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
& c+ K% K5 Y$ O1 e$ T' mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
4 a' y& S# F3 z9 |/ r$ P- [% zusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’# x) P: ]: F. G: V5 \9 K
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
$ g3 J2 i$ \# p  u5 @- Bcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to: m. i5 ]6 T. Z
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
: i' K" |" i/ M5 j7 bSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
; s5 T% v" p! `baseline value in those females who were exposed to" t1 h# D, {& t& I3 |5 ~- ]! Y
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male4 u: w8 `4 u0 L6 f
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
1 Z/ A/ H9 \* h2 dtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
; E" \* v! q" H4 T) zOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
. |. b4 Z" x) L1 `* rwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
2 B/ C. P% B' e0 p4 B2 T+ @9 x& ldermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-, W+ H0 m. F7 n( j* H! C
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
/ u7 b; }) O7 T+ `2 ?active in young children exposed to testosterone3 z9 S& ]2 d# b( F  J2 O  R1 Y, M
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
* }9 q  W, p4 d5 t! j6 z* fdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to1 }+ e. R) h/ X
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in/ \" P5 D9 N1 M3 Q7 D" J6 z- Z
children results in an increase in growth velocity and' T+ d/ |# j! {/ y( w
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
! _' p1 h) d0 ?. AThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
/ q- {) r" I- r3 h! |& d. {early childhood on pubertal development and final2 K) y" m- M4 R7 H% m* y
adult height are not fully known and always remain( `9 Y) E( e5 x9 ]+ X
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-" k6 b" w8 V6 @9 u; ?4 I. ?
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some* ?% h- R3 P5 _, W0 s3 F! P2 B
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after* [3 S& e# R" [# X
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation  ?$ D$ h6 `7 j  ?, W$ a
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9. C* V/ a9 B4 V  i# O, F- J" [' q
There are conflicting reports and controversy0 D- M( D# o* e* \
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult6 D5 E/ a1 k5 _$ C7 B1 o7 p
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
8 `' e# F5 y3 }8 P0 Kadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
* l1 e* x, V6 k& b+ ~& \: oulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
; b/ d  l& b- ]9 q9 KSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between& ~$ k) @/ T  Z: b* T& J
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
1 z, e# B% }. T0 f. ?6 ?& _. G8 \penile length in clinical studies.' d  p8 z6 ~; h, m; K+ Z( n6 ?
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is) e9 P$ R  ?) c4 ^
going to experience any of the untoward effects from9 I5 b; l& F4 s* U1 N9 n
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because. n/ ?. q! I, F8 q' ~' m4 p8 A
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
6 P6 F3 t1 t4 L% S& }' r3 eAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of: B3 Q: A3 `4 G% \/ E5 T' ]1 i
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at) c1 C& z& d4 r4 E9 r
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
. c% C) v! Z. |height will not be affected.( @! k/ {, P4 ]6 e/ E
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
# x4 O; V* z4 N" Jability of androgen products in our society may1 l/ k- Q/ W9 t4 g4 |  v
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
0 _& P  T/ {9 |9 Y5 Echildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-1 X8 n+ H. h, [% _# Q4 `( o2 n3 q" b
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
2 `1 v# X7 f# \0 K' X; Y1 jtioning about the use of a testosterone product or) l3 x8 e2 q' M5 l( |" `& s' s, Y
gel should be asked of the family members during
9 }7 Y) i2 @+ _( z1 Ethe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
. B0 [7 H$ M3 _8 n# U4 a- D; R4 Lilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
. Z. d) z- }$ t, u/ H: {4 e2 unosis can be established by just a few tests and by
$ a5 A4 j% R1 r+ ?2 dappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
- r6 t  S$ L6 e/ W3 E8 H% O# X% Chistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may# N9 ^: x5 X$ p# D
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive' @3 }: T7 \+ U& b: Y0 r$ e0 d
investigation. The primary care physician should be/ K6 s$ I; J( t; r0 J0 U& X
aware of this fact, because most of these children3 R6 x! O$ M* [! z& d5 ~5 V6 {1 r
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
1 J3 A0 h9 R. m7 [+ F& F" a6 UDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
# P8 B! J/ m" z0 jwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or: p3 ~8 _, `' C; ?& r
female child who might come in contact with some-6 r1 f; U: H; q% [8 M. k* m* ], f. }
one using any of these products.
: z6 n  \3 h# K3 u% D6 oReferences, D9 J2 N" O/ i+ S+ q( L5 p& y
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
4 {# ?7 v7 E, S; w' xand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
; Y! o* {* e. G: p9 @* f  c5 xEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;0 y' h1 c# F4 D' `  J. \; ]; S
2002: 565-628.
( d6 y. _$ K$ e8 L2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
+ p. J- a/ w0 b* D2 Y0 k; Fpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old9 J  V1 \/ G; U
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical/ k, P* ^1 I6 M0 P: Z
Exposure to Testosterone
( {) l4 o& R2 l: Y& u( O( |Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,28 r4 W9 _' J3 _$ m$ A3 y
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1- [, w" X9 p! w& y# O& P
Clinical Pediatrics
% @4 ]: D3 P+ u! fVolume 46 Number 6, w3 W6 ]. L* Y
July 2007 540-543
' b! k$ X; u, q3 J& g© 2007 Sage Publications
/ k+ T; w; ^3 Q. w& c9 T10.1177/0009922806296651
# n% d6 O' U  A# chttp://clp.sagepub.com
* g+ k( E/ `& H* v# N8 Fhosted at
9 e9 f# U3 M1 `9 ~; ^http://online.sagepub.com" v. E5 c/ r4 o0 \- l0 ]
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,+ t9 y0 t+ f# n, s7 k6 C8 H
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
" d+ e# c& p3 Lprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
! L9 `- |8 q; z3 Sthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has% L  a; {* S5 K0 a3 L8 t
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
/ F( F5 L1 B$ U* s! Flesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
3 L$ b7 J" S9 ]6 q& I" Y6 s0 U& [by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
- M: W+ m5 \& B$ G; dhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-# Q6 z. u- Q( h. u3 i5 W3 E" N  l& h( U
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
% X6 k0 U; L- v+ m$ [: h( @4 |report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
  S$ w# G* a, l3 U3 I. ?2 b& nenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
$ Y0 f& O! k% {" jment without testicular enlargement, which was due
1 K3 T( t! @- a3 ]6 m. fto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
7 Z2 J  w- r" f6 N1 o: ]+ K7 mthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-# T! ?8 g  [2 }6 x! z. V5 L
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this0 ]2 I- X+ R) j
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
. E! B3 m+ H. p' D# \9 a4 o7 `testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
+ e. I/ V  U7 {3 Nbly more common than the rare case report in the% {$ T! y; ]! B! a+ ]
literature.4
2 T( x3 V# z- \/ o! @+ PPatient Report
3 O* Q' r# y: ?- BA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
- O% Z: D# ^( ^  x+ c2 [! ]endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
& P* k2 l. R1 Lof early sexual development. His mother noticed& M4 s6 \! T5 p6 f4 a  O# X& Z) N
light colored pubic hair development when he was9 ~. k: I8 D* S. Z, A
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of0 c/ W" [  \' ]
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.  ~2 o' k) h& Y/ q% n! @# q) [
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
- M. `2 ^- o8 H9 r+ E; j  R! eProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
; e$ x2 ~: L1 @6 {Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;$ F* R/ \7 h! h1 M
e-mail: [email protected].
( e3 Z3 y' l3 y" }+ `% Q+ ]( Labout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became) b4 Q8 L' J) N2 h) z6 j9 T: H
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
1 Z. S2 h0 z4 Fment of his penis and frequent erections. The child3 {# q5 }  H( ]1 H' @: J' \) \
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
# M# E1 N  n, y: m9 v/ La birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
- M& ~: y7 K  h/ t2 C3 _2 ~" E  [20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year- X5 T+ `% Y6 J" f3 h5 t
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
, e/ d$ O$ k, D1 X& }$ N* esolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
) }7 Y9 `1 f5 {" O/ n  e3 V9 A  Jand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
, W% K  n* x& _+ o" nwas age appropriate.% d' i  ^1 ~) ?7 l3 f6 n
The family history was remarkable for the father,
  c. V9 l) L* _/ a% Xwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
$ R, Z7 E" Y2 E5 _) G8 F2 \4 U3 _which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
  X$ Q2 @  D0 e: Oheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
) ^$ r; M" _5 ]& p3 Z0 p6 ^  p5 Hearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.1 ]* @. }, p5 D# Q( t/ y3 K
The father denied taking any other medication. The
" T) u  C" O5 X+ T/ V; nchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche: I% }' j; @" x$ [3 r8 i4 J2 @
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
5 z' [) k' W" B. {5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
% n$ P; f; Z% Q( U( Zcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
; h; S8 o8 s) E& s( O' htives. There were no siblings.. |) _  T+ A' O2 h
Physical Examination
: d+ f9 F- }0 rThe physical examination revealed a very active,
5 |" H- z6 W( q% r5 A" vplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented; z2 k1 g* Q$ i" A. S8 i
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was. x7 k) `- F3 I
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg# l- C% Y$ u) I# ~( T2 n* ^" j
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
6 Z- A( X  [3 @9 mvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of# }5 j2 G5 t$ W  C7 r
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.: X1 L3 k8 L& h) x. m1 q0 P
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
' M+ `. g  X- O) i* Nenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of# P% b+ R. j1 I/ f+ y, E
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
& c  K& i# M' C5 Qdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around/ X# p/ b1 z8 O3 }
5404 `6 z8 X7 F4 R8 z& }( o% l
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from) `9 _3 W" |, @5 i. f/ j3 L4 A; ~
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The) b6 B+ {+ z$ ?4 h/ `; b4 |9 y
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
- c4 T/ z; j8 ?: QThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
8 O- I' Q7 i1 x4 X/ h; Loily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no  O: i: U+ I( w4 S" n
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.6 `( b) Z0 [9 w% a
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+4 W: n, Y3 R2 S5 r  }% x6 [/ }
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion- c, f) E+ g- z  G' O
of papilledema.
5 D. L% v; k$ N3 o+ t7 CLaboratory Evaluation
' q" Z) V4 M( ~9 f! QThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by( g4 x+ k: P" F; q- h& @
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
9 b4 w/ k; h7 N5 _9 alogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
% b! D& x' P. m! a: xkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test/ @4 r6 e1 D3 t9 x' {! g5 p+ T" [3 R4 ^
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
+ ~$ w+ f9 _& G, \lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
# r; N; s" b5 Q- O; G' y( o7 w9 _" qThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
) ?# o8 G6 V/ |" \. b  m9 G3 Murea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were" x% M( R- U4 T# |; ]
within normal range for his age. The concentration
" R& \. q; P* e2 A4 `- cof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
& d- h- \  u0 U3 i5 C7 c(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
$ Z7 X4 N# }  y2 B# M' Z0 [% c4 j& ?ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
! R! \6 H, a- o2 D! p8 ]: i* }terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
+ D' \2 A6 T5 {$ r1 Z, jdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to. D! z% n; n; c  N7 A3 J2 L. C
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
( }, H8 f* K: Qwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-8 ?3 `" U4 b5 p% C
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total$ ^1 o" D/ ~9 i7 J* N. Z1 o
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),9 m; u$ {5 z' V8 ?  M  L* l( K4 f( R6 i
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
4 s! {! a! X' k: l$ Z2 G& T5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular* _  b1 p) z4 Z  O5 j
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
% J& J  M! U& d7 ?/ Q) a- ^concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL. n1 q  C5 m" F1 n. c) ~" ?+ D; p
(prepubertal).7 d9 p. @& ?7 h2 q  e2 t2 k/ Z
The parents were notified about the laboratory) E: b6 H1 h- X. r8 \# a
results and were informed that all of the tests were
) S/ F+ ~! A5 D; f( y. T5 Wnormal except the testosterone level was high. The. a8 G5 q+ N3 s, p
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to9 ]  h/ w* |$ c* m! f5 ^$ f
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
$ Z  l- a, E" n  G. sever, the family did not return for 4 months.
& J. Z1 s- R4 i; {) oPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
- K* X4 j! }# ~child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
6 P; v8 h4 a8 P6 h2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
, j& b$ I0 [, P$ M: ]; ]6 ?unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-0 t& Q; `" ?! z: {
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
* g7 ~2 G% j% y$ ithe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 29 R$ K  q/ O6 K1 ~
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
* q5 w% y/ \, P' HThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
! c$ Y: `+ `% r' e0 c* Cing frequent erections.% z% g" ?; m1 V
Both parents were again questioned about use of* c2 w1 @4 Y& U- @- N
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
. N& i$ E6 O" F" a% n1 c, Ythe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the& N2 [, L: E; N% p
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541  f8 L  _& S- K" D9 r# i; H' C1 ?
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
9 r. b3 L) M4 C7 Iing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for  o" j7 ?4 g; W8 D, K
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed5 l% n  \% a( ~' ?6 Z
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-: ^% a$ U6 Z' T5 \* H8 Q8 J' T
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido# p+ X; |9 |/ w; R  G
secondary to depression.
  u: ?; [+ y0 j* \The child slept in the same bed with parents.
6 J; P8 ~9 s6 @+ {+ P4 \6 k* wThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his6 L! |: Q% N; F6 N& _1 j" m
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
1 ~! d, f3 l" p% _nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.3 O* K* T' v9 a8 w) q
The father also admitted that after the phone call,! b% D& y+ T3 i6 l+ h( B
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
$ I4 l1 U0 c* |was high, he then read the product information$ T1 P$ A  ~( Z, K$ g
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
9 r2 h7 a+ a4 t/ S/ n/ ison for the child’s virilization. At that time, they+ V/ U; S& D- b: ?+ R! {7 c* o+ N* J
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
: k2 x, E  A) x. n+ a: V8 L* Hfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had& E3 e% ~( J% ~& M3 H
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
8 x8 v4 C5 z5 [# e/ S4 Otest was ordered, but the family did not go to the  ]' X8 G8 @, [7 J6 _, Z- r
laboratory to obtain the test.
( ]/ a! G' S! c, O6 j# {Discussion3 Z% b" `5 U& s/ E7 E1 z
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
; z; ^4 w' }2 Z7 }sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
+ }1 M: l0 @: f4 `( L2 i8 e8 FPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when# _4 W3 Q: ?) b  x* }
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-3 ^0 J7 X1 T5 A: M8 O
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
2 T) n, a9 z9 m( u9 hmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
7 @2 R% x+ {/ B1 Y( }$ ]& l' Umay have a central nervous system lesion that is
5 S# T( \% V- }responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
+ B  F- M6 s2 H5 j5 Q& c' ~% ]amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
6 ^3 B/ I& f+ k6 Z9 J' s( Hsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
6 G) i4 z2 ?0 B2 cboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-& G. L) Z" T9 ?6 a/ k
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-! j+ M4 e3 w" h+ x% {. F
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
9 Z# }1 b7 e+ ?6 Pgonadotropins.1,3
) b( L4 w) ]6 f( z' o7 c- U/ ~Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-# Y( f% t7 [: {4 ^! O
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
5 {8 q$ w9 S4 x6 v* Y5 l+ c# gandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
4 {( h( G& P" [1 B. Gexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
8 W' I0 W: X" v. Nulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing% Y/ H0 K$ B. T2 z. i
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
5 `$ L4 ^. ^% S* @1 J7 zadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious% C9 _# H) F; J7 ]
puberty in boys.3,4  R' _- Z4 }+ q2 @3 R; |4 M
The most common form of congenital adrenal
, L8 H& i/ {! J; ~9 Lhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.' \/ h6 G2 |6 }: y! @3 e
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
& Y8 c1 x; }: o5 Zexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
/ c$ u  G) l% ^; p- Aan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen' Q+ `4 J9 K$ \$ n2 B4 L2 v( a2 j
excess.1,3  K0 O3 w5 j1 [: X
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
1 D: u; P1 z, |4 E542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20075 T8 c6 h) c! e  T  w. @
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
# U1 m, }4 K7 Z- Cindependent precocious puberty, which is also known: u* W& K+ [. n
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
4 l. y6 f# h5 S0 v2 f! bvery young age. The physical findings in these boys3 K  M. {* i3 z7 F7 ?: N5 N; O) h! E
with this disorder are full pubertal development,$ B) ?0 Z0 E- q5 N. u
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys2 w6 }! W3 x4 k9 V0 u. I
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
& G3 R6 |4 G# d" U7 Z' \3 Oare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
3 L4 o* I/ f6 ~! B6 I3 fpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-4 J9 V8 [% ~. Z
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
4 j4 O/ V# I* J" \% Q1 _autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
, E; X* j/ L" g, Emales; therefore, other male members of the family1 P2 j  h: n6 z
may have similar precocious puberty.3. C0 ]# [/ s' _- ?$ p& H8 J8 p4 k. [
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
3 R+ X$ U, Z8 @, c. X' usistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
# d0 m! f, R, S8 B  D: Rcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis& `+ K& [* v* |
was in the differential diagnosis because his father: P: Q/ h4 L3 u) H$ c* S; f
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
, G( m9 ~# K+ ~7 etesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
3 v$ g& r) v8 X4 mbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-( l( a0 P7 `! A- f4 D
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our) O4 F9 V$ l/ ^0 S' C9 {
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
/ D# v; }( F' P' X. m8 _either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase9 Q" j" S" K9 A* o; s
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-, p, X0 b/ U7 k6 m3 ^! x
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
5 s' P! _1 M' n3 z4 T, }The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly& n$ q3 s- U3 k8 j. e; P/ x
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because+ x: X5 p6 ~% u/ k
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-; ?  ?' [: a- s- `
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and5 a+ s& b/ a6 c  ?
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-( G& z5 J6 e4 F; r) N6 s2 l
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
; n4 X" a5 i$ M- E5 h* s; D" ~using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
5 S: g; d' |. sDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or8 R' }3 B. \2 K4 u& R
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to  U& K3 \7 g1 R
unprotected females through direct skin exposure./ Z$ g" Y1 m1 k  K7 r
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
. _' U  s1 ?  j$ M! Nbaseline value in those females who were exposed to6 X+ R+ o6 U& _0 ~; C7 m5 y2 v
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
( d6 U" D7 I9 _8 {; i, N; Wpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
  ]/ C5 {- p% F/ D- @: btion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
3 c3 |3 d. z; d7 V( JOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,# I9 [6 G7 H2 t6 `1 @
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
3 `5 h9 b% a. c+ \  L3 }dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-  k  b  c6 c! h% j9 l
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
2 j- n: |: {. W0 p5 \* dactive in young children exposed to testosterone
6 o5 B, e" i) z' v$ B. zexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
3 b- W  R; q! n7 ~" ndrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
+ B5 ?3 Y2 ^9 O) ~2 Cvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
( p$ u0 k+ s, s( h7 Uchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and' L, T& x  j" {& t9 ^% d
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
9 X5 j/ {6 m3 t3 @( [The long-term effect of androgen exposure during/ o) H3 X; C+ r
early childhood on pubertal development and final
5 S" E/ V* v2 d$ Yadult height are not fully known and always remain
: m/ [( t+ d, s% O5 }9 _- T$ x& O/ _a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-7 M; K( t- l0 R' V# j6 _
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some& u" e1 D2 M& S! [' V3 ]
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after" w" _. k+ G: I$ x4 `) e
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation1 K% U. g- |/ `# T; `* P+ d$ q
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9# Y/ Z4 ]7 D5 d& R3 _
There are conflicting reports and controversy7 ?) D4 r0 b4 ^1 l$ V* R
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult. u& }8 s& d; n
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
7 j, g: i7 S! ?4 a3 @/ @adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
* B  x( N' d, x, A+ {ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
& M; O- k" _2 Z5 E( [" n3 }! j7 TSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between0 T- x, _6 a$ x6 x: U
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult$ Q' M% K0 l1 T9 k' R/ K/ `
penile length in clinical studies.0 b) [4 D, ]/ F5 M
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is' c* L% N2 G  Y2 M7 c) O" f% ?
going to experience any of the untoward effects from' i; x. S% t9 H. |$ t! M3 c
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because0 x' M9 Y3 E* v# b3 U3 A1 h
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
  Q7 u& i! k6 |Although the bone age was advanced at the time of  w8 ?9 o* Q1 b* C; ~: w
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
( {4 u2 z% |  U* G* Ethe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
; C& _+ k; Q0 H7 bheight will not be affected.5 m1 s/ b0 m6 m6 T
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
5 O1 N) W0 b; G  ^ability of androgen products in our society may9 w! J( m# B8 M' h, B
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
6 Q) e7 ?" s" V9 d7 @  gchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-" U$ l* H/ l" C# G* @) G
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
/ ~7 p% k3 p2 d1 g0 |' Gtioning about the use of a testosterone product or5 l, R/ C9 B( y: O* ?
gel should be asked of the family members during2 z% `0 U, Q' U) f( G( S5 v+ D
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
! E8 E- O' i8 n. j- }' i: ~ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-' ]0 T( g2 |6 O) z
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by& W, h# [: G& e3 o8 z
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a$ @) I+ g8 B; F9 M' `8 }
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
* S; ^% b7 r& \4 f2 M$ ~, i; B5 y) `result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
+ x* K4 h! W4 s# u  I3 @' Sinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
3 U0 l$ a9 \* W  ?7 {aware of this fact, because most of these children
+ s: s; |9 c, L# j! s& jmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’' t4 G/ l, G* L/ @- Q6 T
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
, m7 i$ E3 }" g4 wwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
5 d* r( [7 ?' y( a& ]3 Pfemale child who might come in contact with some-
. R6 D5 t# c4 B& D, b: ?9 ]one using any of these products.
. L! e! f+ [& I" x# EReferences; V5 z8 Q! `. b- Y& ]& l% K* b
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation) i2 U- c% n* A9 ^8 }& P# P: D
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric  n5 e$ P! z, J7 E  Y
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;7 z; A- T. J+ x& s' ~& l5 i
2002: 565-628./ T0 Y) e  ^3 v, s- x+ q
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
6 f3 Q& G  g0 ]5 P4 d8 ]! ?puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

* l3 A) j3 p) c4 ?% z精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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