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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old5 z2 V# y: m/ u/ S1 P
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical! N5 x0 o, f7 t: v5 o: b
Exposure to Testosterone
' n# k; a$ ^! X- p- Q1 o1 ~Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2' {6 Y5 l& T8 G8 U8 Q' j
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1" r4 I3 P& A6 D  R. _
Clinical Pediatrics
+ h9 H5 f" A: \8 @Volume 46 Number 6
) i$ `: @4 |/ S; C2 A0 ]4 BJuly 2007 540-543
- T% |7 X. N, C; {* v. U$ ]% {© 2007 Sage Publications' G$ ?# \! [, }2 u. T0 U1 C
10.1177/0009922806296651$ T4 q# l8 G) L5 Q( J. q( X: ]
http://clp.sagepub.com; E( E/ f) g3 L* F8 y: M" c
hosted at- J  }2 F; Y: x
http://online.sagepub.com' E, h5 B5 d* }9 H
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,% _- V! N) z3 ]6 ^: I& t
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
" _6 i( v7 W0 zprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
& e! Z4 v0 s3 J$ Sthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has2 c7 S  C# W7 L! I5 q, o
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system$ K$ L3 L6 b% j: `9 ~' B5 `; e. ~' ?
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
+ W, i% V. l& r5 ?' ]  ^by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
4 h6 Z, y9 F, Lhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
2 T$ y( o2 r- ~! [cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We  u; _# G% T; _) O* o( L2 q; f
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
; b4 |9 H; v  R. menlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
( m% @9 m2 D5 f9 E( s' X( b! sment without testicular enlargement, which was due- Y+ d# t7 i' a$ |5 {& v8 B( O
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
+ M" C6 V. o9 O7 Dthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-8 k  C, U; k1 t* q4 _
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this1 ~  n- Q- R; e2 w
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of* G/ d" n" S' |. x: J5 D4 z1 b
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
7 ?/ G' v; Y5 K2 U3 I. X) jbly more common than the rare case report in the+ z1 u: r; u  z
literature.4' {9 j/ P- V! Q/ X& b8 p! i. _
Patient Report
+ i+ A- `0 w0 T! Y' {6 z3 n; PA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
. z0 P' T! g* Mendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern" Y) t. d! [  F: i& H4 f6 H
of early sexual development. His mother noticed& w- _% H# g1 |7 S6 @  f- k. {' e
light colored pubic hair development when he was
& z% M' _# K& g; i& R$ wFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of* I% u% |! V$ e+ l) v8 h* j" N# M
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
# w6 M9 D& l* j& D1 jAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,4 v& e* j/ t6 f3 U0 t4 m, T
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of; Q2 v: u& s; f$ B- d1 Y
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
# Z3 f. H% B3 t6 S4 Y$ ?" Le-mail: [email protected].
" B' a$ P+ [1 p/ a' f3 B2 M4 nabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became. x& L5 x/ S# j$ l9 p
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-5 k5 j9 D( r8 Z$ k
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child* E4 d- v- M. k9 Y) C0 g! m( F
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
- T6 C8 M- z9 C, qa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of5 w0 y: x/ J6 ?  t0 p: r; W
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year$ W' u/ |# {" t1 |% Y! J) ?5 C" o
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with$ R/ N  l* }$ i$ ~# I2 x. G4 O4 x. j8 U% n
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
7 m& d7 `6 @8 h; Q! b& c# q- M- Yand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
. h) \3 I& \) ?" G; h1 lwas age appropriate./ _$ A/ h# B" a5 m9 G' _% T
The family history was remarkable for the father,0 P% W! m2 g8 @( p: L
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,: |9 U9 U1 `3 t
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
: u0 }. u2 V/ K- s, P: pheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat6 s& k9 A0 t) _$ _/ ^9 Z& T
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
0 |6 |4 A5 x' f6 h  ]The father denied taking any other medication. The
  q) s) {$ x# V; g( D, j' Lchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
: G& N: E# R& r( J6 Z1 {2 i  zwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet: p6 ~! h- w0 t9 z' f# l  [
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-; x/ x8 [* `& W$ P. j* S8 Y) G
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
8 H. o: U6 B* Q8 Rtives. There were no siblings.
5 d7 s6 h+ G; D7 p5 \, ^Physical Examination
$ ]1 |) z5 n" W6 B% ?6 c+ A6 fThe physical examination revealed a very active,
. w2 w& J+ Y/ U, ^2 v+ Q) splayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
4 Y0 k5 p* j0 o# c9 Wa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
. L4 r" M' @* ^; D1 M90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
$ M- d8 t2 I& h7 h(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
4 D/ t3 ^7 B5 \) x0 dvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
% m$ d8 g8 q+ H1 G6 c& |the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.. ^  f5 S5 I  U1 {) ]* \
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for, F1 u/ k" q0 `! I) S/ L4 e4 Z0 J
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
5 A7 |2 \* O6 n- \5 c5 K5 y% O8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
+ h) x* ~' |' C, b: E1 ?( ndeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around7 Y* Z" n  ^' d2 R, V
540
0 s5 W5 o" M+ P: uat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from4 M8 l( B* q* Z3 ]$ k! k
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
( p6 i1 u* E9 \( r: V7 L8 L6 U+ _testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
2 \& _5 \( e! n# O: b& I1 gThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
* I: Z. Y* J, Z$ c0 M; Z: I2 moily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
0 K( _! v/ v, e* w4 r2 ]+ g9 f, r- iabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
0 h7 M) u( S: HNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
5 n& |/ h/ s% _  D( ^+ T' nbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
/ X. r* I  d) Z! W, T7 j: Gof papilledema.
, z" x% I. t1 d7 i7 ~Laboratory Evaluation
0 ]3 a8 `7 P! f: U4 ~; E. [8 oThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
' |8 d& S- ^- A! C, c+ L  L6 yusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
. p* }: [. V0 I- Z$ ?* Clogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
: i! N) z4 R- nkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
% g- Y/ Y# s  S2 o1 ?showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-) T! a: V/ s1 J! N$ ^
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
5 K; V1 k- L" q3 s$ ]The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
; U% V( T8 t3 N- lurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were* D' ?5 D+ c, I7 v  v1 u% `
within normal range for his age. The concentration/ {- L3 R+ I6 }7 @# T0 h, s. o* b
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
2 Q: ~: K- K5 `  _% }) q8 F) R8 r(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 202 V3 x) Q/ B: i3 g9 {
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-' H6 ?' B' @0 X, d, o
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),% l  j% m5 ^- t5 }
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to- Z! Y) R* \# M2 j% l( d, G. t6 e5 Y
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
" f' n  e; o9 ~; Fwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
' u8 u8 E* C2 R  z, Mtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
/ w" u& _- Z- c# C/ Itestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
8 z1 p% P) {2 m& cand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than! I$ d; E5 ^4 y5 N8 g
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular2 Y$ A7 }' b+ F! H; e# H) h
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone* ?$ J7 ]% j) T% L
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
2 S: o. Q9 E2 ]7 ~9 L5 y$ O) Q: e(prepubertal).
9 j- i5 |7 S% J5 K! a# w: eThe parents were notified about the laboratory5 V1 w" ]: Z& G! I0 s
results and were informed that all of the tests were! q2 u5 }3 c+ F4 {1 X3 m
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
) S: ]/ V% r8 M& ]follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to9 |: @/ i1 Y( \. j9 h- B
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
  Z! I  {% J. I. O  Wever, the family did not return for 4 months.
! w( ]' g" g) d; g( K: cPhysical examination at this time revealed that the8 m  E# x' z. z7 n: p) Q
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained; z& U: G) d' P
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained3 ^0 l  H4 p8 v- J& {- h9 h! p4 t
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-) T( d' G" Z; Y! Y- v
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at# v0 a. F  Z4 v, v* e- t4 l# g1 \
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 28 z3 j2 T4 _3 f/ Z) {
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged., C% X# C' k% I/ }/ w
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-' T' C$ Q; r" p
ing frequent erections.3 t" p% {, a' N7 ]) b8 n; @
Both parents were again questioned about use of' o# w/ }/ S1 f3 J
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
$ f# {! b5 f6 t5 s, @the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the6 `- m. W+ B# |+ ]! a9 `, X
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541/ I0 ?7 P* h# S7 k0 F6 l
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-6 g, p% L1 B9 p4 i3 G
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
: x2 `7 D# q: T5 ~* J, `- s. ha year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
) D: h: B2 C4 ^. Z! l4 D) Nto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
/ q, d8 M; u( `1 _% J& O2 \; fscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
, a$ R+ u) D+ o$ F" b; m3 msecondary to depression.
+ \' I9 \& v7 ^3 j0 N4 QThe child slept in the same bed with parents.2 R& Q; q) `0 ~& l; E
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his" T  K  V8 |1 h
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-% m7 \$ W. O5 P. q
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.5 c2 e) {0 s- m. X$ }* l, U8 ]( {
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
# ~$ L/ l, V5 xwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby8 t% a; ]: U* }: E2 ]
was high, he then read the product information5 E6 C7 I. _  O- `' h8 C
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
7 c* J5 O4 R/ y. m6 f2 k, ~2 ]son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they; W0 j4 F, C& b' M, U; g, O7 \/ e
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the) D6 M4 l5 `& o& r* k
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
6 ~6 R9 d& f, h5 b; W0 M2 Ubeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone7 g1 v& A0 y8 \8 A
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the8 S" b7 A7 I( }5 V  h9 Q
laboratory to obtain the test.
0 b# P4 u& n) c3 G% U. o. TDiscussion/ b- x+ Z8 D3 ^8 O
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
$ I& @- F# }; S2 q3 \' N% ^1 m# K, jsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4  s3 ~+ q1 N0 t% ]% F, e
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when7 V" ^4 p. i6 H1 M' x
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
: D7 ?! e' o4 Y6 h2 q, i# gthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
( I7 k( K4 y/ g( P3 h2 ^mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
0 [+ t; w/ e, Jmay have a central nervous system lesion that is8 d7 i; q( i; G0 q. F+ F6 i' G
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-3 e9 Y+ l: y# L
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
; J5 t& p& w' s( ~sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in7 l+ J# H; N; g$ ~+ x/ L' t6 X
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-$ }! n) k6 t& \+ b! U
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
6 p* n1 A4 T1 w; srical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
4 C" {' T4 W% F5 K" pgonadotropins.1,3. V8 ~+ L  p5 D+ k( J) q
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
9 ]  T/ [" c1 K# ]% ecious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate4 A: P/ N8 g3 ^% L* [, ^
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
$ }* i! S. A( K( ^! B* Eexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-: `- C; U% N; r0 F7 Q
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
* S2 t. G# X/ o5 Y& p, A, z" z5 @2 ?congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive% s  |8 ?3 }& ?
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious! ]9 W3 F# z0 Y6 V2 W) p
puberty in boys.3,44 ?7 B9 Q2 w8 ^0 o
The most common form of congenital adrenal6 u; q0 T7 L. y$ l- \7 b
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.! a7 o2 h$ b1 M7 J
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in5 k7 F+ l5 h) C/ }7 }: P" v* D
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
2 I2 c" P1 u% B" Fan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
( \3 `/ j/ B  Z0 Rexcess.1,3
" v) M$ i2 H6 o5 Q3 s# p. yat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from9 L/ m: |6 J& {7 a- {& Z  ^* [
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
8 j+ x7 O4 p, J  VA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
) n# E' a. a4 H! T% ~$ Mindependent precocious puberty, which is also known: G1 ?* v( [! @$ @4 Q2 T
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a6 U3 s5 u! G. j0 G9 v5 o2 o/ x0 i
very young age. The physical findings in these boys4 F" Q' ^- H4 ]% l6 ^
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
1 y% S: T8 E: g5 s; u2 _' S: aincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
- W& @8 V$ l% p) dwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder* ~& D) I$ t3 i( S% Q
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
+ R2 n7 J# B1 t+ ~# ^4 t6 R8 Mpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-+ @4 m2 `" j" B( T: y& L' Q' x- ?
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked' I, H5 B4 t  ?. B
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
4 y' T9 z6 o! X6 G$ S/ rmales; therefore, other male members of the family
  E2 \" E- L9 [8 Emay have similar precocious puberty.3
) @7 W# P% i' b2 pIn our patient, physical examination was incon-: B* t: t  l  D& X" B4 c
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-1 d2 k7 H$ g- _% Q7 ]
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
5 ?' A/ r" c6 ~$ _2 Gwas in the differential diagnosis because his father2 k# N" f! E- X$ ~
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
- {+ g  g+ ~# b' ?6 s7 Q, X- t% P1 [testicular enlargement is not that evident in the9 J% \$ f- k1 R6 N6 V3 d! ~
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-( O: ]+ f( F* J8 a0 E( N
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our; B# d2 @; F+ |) O8 y3 P7 p8 F
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
+ u* p' l, A' U7 Y5 w9 P: Jeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
, p+ c& B- |" @4 [2 H% sdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
9 e, G- J% y& M% d0 d9 `) King the normal level of adrenal steroids.
4 j; c* n& O% S* Z9 iThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
$ r. a! j/ q  C1 ]6 I9 Isuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because. Y- }: F) y+ E0 Z( L3 Z! E3 K2 n
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-2 c7 E" h' X% w6 a4 n) ?; [7 W+ P
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and- r* N; f; b2 {$ S
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
6 O! H! e0 x; V8 v9 j; K4 dterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
: T  w3 |& E' H% fusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
2 A; w+ V) k  P( y1 g7 t) lDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or$ |  ]/ H4 N$ t! B+ q
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to1 }3 U1 b5 t+ Z
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.& r- A/ ]5 i' e- G- Y% v, V: N
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the) v9 `" \8 U6 l! F) j
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
& D( O+ A% N5 heven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male' T' J! X- C) N, O1 X; j- {
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
) i4 {# D& a$ d7 f7 ~) g, Y! rtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented., l7 T  |# G& x4 `7 k% B5 P4 e
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
% f+ S. u  ^. [9 z* @% w4 t0 ewhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
/ E$ c' e; V7 W0 b. r, Jdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-# r$ B/ W7 }: K! O
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
; ~9 M& B: D2 J: uactive in young children exposed to testosterone+ w4 t2 ]- M6 r
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-7 x6 f. g8 a" M  c; o
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
' b" c9 {) y* D3 N  D: P9 wvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in0 y! C4 z7 _9 I0 G; F: |
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
, Z  g2 R6 ?; p9 H6 Ladvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
$ r' y# r4 Z, e/ P* Z! o: q* LThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during  R+ E7 `6 E3 @5 K( i! H
early childhood on pubertal development and final- A" ]: z2 S% W/ {/ @2 Y- _
adult height are not fully known and always remain! E6 Z9 h# R" X; S8 e' m& q
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
+ A' H0 G$ i. S/ G1 Xterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
2 F1 F8 r# q/ F" l: M0 B9 U' n% facceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
1 H& d! q9 `% k0 y$ C' x9 Ycessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation1 ?* i& @" f/ b2 R. a" Z
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,99 \  o, ?) V+ M' f7 A& p
There are conflicting reports and controversy( q1 P2 [. m; C1 L5 o8 O$ j
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult& k. K7 D0 A* N5 q4 b! K1 E1 n
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
$ b" b& c; X+ [, n3 Oadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-9 M4 k# v. Z0 R, [+ K- F
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
2 Y' K' ?: h9 P' R; ?2 J; lSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between7 _: |, T( t) P5 f; m6 U
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult  q9 O% Q! b( ?( X0 T0 ~# l, g
penile length in clinical studies.
3 W/ O( Q) I3 K. t' ^Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is1 }/ B9 V, T1 ?' c
going to experience any of the untoward effects from' W5 h3 B$ x& k& @2 w6 J+ ]
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
; J0 S% t2 S: c2 V+ athe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
- X% l) P1 Q# @9 S! {Although the bone age was advanced at the time of6 Z  I4 {$ S4 G7 w4 x  @! J
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
7 @2 M- i+ t6 a) _, C+ D! v  \the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult& e5 \. x' h/ C. H
height will not be affected.
3 k1 ~- d. v' f! l- j# IAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-2 B8 P. b5 y) K! P. G$ |5 U
ability of androgen products in our society may
7 l6 D: _1 L1 Z2 T& ], T6 d) jindeed cause more virilization in male or female
9 H% U3 A* G2 S9 ?5 }5 b) achildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
4 a, T; Y  a' cgen products must be considered and specific ques-% N, i( a+ b6 i- o8 \* U* ], W. s
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
" n+ J% v, }5 e3 X7 P; Igel should be asked of the family members during
' k( g& x7 T, n) P4 g) K1 Lthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-, I/ S0 f; Z# R. g
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-$ q4 o: Y% O, N# ~: f' Z
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
  A% X5 F% G1 ^appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
# R8 D* k- A3 r; Xhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
5 @- U6 X9 q' d4 sresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
; e6 k* ~+ [2 @& a! Winvestigation. The primary care physician should be
2 _  S2 R4 F5 Y! H4 H$ Waware of this fact, because most of these children
+ f% ?' o, a/ Q. [" R: o( Umay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
: n* J- e4 w3 VDesk Reference and package insert should also put a7 x% [6 s* I# r* w9 W
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
  j. r  k0 P& r# h+ V+ |2 ]female child who might come in contact with some-
9 `  x8 T5 J0 y6 I( k- Y! r5 `- mone using any of these products.
' O. i% T1 b$ o6 d5 G" Y6 Z1 GReferences9 |( P9 L7 B8 V( _! i
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation7 W0 n9 \! d; t# G: B
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
8 R) @1 Z  }) ^+ REndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
. j: i3 Y9 c- X) C7 V5 @2002: 565-628./ h. L$ i$ o/ x9 I; v/ K
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
/ S7 r' e; i; p. X) a5 lpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
/ U# M( t( n* G& T1 TBoy Induced by Indirect Topical) Z) z" S: q& `1 W" D: i
Exposure to Testosterone
7 \4 J' @' B8 ]% VSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
  O) j  }; Y: n+ Eand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
3 c/ h# O1 b* l) K5 q4 R: |Clinical Pediatrics3 k7 b" ]5 t# I( Z3 }
Volume 46 Number 6" N/ Z0 r3 g7 G% E/ J' g* Y
July 2007 540-543
# P+ b! B! d) L  o5 M) h© 2007 Sage Publications/ O/ e/ t0 m; v# D
10.1177/00099228062966518 M% J! d- m  J" Q( ]7 A6 R
http://clp.sagepub.com
# l" b& T6 ~. b7 d2 t; y) V2 G5 Phosted at
- K8 @0 c7 |1 a1 ]. A$ z+ Ahttp://online.sagepub.com
+ U: n! u) w2 P" l# ~5 T( w9 OPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,. q; M# ]' ?. y/ p! h1 |* y, s1 v
is a significant concern for physicians. Central; b4 \) k$ q1 V
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
' C' Y) r' ~: ^2 q. @2 J# @) y; Cthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has- ?! K$ u, r. e2 M3 p" L; ?8 [) X
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
8 Y: ~3 ]' m/ M1 m# B- u9 b/ A/ Plesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested! H% a* n2 m5 [5 P" C8 c" L3 u* p  T
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
  H. a  G8 v; y- l2 i6 hhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-+ J3 C  q1 |2 _9 _
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We' c+ I5 [* A  q& A5 i
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
1 }! G" J( L' `: f6 venlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-# \; t: d  [' ~. y
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
8 R! ]' l" S! S9 K7 X- ato the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
6 E* s( a* ?. q# ^( a2 dthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
; B/ q6 S8 j$ ~1 M' B1 d7 i/ Fmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this' X2 h; l* v$ P
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
7 l' |8 V9 [- R3 C- o* w6 a" ptestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-  \$ V. X' u) a3 V0 h
bly more common than the rare case report in the, f+ t: t, L4 x) h7 W6 A+ s$ y
literature.4/ Q! p5 c: }7 |, t! y9 K4 Z" Q9 U2 G
Patient Report% v2 T6 \; P! K1 j0 n4 Q
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
1 v5 ~/ W) ]& C8 i' q4 W# cendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern  i: M. s: I4 r, d# x
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
$ `% Q( A) V8 C, Z( O9 Mlight colored pubic hair development when he was
4 z( w: R! A% ]9 A; m9 H; ]' MFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of% o' v2 s8 y& X
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.4 O0 j# |. @2 f9 z* `" K3 X4 x
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
* z' l8 J. @# e- X# Q( TProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
' J7 m, D- N* F% h8 I3 o7 r: s6 _Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
1 `& X/ N1 m" L# Se-mail: [email protected].
" g4 J- ~# F5 @about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
* d+ f9 [$ ~3 m8 v7 a* qdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-4 V# W8 w4 q5 b$ Y% T/ X; E$ S
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
. f" ~( U4 b3 z' J: y- ?$ Gwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
5 z& z% @6 X4 z# Ea birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
0 A  J. I8 B# M- S8 g5 o7 ]20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year4 f/ g  P" b" g. Y) G  p8 p, y
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
+ Q4 r0 j6 h# }( _) Hsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,4 y+ A$ |) a% F; n6 k
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development1 W1 p- K0 R, L7 G, d) s) v
was age appropriate.- o- O( v  Z2 Z/ c2 _
The family history was remarkable for the father,3 ?/ B1 ?: }* O. X8 H8 P' ~
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,1 \; ?1 d! ^7 C6 L3 L! x
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s2 p% k! i  p$ r6 F- j- Y
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
2 t2 h. I% I# V2 Jearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.( g, M1 S& ~; d" t2 b: I
The father denied taking any other medication. The3 Y) K7 x' m1 o) C# k; B# }' W5 \
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
' p3 j$ I& a+ U- A3 Dwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
( y. ]  x8 m+ L" W4 f0 f5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-/ O7 S4 B/ A1 K0 ~* z/ |
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
; d% J8 g) P' Q1 B7 ltives. There were no siblings.3 H, e- P, @# P( |- r
Physical Examination4 }+ m! F  |4 C
The physical examination revealed a very active,5 K, L/ J* }1 @' W9 R0 Z; L
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
6 b' p: U8 y; B2 da blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was% A8 i8 a# [0 z0 Q6 |9 O/ _0 Q
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
! p: o0 H( p+ z5 b0 X1 N3 b) |(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth5 z: [- J) h0 J3 d- h' r2 E
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
# Y3 x) b* j, Q6 p  N9 z7 ythe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
) @; {/ d3 W' D- p5 [' p  ^The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
. x# }4 z  ~% R- Kenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of) O) G1 I( k3 b1 i3 b$ n* `* D
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
- W- E$ K$ n8 n) b9 ldeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around# ?( y$ B* t+ L' N7 x
540
; E% [2 U8 W& m+ ?+ ~5 B' @. Eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from# A: I1 `2 U3 b8 `/ ]7 [1 G/ G
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The% C' B; L, p7 z& L' d
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
3 Y" m7 N: Q! ^' [The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
$ Y6 \0 B/ S- U2 qoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no( s, A* \$ q8 r8 j0 ]: X
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
" K0 n& y* C+ P, jNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
. O4 T: U3 P: Lbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
" g: y4 q: k; I4 C( b9 V5 M1 l: Wof papilledema.
) n5 d$ A9 [/ G, y; H9 T, mLaboratory Evaluation6 v2 ?* w9 q! Z# M. R7 d# Y
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by6 R8 d: Y% Q, d; T! d8 W
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-0 f$ L; ?$ \6 P. X7 ^% S
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
4 o8 C5 ?; e: l, ?* G: d; ^! O8 fkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
3 _3 T/ ?5 N$ r- w% \& ]( v0 Lshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
/ X$ B/ h' f* i, t2 U9 flating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).: s; h: O, Q! A  U2 j5 v/ X
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
  \+ \( X7 o: N' ~7 ]0 ^" nurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
; @9 d$ {8 p0 B7 K8 Bwithin normal range for his age. The concentration) I" X) {5 x8 s. l( {5 m% ?- O
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL% Q2 e+ P$ Z1 w/ x1 Q: _7 E4 e
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20/ c9 f- L& @: V
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-" ^, ^4 n5 W, \, H4 _
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),+ ~* G. w% L  `2 T: C1 q* E# Y
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
( N- g5 s8 h% `) D4 [49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)- S- N1 ?1 L# T% V& w( B
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-# ^* a6 {/ C) n7 n4 w; ~0 D
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
& d/ @3 B7 C, f9 H. t2 p+ rtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),5 t, G: p) |- ~# m+ b
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than( x/ d9 M) q6 \% v
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular: Y2 ^6 r+ t6 F/ N6 j
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
1 E- q# i4 D" J2 a" E3 tconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
6 p3 z% g! V7 F: M# d. Z. S2 N(prepubertal).9 K/ m$ m% N' z: x: o8 s
The parents were notified about the laboratory$ j! t! ~# {# T/ l9 z0 O
results and were informed that all of the tests were7 A# [% r  p6 |; h
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
0 }* n8 }7 ?$ G) r! z4 K8 Z5 xfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
9 A+ N. r* d% F5 Lobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-( f1 e5 t! h' z* t: d7 s, u- a% G+ E
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
: r* H% Y2 p' P8 cPhysical examination at this time revealed that the8 Y. h1 R: s8 T5 G7 L' ^! [
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained/ b" w7 f( l, D" u' B% i& M
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
: D- R4 d0 C1 k2 A* ~& Runchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-, z3 K$ o: }$ A: L) j5 O2 i$ x
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at9 @8 p8 Q8 @7 R
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
2 O( ?+ F& Q8 a; A1 i1 ImL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.2 b% Y  z/ d; Y, M9 _
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
0 x* K. }( n, X# xing frequent erections.9 Y. G6 ]. R% m7 v/ `
Both parents were again questioned about use of
! ?, F3 ~9 R' xany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
- E* n! C8 ~" `! I% Jthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
0 A8 n; |1 M8 E, kTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
+ _( J2 J8 ^* V  c, |4 T! ]3 duse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
7 K" \. l. C& I2 }ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for" ]) B9 E: I7 m7 C2 _4 K9 w
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
4 \& k% a8 m2 L6 lto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-1 y; a3 _4 |0 m
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
! w2 x( e' \. O# O7 O' z% wsecondary to depression.
8 i4 Z/ z2 ~6 ]) }* _The child slept in the same bed with parents.
- p# O7 N- p* ~The father would hug the baby and hold him on his( o) P, L: j0 ?/ ]6 D
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-, ^' W% ^- Y, }
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.' R  d- o4 u# H+ U) X
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
; m( ^& j& L% k3 pwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
: K; o/ q/ S2 I' h: h& J0 }was high, he then read the product information/ ]) K: T9 V3 \: b
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-3 P; F; F9 k, i; u9 @
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they0 W) K1 ?: f/ r# w- ]$ ]" `
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the3 j- j9 @2 q5 u7 l/ W
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had8 g' V: E% v. m
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone3 _" q- l! j0 h/ m
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
% h% `. f1 }+ I8 a2 [7 H7 [$ blaboratory to obtain the test.% U7 i, W2 v) E
Discussion3 z  \: t, z4 w8 m5 h9 p
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary" W3 V/ o! d0 z- E( @& d
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4, U8 W) Z, {/ ~
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
- X: _; W* N" M& F% [: D3 o# ]it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
+ @- T) a1 j* T# g: Athalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
+ m% O8 i' h) umon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP! x- ~- L. l# P
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
6 R# {- `$ U, F4 I. o) K" _9 ^responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-  ?. j7 E7 s# j4 {6 }
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
! k7 ]) P/ _% l5 i# S% e( K: }% Zsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in, m% D, {0 c) n* ?  Q$ Q7 a$ k
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
0 \+ P9 J7 N  rization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-# u& ]$ D( t: E. @+ o
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
, o1 B$ {+ ~3 @8 F1 Y- G2 hgonadotropins.1,3
, L6 ]% i) Y. W$ q2 O7 k: I) BGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
: x- y6 L& _6 O+ ]cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate! R5 J% O' E% O# P( ^+ z1 |
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or3 S* ]) t4 c5 E" _1 d& }9 S9 t
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-  M6 |1 |# i( Z/ P$ H
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
  C  _' u2 p( Y1 D0 ~congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
7 l2 C. S! K9 P: ?0 W8 T. @adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
; W+ @8 t( b' x# z' o, r4 m% Tpuberty in boys.3,4* {- |. @9 e- n1 P  q8 K$ n
The most common form of congenital adrenal
' l) c/ z$ y/ x/ u, Ghyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
' g9 C9 K% c4 z; B/ c! d( wThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in) M* i" r) N' _9 l( }* Y
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,- N' S! K- \* \# O9 I* b  G* `
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen7 I: `9 t0 Z! K; \9 X( n9 s% D( k! {
excess.1,3/ M, w* k) y. R0 z7 D
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 G3 d. A2 o6 S/ b% Y- H
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
+ [1 e$ p1 G9 G: S- mA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
) `  c1 I: e$ _& w/ s' sindependent precocious puberty, which is also known- x. f, ~4 [: n9 _# n$ @
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
, R) U" v* s+ ~% h( C- yvery young age. The physical findings in these boys1 p: r" m! U) b7 a8 [# ?% G. m
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
3 J1 {/ I5 \$ L4 `7 f( jincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys5 W9 a- L2 h1 s& y  R0 q( Z- K
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
$ b4 W3 T# V1 ^) ?8 q6 _: Eare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
5 [/ ^+ \8 C7 ^$ Z& J( @# Hpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-2 n+ M  b5 ~1 V. y% A
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked. J- m3 p) M8 w1 b+ Y! h- x# E
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only; \$ `' O: p1 X! ]8 w" ^6 N
males; therefore, other male members of the family! t' Q8 i9 p- N5 c
may have similar precocious puberty.3
- t. E, ~7 D5 h) l' U* IIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
% c& c9 K4 w  l4 Fsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-. N% ~9 `4 `; y  ?
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis  ?4 r" O, k+ f: Y  S- |% h
was in the differential diagnosis because his father) T: W' \5 x$ P3 X0 }% }! I
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
# i8 L; ^( A7 j! V- U0 v3 Ttesticular enlargement is not that evident in the7 a( d% ?( D) J4 `
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
/ p( p& n9 o! M! J9 yative initial history of androgen exposure, our3 o! c* n" ^5 p  e+ s( l
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,) Y: X* x# O/ c. s' u" b* y6 b
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
5 T' B6 [: w; i4 e8 S5 pdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
6 F, m) i+ A  a* Y1 w9 d& C- qing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
6 }7 b6 X, V( UThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
$ I% g1 J1 |# _0 ?' Msuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because8 i: |0 x- w* G( @& ]& x+ Y& F" b
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
9 u# D* [& f2 S5 m. ]) l3 hpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and  m9 M5 ?+ i- @" r6 d& @
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-  A, V6 Z4 j' ^7 n
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
' M+ M- M) J6 M  {using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
( R& q! }: j, B+ _+ ?2 \1 O0 ^* JDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or! J' `* g+ v7 t* k+ ^  m
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
# Y% \/ a) q" t4 f6 ~8 J4 g% Punprotected females through direct skin exposure.' e* n1 K2 c% t7 H7 T" U& ~0 v0 b
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the5 c; o" _0 M+ g* t4 p; D- @4 X# W
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
4 s8 d: Y# I7 V. D; n* c% Teven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
8 Q1 F3 O4 I; a$ Jpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
, r& C$ u, @" U; Q4 Ution site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.( [  {. _" h! ?7 Q$ f/ ~
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,; y  p, Z: H# N, E% [3 @6 d
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that+ i4 ~* h4 g' n; O. W  L
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-3 N# }7 `( t2 C2 E9 J- c
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more+ i+ c# F/ t. n0 b) h! @
active in young children exposed to testosterone0 e' S  V/ s, d
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
- B) l: T5 h1 {* R: [: Y; fdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to7 V0 {' w( K7 F2 r  [
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in( i) x9 O, l" Q* n% l: X
children results in an increase in growth velocity and- H4 ~( I# W& D$ [& q4 l! f
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.+ U9 G3 N6 g1 L8 }' f; ]( Q, `! y8 r
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during# |$ }* `- [# w: d
early childhood on pubertal development and final
! a) l+ E9 o5 H+ z" L2 J8 V1 t" {  |  Tadult height are not fully known and always remain) `( y; H! d- Y6 _0 I2 _9 O
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-5 r9 `, F. c8 l7 D. U9 J- X1 L% t
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
) v8 a' K, e. D5 }0 C9 d8 wacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
+ K9 I* i/ `: |5 Tcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation0 x( {  w- W9 I. p- _
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9! V/ ~1 e. L, s8 ^' H4 ~
There are conflicting reports and controversy/ v, m8 w7 Z5 H. H, X
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
4 l! [' e& w; t- _, K2 n# Dpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
2 _4 \1 {' t$ U+ a! Z4 @& M( }1 Jadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
/ Y- P1 {7 N; n5 P  H; e6 k' Culation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,: n6 h* ^( e2 j
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
. V8 R7 ~# U; S2 e+ Cchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
# F$ t- @6 ~: N4 x, F; Fpenile length in clinical studies.
0 b, t" b( T/ @, [6 G1 bNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is9 [& D) y5 l3 @- C
going to experience any of the untoward effects from' \* T1 Y. o" J* K( }
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because' ?" o; Q$ O2 v4 Q5 ^
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
1 q, }1 a! X! y# T. V6 E4 Z$ x$ EAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
' ?$ E% J0 h3 ^6 W$ P" U' s6 xdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
/ A; [$ ?$ T7 ^0 Z" Uthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult& ?+ }& O7 |+ v, q4 a, h# H* _
height will not be affected.
: R' m! ]# F- O8 hAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
' }; R( x0 I0 n! ~( d; J& Oability of androgen products in our society may
9 F0 @' a0 @( e/ u8 Mindeed cause more virilization in male or female
, N* `' j  k( b3 H+ k3 O8 i# Xchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
" _& Q, _; x$ {9 vgen products must be considered and specific ques-
4 }4 J, ]! B$ q- ztioning about the use of a testosterone product or: `0 I" k  U1 i1 S9 M( t9 d( w
gel should be asked of the family members during& Q8 L1 M9 N2 D" v  B' V! e
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-. f( `6 u9 n/ w
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
& x8 O) L# J/ `  [5 M" ]! E4 knosis can be established by just a few tests and by' t: G) r; |; N+ v
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
1 W5 N$ m7 Q/ e8 {history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
) I5 p: C1 u0 j! |/ `. sresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
$ O% K: J% v' O8 B0 t3 uinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
- k, n0 c. T; O2 W; C# Caware of this fact, because most of these children
! m! y/ C* d" i" }/ {may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’4 b- X5 l  \( b6 i( i9 ?( s' e7 l' ]
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
& s+ s3 z; R7 u) Pwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or/ y# L0 d' n: u4 i  C
female child who might come in contact with some-% h0 ?8 p* L" ]4 {: _' |$ o
one using any of these products.
9 K# M; c8 F$ hReferences3 K: n* h1 }& s1 U( X! N
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
/ H9 h- a( m/ ^and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric) K- N3 `7 M2 R
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;+ j6 I6 C- X8 |, C, t
2002: 565-628.
+ w* [7 e5 ^$ m3 p2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
/ e* X0 I5 R* ~- n1 X' spuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!

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發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
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發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点

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發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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4个什么样的?
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發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
2 B4 A: X: R$ x. n# T  Z9 I
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!

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發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
 分享同時學會感恩,一句感謝的話語,就是最大的支持!  歡迎交流討論
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