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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old/ _/ u4 K2 ?4 l; i) Y
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
; ]# x0 K7 I9 j. @# @7 iExposure to Testosterone$ k; f- ~# N" r7 `' C) V
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
: T! H' ]) f) @1 ?# ]) K, y4 kand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1- I5 r1 h& |& r; @
Clinical Pediatrics# S' Q& a' ^& I2 h, D
Volume 46 Number 6( @* s% J4 c  c1 [) G& r
July 2007 540-543
4 q( \0 G+ q6 N/ z- o! E© 2007 Sage Publications
5 v( V5 p; Y! T9 g0 D10.1177/0009922806296651+ G- t' ~- d4 X" N7 S  _
http://clp.sagepub.com
( \( g; |+ }2 I; I# Lhosted at7 {! v+ g& {( l* P5 D2 U
http://online.sagepub.com$ F2 H" M) l/ @8 [' K" n
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
" w) ~% |, ~0 iis a significant concern for physicians. Central
/ ]7 p1 x" ?" C7 jprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated( H6 ]3 N& g' I' M, d0 Q' A; e
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
7 x1 \3 D4 a  o9 _2 c& Qa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
8 \. r- ^5 U; p+ L: zlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested7 S. b' m  A: F
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
1 D$ f0 L/ S" f2 ghair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
3 q8 z6 g4 r/ O1 e( Xcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We* T& l8 u/ r" K" ~2 i1 y+ ?
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
9 P+ Y$ J4 B, P- O# M9 o: n, \* Henlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-9 T3 ?3 B, a) _1 e+ E8 d) j2 N/ G; j7 M
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due4 [) F+ p4 j* P# r# r
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
8 ^% D( G! U4 w7 ?! f7 ethe father. The family initially concealed this infor-7 H; g9 Y6 h, i: `1 b) b
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this. R* g- [3 I2 w, S' q" x. d. @) M
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of* d# O3 h, v. X
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-: p& {3 H1 H3 t: B+ V3 ^7 E0 t
bly more common than the rare case report in the8 V0 P9 K3 |" j) z5 x
literature.4
- ?4 e5 J# w' {Patient Report
8 `% r$ H6 K* |. l/ |A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
3 C* T, M* v% K2 g# ^* |$ C  M2 ]) \, b' Dendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern* F5 Y; W1 W! m8 W: o. Y; _
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
8 {8 x+ a5 u( {( |$ P+ `0 ]light colored pubic hair development when he was
' f4 N# X8 K) u# w( sFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of9 \# o# q3 m) i1 O. M- r9 A+ R
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
4 l5 F- ~# n: ?* [; }2 r. c5 m* CAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
2 }. K+ Z  h* m+ v9 N8 gProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of' r! n- P4 ^- G5 N$ N( G1 V
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;- |% A. d$ A2 L
e-mail: [email protected].0 j8 \% y2 `( J" |# c+ C+ m
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
- v  Q# g7 h2 p( q& odarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
9 U& ]: e+ l& D& B: v( D+ Rment of his penis and frequent erections. The child1 w' G6 D% z$ c/ Q  h" F& X, A
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with; U$ Q; I0 X1 x# y  S/ @0 M- I
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of2 q- F) q) ?; A( J& M
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year" Y0 G+ D3 J' u- n* S
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
+ G4 i& m; u7 p4 V* O3 Vsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,7 w& x7 M+ P( \% h5 q! w* ~
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
) W5 h8 X$ ]" Nwas age appropriate.
/ v& ?. x) B$ YThe family history was remarkable for the father,
$ _, u, U4 d8 f+ o# ^% Dwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,' m) C3 L/ C% b7 j! U
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s+ [' g; S; \) T! m% U& t4 T. e) v6 n
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat8 [  W- B  [2 s- |
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.' n# J( `' x, F; s( e$ |9 i( B) a
The father denied taking any other medication. The
9 d7 C  k7 G8 T) n; }( wchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
, K+ e% q' n# f4 wwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
, D/ H: ~# [8 e; p) x5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
/ `0 C& i1 c+ [- Ccocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
4 `0 z* h0 K" U$ w( B( _) c+ X( p% D$ btives. There were no siblings.$ i% V: B3 x& o$ i1 ]
Physical Examination7 Q1 j, e: c3 H" Q9 G6 ?
The physical examination revealed a very active,
6 h8 Q5 ]( i, [* b" v- Pplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
' E: S- c3 p: ~& Ca blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was5 z& s) I7 b  P% I+ a; p
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
6 X" L+ B9 e7 t% D. n(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth2 d) F% X1 ^$ h3 _+ Z
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of+ [; b+ j& R  e2 V- k1 `8 K  ?
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.2 {8 ^' y" j% {% I
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for9 J  x- s- i6 @
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
- @+ l: a/ `$ [3 \* R: _$ l$ H8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well; B7 D4 `9 X$ w9 E8 c+ V: t/ }1 N
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around# G6 B( C2 i. V; x# o7 i
540
& l9 l8 S6 I) j' C0 `6 W0 rat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
, b1 y$ d* o+ f/ x$ r4 W: Ithe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The, t  U& a& R9 N; X! m! k) V- t
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
/ j1 H( _% J; @3 xThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat% ]& U, u# ?' o) W  Q
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no5 c4 X% X: K/ f% r  v
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.9 E4 `% |+ {& B) U, e2 c1 K6 i
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+2 f" j" v& f: w# C
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion- T: J' }$ c7 b8 ^( t) _" t
of papilledema.
& w; a9 I" k1 vLaboratory Evaluation- I1 m8 j) Q; O$ S" o, q7 v
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
" k0 C: T, [; b5 Kusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
1 {) M2 a' o1 j, y) x0 Dlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal" \2 Y# [1 s, z6 M! s
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test8 i* T: }$ M. d+ o, W
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
4 D* q5 w' ^# k1 n9 |. r' Vlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)." ^; i6 |6 ~- Y- Y( t* |
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood# S/ q5 M$ m* d5 Q
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were: {$ \# ^5 H* k+ H8 A
within normal range for his age. The concentration
- ^6 a  l1 r# H/ pof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL0 |7 w' g3 c8 P- U- @' s
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 201 p5 {) A1 ~7 l! e! m/ G/ x
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
" ^. M8 Y' u5 g4 gterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
& p0 X) _$ u- e7 }$ |! o8 O2 a' `' O* [desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to) n0 P- Y) k& K( Y$ U' ?5 X/ g
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
! K5 c" ]! }* d; s) I3 b) ywas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
8 e, L9 n- J! c# Htisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
+ _( J" c+ g. Y, x+ Ntestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),/ n. Q, \0 c0 A4 N1 u
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than* f; `( i1 s1 x9 r/ s- }! K; x% r
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular0 Y9 s8 G( S; A1 U
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
5 \- f' m2 _# @concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL: W2 r+ a) a$ N
(prepubertal).
9 W; e/ I4 j0 H# h2 E' x# nThe parents were notified about the laboratory
' `; a8 `/ T  ?1 b$ B9 R$ Jresults and were informed that all of the tests were% n7 o% w, \3 ]9 ]2 X& O* {
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
* r1 L9 g; d5 @3 T' \0 n) zfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to% K; A1 m+ q( A" F* l
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
" c) F3 d# y* r% b. E' w6 Rever, the family did not return for 4 months.- ]& J2 G4 ?8 `1 m5 i# ]7 v
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
" {4 |" ?% `( F8 ~child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
: X4 ^% j6 c( }  h. `2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
, ?5 _$ N5 ]! @+ q1 m% J# |$ Uunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
0 s; c2 }& H( T' G, W4 [/ Ypletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at6 R; \- a0 K9 K8 T' B. V
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2. Z" L. m" v+ o- G0 A# M5 A: \
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
& L7 F$ L% A+ \& @( Z- C0 N9 qThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-( r/ n0 d% X0 ~/ K
ing frequent erections.& j8 f' d% o  r* M! b8 _) u
Both parents were again questioned about use of
. J) m* K- ^* w. `any ointment/creams that they may have applied to$ Q# Y! I# {. ?# `+ K* i$ R
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
9 R1 z3 @7 Z# u4 gTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
5 a( }/ A' W/ V6 Muse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-3 i7 o* t2 E5 b- k
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
  k8 [1 B* ~( X: R. i6 _a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed0 l- J2 F4 g4 ^( t
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
, O' c1 |" M- z, }0 L5 gscribed by his family physician for decreased libido# D9 j% q; T# V# A  h
secondary to depression.+ b4 ^% w) w. S4 q, c: Y' r
The child slept in the same bed with parents.' _9 Y) [- e. C2 z  C/ Z2 w
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his, [' B$ Q& M; ?- [; p
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
/ s% K6 }! A8 e# F% K1 h# u1 P$ Vnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.. C9 i5 \1 B. P8 I/ a1 a0 L* [
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
4 Q5 S! M1 E5 d( ~3 Z# Wwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
+ b8 |* ^0 s% z1 lwas high, he then read the product information1 ^6 m3 |) q  }1 U
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-* f7 A1 d8 b8 b
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
$ k" s9 g. D1 m( B5 ?; h* E7 Qdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the) A1 j+ d# P$ J: Z- N# B6 F4 b
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
2 C6 C7 x; L' _& x" m, [+ kbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
+ H8 x; f1 |8 m; Y/ Vtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
* u3 O. `, s) C! B' J9 ?laboratory to obtain the test.
: c% i% g+ {. UDiscussion
" K" ]# L  H5 A0 X8 Z8 pPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary, }# {9 O! @2 x" }0 M$ T
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4& E7 ]/ C; c) a, n! S  k5 T
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when$ _( u. o. q2 U3 Y# ?/ X
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
; B' c5 Z- l* |, \. }3 M5 Ethalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
0 ~1 E+ x; j4 ^$ tmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
, K: t% p  K. s' Hmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
& w4 f" Y+ n  v7 W6 A+ w) wresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
5 y# g3 `" h" ?% y$ l7 D* s- R* \amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
7 J% N- z7 P' o: S6 T# c; |. T2 ~sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in2 W; w" X+ Y$ S6 g6 O0 J: s
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
! g$ Q0 i: {8 l9 E$ d/ L6 D0 J1 rization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-1 [7 |$ ?$ @% P7 c. n1 U
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
! `+ u+ a+ S. G1 sgonadotropins.1,3
' T; @  O2 ^9 M" n/ r' uGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
4 j6 {" {3 D1 u6 @cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate5 x+ C0 c7 Q' G0 h- W/ g- G
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
/ [2 ^" e4 A& Dexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
$ {7 Z$ [7 a  [! O0 X9 B: U4 dulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing+ z( f: U$ X, N% w: v* J
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive) H5 G0 _3 Z( o
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious0 l7 v' A: S6 _& H8 r0 f
puberty in boys.3,4% h5 v6 `4 n& ~) O* n
The most common form of congenital adrenal
7 [% `1 v8 L! v/ {5 t' b6 }hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
0 q  i3 ]0 h' W) p" @7 Q6 CThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
$ K2 p/ e7 {) D' C; |4 sexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
" w( V7 g# D2 Can adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
% {0 k+ q6 b2 k0 ]  R5 _; qexcess.1,30 f, {$ }1 t; p
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
( h: K! Q, ^6 z  z" x- T3 y0 |# g542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
  k  M: T3 R- ]& P- AA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-& j0 N1 n, C6 x$ X/ X
independent precocious puberty, which is also known2 k. Z( p& B' B/ U& c. R
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a) ?& ]' t3 _1 H  [8 j' i  R6 V/ m
very young age. The physical findings in these boys1 v0 \: k. u& n- J# W
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
* m7 y# j8 C4 q% {including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
* Q8 Q1 X9 c0 E( Q0 g" W, `with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
7 g2 M3 v( J* h! S( G+ Aare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show! ?  o  [% f! M  S% l* N" c3 `
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-6 Q* O0 ]& X* _# k  r- q" C* Z) A
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
6 ?6 O' Q  F% ?0 M, Q3 D  g0 p) r' Tautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
; A: N2 c; P: M0 [' u4 imales; therefore, other male members of the family# m2 q  D. R1 @! S) y( v. }) l
may have similar precocious puberty.3
: G( f2 _5 t0 k: n8 pIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
* G7 }2 W( V) q5 u- j# x4 N" W- Ysistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
/ s! k" H# W/ L2 i! Z7 icles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
, ]8 W" i/ k) V+ D( ~# t% mwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
* z. Q% m) K7 P5 M' w; i; k1 Estarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
9 W* j: u' u* `( b1 @) S! ntesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
; k$ r& z# K, u9 {: S# Y6 H8 Lbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-" \8 m2 K; _: }8 _0 V: o6 \8 b- X
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our( |" ]+ h9 T9 b0 b; n: C& T
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
8 n( h8 p$ V/ y& _either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase  e1 y9 a7 Y3 C  ~
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-) R. n0 y9 w# ~
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
* H; `3 V/ [1 yThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly! G& w5 _" q% E4 \# s2 `& `8 C
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
. V* C& o: U: Q8 Z: {. Mthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-" Q- ]7 ?, i8 U$ l' ]9 @( }
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
( a. F  W# {, \6 R6 M, vdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
0 R# q- [. B$ [% Z" _/ q5 Tterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
& i7 s4 B0 z2 C7 ^! \8 pusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
' f4 z4 j2 |3 i5 c/ h% A' eDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or1 {, c( _; Y# T/ \
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
( M! q* \& R$ A# t! N) t' w: ?unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
: e7 q+ |  g% ]; ZSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
- V6 ~6 P6 _- W8 l7 N& w3 n# nbaseline value in those females who were exposed to! f/ }  z' c1 z: |5 ]1 P3 M- W( {& `8 H
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
2 e  W& {& E, a1 M5 F) i! S' \7 h- K( Ypartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-, w3 q: S5 ~* E+ r+ c2 m  Z
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.; }5 C; {9 D8 l2 b
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL," ^/ H# j& w: R1 h* o
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that! y) B! K* U; n! a4 y
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-: D* o" Q9 M% ^$ \0 d) J- d  }& W
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more- A% }* z4 S; H
active in young children exposed to testosterone
% g. G9 f# R* D! Q+ fexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
$ e* i/ k" l" _8 w, M! edrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
( K2 N; t% T$ m# jvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
4 M* ^- u. W4 f3 d5 Y8 ~6 [children results in an increase in growth velocity and
+ e, O3 D" i7 H. _7 Z/ n+ Q( n5 \advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
5 v) l( Z5 a5 m- i  G9 @, oThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during+ ?3 K: t0 v4 H  G6 q* k
early childhood on pubertal development and final
$ Q, O0 x5 V# G/ Hadult height are not fully known and always remain
+ k' O! ~1 R. g- h5 |# Pa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-- }# T; O. _5 ]1 a: s1 N0 x8 y
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
- G) _4 f3 @/ d6 f9 a6 q# Iacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
5 ?. B3 T3 v1 [8 B. b; dcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation% L; p6 A2 d/ g( Z$ ^4 m
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
6 u# p, q4 u) N* zThere are conflicting reports and controversy( L4 V& _2 O2 m2 N7 v, x
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
6 R0 S0 Z" F( n; |; Rpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
& |8 h! w0 S1 n; @; Z3 N3 Wadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
  A; X8 n, a3 {+ A" L$ \2 ?; [5 z9 Wulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
* Z4 [$ i) d" N* V. nSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
* `) D# ], n* F# Kchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult- d" g# n' w- Q8 l
penile length in clinical studies.2 Q( O) ~- A7 F0 v6 \
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
, Q$ o% z+ G1 z9 n8 b/ Ngoing to experience any of the untoward effects from! H* _  ~  ]) r% _
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because0 E  D/ {$ v' A
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
: C3 s7 k& @, z3 F) ]Although the bone age was advanced at the time of: u3 s$ y9 c8 k5 o
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
) g  J4 V) r! y* m( m3 hthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
( Z7 `: s* W3 A1 aheight will not be affected.. p  m( O; f, j" J7 b9 P
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
, G9 e1 ?" E* h6 r- Iability of androgen products in our society may# {" Y- }5 C2 s: {
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
3 C7 c" y9 c  f1 v' X: j* Fchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
7 n6 J0 F6 x9 f1 u+ `# G5 r$ Ygen products must be considered and specific ques-$ B  {+ P) N1 B# Z6 ?! |
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
4 e* ~. e% \) q6 I: q% s1 bgel should be asked of the family members during
! `3 {5 j  y% D  h2 C: K7 ithe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
5 a/ M8 c& E- e5 ~7 Uilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
! [' D8 {: W0 `! K7 e6 v6 E+ Tnosis can be established by just a few tests and by. S6 _2 O: N: G
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
. E) P! T5 \( \history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
; N9 A4 J+ L" V: Qresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
+ J: R6 p% K" ?0 Oinvestigation. The primary care physician should be- k! R- n- y- t" T9 t6 K
aware of this fact, because most of these children/ z; a7 z: k( a3 E7 \
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
. p$ T8 m# J5 x# PDesk Reference and package insert should also put a& |% g7 R4 Q+ o) Q8 f- E
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or) Y# T( S; w, l! S8 {" r5 E
female child who might come in contact with some-1 w7 C6 A* p. B& P# q! ?4 ?. i6 ?. H
one using any of these products.
5 b& w# K3 I# H( |5 |3 tReferences
" o7 {% J, g2 e# w5 h' u1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
0 d2 P8 C1 j" T3 W# cand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric* p6 Q" m7 N* K6 Z  w/ I- ]1 o
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;# c( |' s& x& I, Z; d. \) w
2002: 565-628.
" {; q& }5 [8 K2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
+ O8 j, f: G: @7 X1 Ypuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
# A6 {0 C2 L! u% `6 CBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
& P" u% r3 _; N+ J2 \( v9 MExposure to Testosterone9 ?% O  r8 j% p, c
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,21 }& q' U" o7 J5 m2 ~
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD17 C6 g& z/ Y- X8 T, K
Clinical Pediatrics
% q/ d: o6 W) G$ P: F  fVolume 46 Number 6) b: J4 B& r9 W& A$ n
July 2007 540-5430 [8 g' ^- b; e3 Z/ u/ I/ ]+ }
© 2007 Sage Publications
7 }  Y4 t0 z* s10.1177/00099228062966513 Z  u; y6 f/ l
http://clp.sagepub.com
: }, ]; i5 k1 ^$ I8 ghosted at
8 O6 w2 k' E, ^/ u$ b; t4 Yhttp://online.sagepub.com2 @' n$ G. }# d. Y4 ~' M" c" K
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
( I$ u/ W7 g$ t5 r3 T+ ris a significant concern for physicians. Central7 \. i+ Q/ K, M* _
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated6 z7 @- X+ T+ ?
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has/ H9 w5 L2 W% \5 D9 A$ I
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system! {6 F. y$ K& P) p5 \8 c) I( ?5 a
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
& \) U' c; e% t2 eby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic; f3 C2 Y; f9 p" N4 d
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-* y6 t( a8 k1 \
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We% r) K( g2 ]+ L! z
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
! i' G$ ^) B; }/ @enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-3 ^: A+ e; l0 B  D8 H" c7 ^
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due: u; D, J  _& \1 N( y$ w% o  E
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by1 p' E$ C' C8 H. i+ G! c: `
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-- r0 @6 b  W2 }* m5 d1 }. X0 e8 _; s
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
2 B) i3 n. m& f# ]: X5 \( D* a2 w0 I( Ychild. Given the widespread and easy availability of5 Z2 k. i2 H. K: m0 H* k3 R- K
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
9 e+ W6 u+ h, T0 v. j% nbly more common than the rare case report in the
) u& Z8 K/ l* F& [( t2 `0 T$ Aliterature.4
9 e# U; Q" {( h/ ]" g9 `Patient Report
4 K7 n& y! o0 j  CA 16-month-old white child was referred to the' R3 H0 j. x$ t6 l# l* j
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
3 }6 t4 Q# w; i6 ^" ~of early sexual development. His mother noticed
6 y2 d$ T- a7 K! r4 @light colored pubic hair development when he was. `  v4 ~2 Q( n% G. Q1 a
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
) N# p6 S6 t) ~7 Q" F9 JSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
9 I! }0 U, B8 E- S  P0 m+ _Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,& L5 Z" x. W) T4 f
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
4 |6 V. X5 d$ P" O2 ~; w. RMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
9 u# v( t) v# m) z6 ve-mail: [email protected].+ e5 O2 Y+ b0 p+ c( w
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
/ w- c  h3 k! mdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
1 r2 t# m3 q& S2 a$ g( \ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
! p+ w, Q* H' C. o" Iwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
* g/ R/ A- ]1 G. e, Ra birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of) _) [# G: S4 H" J0 M
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year+ ^( Q) ~3 O- H) E" Y
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
) L4 Q- W4 r9 f; v0 ]! Zsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,7 w$ ]8 K( K5 ~; o# q2 v5 r3 E: f- [: O
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
" Q* r# F1 f' M& @& B) D. dwas age appropriate.
" y! S, E. B9 u; E$ \The family history was remarkable for the father,' {; J% f* Q, e# `
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,' x+ Y1 U( m( u* }9 c& S0 W$ [3 h
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s1 V% H  q+ z7 V2 k  K
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat2 F9 x) Q/ z  _& T
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.4 n' e' n& j- n6 @: h) h4 ~
The father denied taking any other medication. The
- A7 u. }, m$ W3 e! E# c1 pchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche* U5 Q0 |6 ~& v, e( v' F6 k
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
: l' E; }  ^- }; G$ m) ^5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
* w9 N0 o8 }* R. lcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-0 l) v( N( H0 ?( G3 r
tives. There were no siblings.
6 x) H# Z9 M  v' D; LPhysical Examination" C6 ^2 D3 }5 [9 R) _0 m
The physical examination revealed a very active,+ N9 d, G( w( v0 N
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented/ q9 ?* }" ]: u% x9 ^8 p& s
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was: x; P/ V' i* M; l9 |, Y
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg2 i+ b7 M3 a& A0 t9 s1 W: j
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
" c  O6 B! y0 N( X( g. W9 b2 svelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
8 b1 F% i: x) `  D6 @; Xthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.: {- G5 e9 T' F+ Y+ w: ^9 m
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
+ W: p% F' ?* u; y( Y% {enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of. U; }& b& m0 m, t" U
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well9 H5 i2 Y3 H* Y3 y
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around, S. c: `  j% \: b
540
7 O5 M9 I) k. c. Vat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& H! d1 O' [1 B; |
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
. ?) y6 v2 R- X' F# _testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.. k* j+ v& ?" m0 h5 F: q
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
* \# q5 N6 C7 a. I# noily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
9 D; g# p1 p0 J6 v$ x" N; Kabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.$ i2 [4 e. T' g- Y& ^/ y0 c9 H
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+; M: ~: j6 I+ K( ^6 L5 ~
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion# f  j% c. ~# Q9 F/ o6 \  i
of papilledema.
: T" P, \. d. J( ?7 vLaboratory Evaluation
! z; W. i+ x2 |+ Q4 s% C  yThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by1 G2 L& `0 S* Q1 o  r6 M9 @
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
: G# @6 ?+ B- h! v/ s/ {logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal6 N) Q: J% u- S' [, F
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test- ^4 K% [, X% c8 K5 v
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-- a) l& W" w8 s  @, v
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).0 Z% X' F( Q! T$ o  s
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood/ i! p0 N6 a  x8 g6 E- _2 M, b
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
& X  j2 E8 e9 u7 gwithin normal range for his age. The concentration, m, i5 _9 A, s; f' L# n. L% A
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
" `  J4 \) s3 @' ?(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 208 I" P) M/ z6 z! W% L/ J2 H
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-/ K' @4 ^9 T0 H9 F5 U8 O; O, I
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
7 @. \8 T7 q2 b6 _) R0 d! Sdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to, [8 e. [' h; C& x5 g* g
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)( _& e( h3 M0 \! f) f) s
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
/ ^& I8 X' l* W6 Otisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
* R7 x( L5 j0 [# a' M( K; Ytestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
$ ?* G6 `2 H4 ~and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than. K+ m8 G1 X. q6 J9 b
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular3 b9 @, c) ^$ t. N& F1 O
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone- y. h  @% a, _+ d( u
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
! p7 v& L! w9 i* O) X(prepubertal).
' o3 `- J* R# Y4 MThe parents were notified about the laboratory
; m3 S- K6 ^6 yresults and were informed that all of the tests were
2 Z+ Z3 r1 D5 i/ {2 U1 c% g2 Lnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
: q# j" }) P# d  zfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to, Z  {' X$ u. Q
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
  Q8 k0 W0 u0 W1 T3 s" D  @$ Hever, the family did not return for 4 months., t; L: D/ a; L# f4 m/ W- `
Physical examination at this time revealed that the( E: G* k4 K* @3 a, C
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained* ~7 C3 V( P- [
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained4 [7 b; f8 b' z" ~2 h$ ~
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
3 d+ V6 O1 n+ Upletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at; \) }( ^9 H9 j  e. ^4 r
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
9 x9 ?; {3 n8 m& W8 z& RmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.6 g3 `- Y) A, y' m2 u% b1 x+ O5 U
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
+ _2 `9 ~" |: H' Oing frequent erections.2 T( ?( B# q5 n' R
Both parents were again questioned about use of
5 l2 M* h: u! Sany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
% d/ H4 N% z/ K$ @) e/ p7 cthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
4 T6 j0 o8 U; S& @Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5411 P$ t3 `) n2 `3 G: ^
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
* P- K7 k( c, z; w( {ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
) N* C8 K. _, p' m, C$ ga year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
. D# f1 P) ]+ F% @) K7 C+ Wto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
' s; ^( g9 g8 i8 u' R4 sscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
* H3 q# _& |: F) O0 Y7 Esecondary to depression.
1 V. t2 z' s/ u5 HThe child slept in the same bed with parents.+ j  o- N5 \0 M4 s* K: H& R
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
# `9 C/ ?2 `) o/ l; `* Mchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
# r; q) t& j" W! L1 U# Enificant bare skin contact between baby and father.( ?9 ^6 b9 ^7 @6 D( J
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
% w: I( {8 T0 |when he learned the testosterone level in the baby1 `$ _7 ^" [! Z7 T
was high, he then read the product information
0 N7 W" s! D' C  Wpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
2 |* R' R; ]$ _6 |9 h& A- ]0 \son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they1 @: ?" C% j  W9 P: C3 R
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the0 a7 `" `- y2 t
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
5 x, Q. K, J  F( Cbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone" L+ T2 P/ r. N' q) y, [4 _
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
$ f3 l) `  ?  l5 ylaboratory to obtain the test.2 y* A% n2 b5 c8 s9 _3 j# S) u7 ~
Discussion
* R1 h! [6 u' IPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary2 l7 E" j& a# {* X/ d( q8 }
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,46 G" W$ F( i/ n3 j# d  `
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
9 R2 k8 M8 |0 Q; I' {it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
& ~, h, G5 f  X# x$ ithalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-, K( o# ]  R  n
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP+ r' J$ B; w( h5 T! b
may have a central nervous system lesion that is. a+ w' ?. r# s- y
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
: |# U! y- J2 d0 i. H* b! yamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
, G: W6 s9 H$ E( A3 U' Isis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
) `0 T8 m8 F4 P. aboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-: W0 b! y8 J+ ~0 a' V
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
# e6 r0 `0 O" @0 @4 x8 `9 a1 d" I) Yrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by' h6 R- @0 o5 n- o. p' H( w
gonadotropins.1,3
$ p+ N  i% n7 I7 b: EGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
# m& `& p$ c% C2 v3 q: ~0 ^* Y! {0 Acious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate7 v- b& p, F. F- u' `5 ?4 v
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or- |' t/ ]$ y% N6 O( v4 r1 P
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
8 v- O2 [1 |/ L. L! I( T0 L+ uulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
2 Q2 S& e8 v6 F; vcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive, `' D  X% a: P& |* K0 O% H) ~
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious/ A2 c  I& R6 o0 k
puberty in boys.3,4* e. a( e0 }6 P: a
The most common form of congenital adrenal
/ |* G) B, o/ G& l+ n+ Fhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
4 f1 y0 |5 ?. j' k' b5 p$ pThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
( g, I" R' S# E' I* v. Fexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
. s' {  K4 W: zan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
/ \) b% R% ~7 V4 Sexcess.1,34 a9 I4 w3 S, D6 p
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
# `6 j8 {5 @  q1 j( m% X3 [542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
7 h' u9 r5 R' m3 B+ oA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-1 L  N2 k& [& F4 K; N
independent precocious puberty, which is also known8 X4 Q1 @: j) A
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
: Q, G2 x* Z' Y1 e2 t' b. e( b  z7 lvery young age. The physical findings in these boys( _1 [: q. p2 Y( D$ h" ^4 t/ z* ~7 T
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
9 O! x- R. A5 i  |2 i$ ^& Wincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
  R. K+ t/ N: }+ }& C$ j" ]  K0 Cwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
+ h8 {* ~: I& b2 y8 |are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
6 s" a3 X+ G& U  H5 @# Dpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
7 s2 q3 p9 _1 dreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked, [) e; \8 d& b7 D8 r1 U% ^
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only# M& O9 g/ j6 A! {+ P# [
males; therefore, other male members of the family
3 @4 T% G* j# u. Emay have similar precocious puberty.3  b7 a5 p8 Z3 s( a6 a- T
In our patient, physical examination was incon-1 J# u/ }  `! d% p. T' X4 t
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
- x, O, H  Y. M) O* _cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
# W+ r, [% J( s" awas in the differential diagnosis because his father& A/ z$ w' S; H/ M3 c# F
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
$ r4 b' I, [* a+ v8 ?* w4 C& E/ ktesticular enlargement is not that evident in the/ W) ^  \0 |6 j$ K
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
. m# Y# T; p/ f* W5 K& M1 mative initial history of androgen exposure, our
( g4 G, @* v4 `* V7 t' g; l: {biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,7 e% G5 L( m& N* m, m/ Z
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
7 n. N  p' A( ^; u$ Odeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-. }  i$ h: p6 Q* N9 U7 l
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
0 U: f+ s' Q* W7 g& kThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
. g5 `( n; ?1 Osuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because0 n& i% n, M2 A
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
* a% Y1 N' e; _6 n. Jpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
6 `. ^0 W# U% |) n# C+ C8 G1 ]decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-5 b. ~9 D, L( b# b" A
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was5 t( c4 @' U% D: v3 |
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
/ |0 F# N6 \; H3 dDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
( m( u+ @8 O1 j/ W/ L- z, Y4 P1 vcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to6 Z+ h# F' _& T2 g( {
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.2 F+ w; M. |- l1 P! R# g# h/ \
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the. T2 v$ a& {$ H3 F
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
7 E9 d, a% b$ w$ |3 m& g) ?even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
7 v# L$ l! k+ i: d& dpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
. k  M; [: x" B7 `2 etion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.5 x/ ~; e/ O( f% t* f5 X9 f
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
/ h: l" C, h) G+ b) x2 owhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that3 k7 X3 U& V( l9 k6 S# E: p
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
' D1 q3 S# r9 M1 r8 vterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more! k2 W7 i4 V: K& s6 R
active in young children exposed to testosterone- J' t" B$ E+ j) S
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
' d5 p- m' b) a* m: O, gdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
; q( A7 x$ Z% vvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in2 [! z/ T8 ?# I
children results in an increase in growth velocity and( H" k3 E" l+ T0 O$ M$ o7 Y
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.) U- o2 }5 v5 ~+ t* i; G9 \
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
5 L% b, T5 |* w$ b. Wearly childhood on pubertal development and final
8 H% Q% F/ r2 sadult height are not fully known and always remain
4 p3 a" v8 u0 q; pa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
" u% `& `2 E+ h! P7 ]9 {terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some+ n+ t4 |0 t: P( {
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
8 U3 t; _8 G  g3 qcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation7 q3 [* R, j, `  h0 ]/ r9 B) ^. C( R
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
4 @' I3 P7 _3 U2 f+ L. t( L2 bThere are conflicting reports and controversy, |' l1 `' @1 J% p( N5 j
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult# s1 a7 ~+ t6 g/ [% q. W2 l
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
. [1 H% r! r* k% {# g/ hadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-, G. a/ q4 _' [2 T: o& Q3 G+ E
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
. K4 F9 ?: S) X/ F# v7 l8 hSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
+ D( Z4 E6 z* Z- m! J5 E( [childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult$ a0 r* F) d' B# j# f" r9 b: `$ w5 B
penile length in clinical studies.# `  K7 |. Q! u
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
6 I) y$ [& y# {$ U* `% {7 x( Bgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
4 v0 u3 H, C& jtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
2 C0 E- D6 s" N0 W/ C3 zthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.; z( c- J: O6 V  U4 ]- w7 q6 l' R! y& [/ Y
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
$ d6 ]) y7 J7 n6 w, mdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at. E7 ~+ v4 Y0 D7 p& ?
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
+ ~4 Q/ n. l4 I# lheight will not be affected.
* g, N3 {! a  P8 `Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
8 d3 [: ^0 \: [$ q  k% J8 Lability of androgen products in our society may
! `7 K4 N: h: P- p( p( Hindeed cause more virilization in male or female# {7 [+ j9 o- s0 W0 I) Z5 L% d
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-8 Z& `7 T9 d% g8 Y' a1 m& ~( b
gen products must be considered and specific ques-  _, Q) ^) w; U( g. `2 \! s/ k0 M5 z
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
5 M, ^+ p, N4 P3 Z, N% fgel should be asked of the family members during
/ e9 j4 a  X6 A2 h+ v: N8 uthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
" s4 F# A; L9 }# Filization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-' R, F1 H+ X& r7 {1 ^7 ~
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by  h9 S, W# |, ^# I
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a/ V+ q8 E  Y* Y. L2 q
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
& o) _! b2 a7 `# J2 bresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive" p8 Q& v8 Y% B4 t" b( M
investigation. The primary care physician should be* p# V, L. @7 i# h3 K- w! j& z/ S
aware of this fact, because most of these children
5 O5 t6 F: q+ U, E4 }2 H( }may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
* J6 p: M+ C+ f% b7 lDesk Reference and package insert should also put a2 [% R% j. n, |) g0 T
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
- w! T# z) Y+ S3 |3 d& ]& \; P/ {; Pfemale child who might come in contact with some-4 C/ }' Z- ^0 ^* z! L' i) h9 i
one using any of these products.
  P0 c: Z0 z3 oReferences
8 b) A3 j2 t3 q5 ~1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
: T) ~( ^6 \# P6 E. K, ^  pand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric* C6 u5 F" b7 u: s$ }0 {
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
- t% ^9 l: O9 Y; A6 _& J2002: 565-628.
. r5 i3 F) \6 z+ E# m" w) ^& p2 P" z5 I2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
. `6 O; U  z" t' Upuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

5 I- V9 L# t5 z/ K精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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