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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old! }, [ |; V5 R3 V
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
0 \# O7 U" U: E$ g2 ZExposure to Testosterone
& r+ K. z' C1 j8 X- D4 S! {; ^Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
! b6 g+ h/ h/ B/ a" d# J2 l- ]and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD18 M k" Z5 i+ p* |2 N
Clinical Pediatrics
! c0 M1 u x( C. \' t* EVolume 46 Number 6) [. H1 q. I8 W
July 2007 540-5434 N u) ?9 B. `0 B/ v* O+ C
© 2007 Sage Publications
& }, ?3 Q, H X+ q9 B; r& S10.1177/0009922806296651
6 j% _& W4 f }! mhttp://clp.sagepub.com
% e' D) `- F; X- \/ }# q, U+ ahosted at
, S5 r" a n6 X, G4 P7 {. \http://online.sagepub.com
5 f& Y" {) a2 ?- M1 UPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,7 D- o2 u" C" `* [: {8 q
is a significant concern for physicians. Central( G! z# ^' J- P6 e! `2 ^0 Q9 R G
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated2 ]2 N D! C( B- R7 p
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
4 ]1 e7 P ^5 m: j: E0 wa higher incidence of organic central nervous system! \6 R8 d/ M9 v! J9 v% C& H7 ]
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested5 |* m8 o9 v' e2 b: y
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
, }. J/ \4 Z9 R" r Dhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-( y& A1 f) H5 ~* p0 i5 F% w
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
) m. j+ j& v" K" b4 m! Lreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
; p, E1 l: w* ^8 Zenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
, j, q7 [5 i. j! f3 A. j- Ament without testicular enlargement, which was due
# {4 X# S# ]5 y Z5 i1 ^to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by+ s7 B* w7 }# n" X. @: i, R
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-# D0 O! f$ C, [8 F
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
, Q3 W3 ]. F T& V) nchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
* \0 o b B$ _$ J _' m) rtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-) W4 y+ m; c% Z& J1 M/ ~
bly more common than the rare case report in the
7 F7 l: L, |4 l; Nliterature.4
& `2 P0 A! R. @. |6 r1 [' a1 ?Patient Report" x# ^0 ?; d& n/ e; e
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
9 ?' F* j3 I+ j& v+ U! `8 c- nendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
( A1 z4 Q! S! j) Tof early sexual development. His mother noticed. E% S9 b. l! N E, {9 n, b, T+ K
light colored pubic hair development when he was
- n7 q* q7 U9 z6 K8 UFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of! \4 c7 Q4 {# \8 k
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
1 i7 e8 u0 m# V7 r" \Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,& y$ T% L+ X0 O3 `8 m
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
/ t9 R0 P. _" x% SMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;4 f+ i3 y. Q! a0 }6 \
e-mail: [email protected].7 W0 f& \& h* p1 d, G
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became: J4 u" X! F) _$ v2 }$ y
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-+ \5 h# x- v' G, ?$ F
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child9 U; I( S1 S+ W) @, K) ~' R- T7 N+ U
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with: P4 ~0 L3 ~ k' ?
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
: P6 i5 V- S8 G B20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
* C& A3 P1 }% eof life and was still receiving breast milk along with# p8 w( U- V4 N3 `. f& x" S$ v
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,, C5 R$ x( c2 Q
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
7 p9 z8 y6 @) g' x% w& N2 S0 N5 k9 Kwas age appropriate.
0 {2 w1 I; J3 hThe family history was remarkable for the father,
- I5 ~% z# Y( f' x# ]/ E* Pwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,, P' `/ ~4 y$ S5 r
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
) K% X0 M5 [# w7 G, ~- G% V" kheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat# m2 ^$ V9 h# \$ B& r8 C. h
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
e" y* Q2 x5 G8 x3 F+ |. B$ `The father denied taking any other medication. The! Z6 p; v3 I$ k, v
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche9 T* P! q. }) R
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
( k: g- V% _3 X$ G! d4 |5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-! a ?( c) u; a* l
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
/ J& X& J. T8 {* Atives. There were no siblings. F$ |, }9 X- E; p* x
Physical Examination( A0 `; c( M' H4 j; Z2 ]6 F+ c8 A* r
The physical examination revealed a very active,
: ^0 t3 u! A4 X! h8 ]/ [playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented; V* n9 w5 a9 r9 m: c
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was6 x0 H/ R" e7 C. Z# _" L) s
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg6 N; [1 X& I4 {4 k- a4 G0 c
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
& z( ?0 D( b8 }- S5 cvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of+ S# J! y$ z( @; p4 X
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.& P( F; D" J$ K
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for# Y' C7 P( u9 D. K
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
- l2 }8 G, |; `' D8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well, K0 {- q+ G, E
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
: O! v y: {, X% R6 {540
8 e6 t4 q. ^9 N$ N9 dat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" B7 l. h4 \) s3 T2 _$ N3 D) [9 N; Uthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
# \& F" C, I5 B- M& r( Y7 V' Ztesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
; I# V6 q2 @2 sThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat. T# i* G& B+ {
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no: x* }" f4 t) a& s, Q. f% z. a0 c9 C
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
$ [& Y( U8 Z6 x w; }' N; INeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+ O" F9 q6 x- H& K% B% [1 f i
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion' O; f! {1 }6 }3 y- k; R& g6 ~, R
of papilledema.
. Y3 g7 a- U! |, y0 jLaboratory Evaluation
- }5 }3 Z( U+ M$ j, B5 J, ^The bone age was consistent with 28 months by9 p0 |! L; F0 S, q: N
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
# O: M; y$ r/ x: y1 m. Xlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
9 r# Y9 T. c8 P; Z/ _karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test. X. i$ N, z6 p, M5 j. {+ z
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-, K3 t1 H4 u* L. y- D K# X$ v
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).; U* ^3 z* P/ Z |, c( e6 _ \
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood4 a# A0 B- p; V! c# M+ O
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
" {$ Y+ w3 D6 }9 s. A, ^within normal range for his age. The concentration* H- c$ W" ^& n F
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
; h3 k) J6 k/ Z( F(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
# o( g3 U% e. y" Z* f, C2 Bng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-& |; X' k& r9 i+ w
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
8 V$ b: c! o/ K) |desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to* I/ x- n4 q+ I4 E9 Y- N
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
' `/ h* U/ T7 t0 T0 qwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-8 P, T2 }3 E v: m
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total- ^. | G1 S/ [& J8 ~
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
) y" k/ Z {2 ?2 b1 q- U1 w+ ^and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than8 }3 Z8 O- \. s2 a+ |; c+ r
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular' H' \" ?2 a7 O0 N3 S' g
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
5 l9 @8 s- d2 z4 X: Iconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL, Z" q2 o% t7 T% j7 l
(prepubertal).
( K# H0 M4 M% F9 }5 W# F8 p* P: YThe parents were notified about the laboratory
, ^8 d7 Y% ^# J4 jresults and were informed that all of the tests were
5 f, o; u [: f/ D' rnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
, p0 M+ y; R: h6 x1 `follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
7 w4 e V. K7 u* N. fobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
4 P$ ]3 o- v* G# _6 G# }" s/ [ever, the family did not return for 4 months.1 t3 D+ }& F- D" E* b
Physical examination at this time revealed that the& E x6 H0 _2 v, z/ ~ D$ J! I
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained6 T8 z8 p. T2 U: N: p/ P2 X$ K
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained6 O3 }4 x( l" o( U9 N% j; Q, I W
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-5 L8 |5 M2 ~6 y# s5 U
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at5 l# y; s9 T7 @1 f# S: c- `
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 20 y) _1 F; \% f' ~
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.- j; u# r6 E' g5 s$ C, C
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
% t; n3 P, n+ n! ying frequent erections.
1 s0 e6 U/ U( c1 DBoth parents were again questioned about use of6 \# f! H# {- t' A
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to- l% ]& n& Z+ F4 a4 R8 t
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
2 L/ A& L4 ^- D' s) K9 V: i6 w* f) ETopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
* e$ I% m5 z8 Buse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
7 U/ M2 L% `/ J9 v, [- bing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for# w5 d; {1 j1 a9 w, }$ c+ ]4 e6 P
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed6 E9 ]# V$ z, k0 Q" |2 b3 q3 B1 h
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
( \% ]6 H; c6 h1 d9 q. d9 vscribed by his family physician for decreased libido4 I) z# d i4 C# y0 a* `9 s
secondary to depression.$ `+ u& c4 i% ?. H3 @' i; l
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
4 k4 o+ k% T, V" d( z- yThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his D0 q2 d! @+ s+ _1 }
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-! C* j; t e, `! n
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.. z" h$ S: f: h
The father also admitted that after the phone call,- p9 i( C& i8 ^$ E0 g: W1 h
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
! l5 F1 j3 Y: O( G/ jwas high, he then read the product information
. y: q1 X( D" c& J- L3 Npacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-# M0 ?; w/ ~, [0 D# M% M! s
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
+ g2 s' C$ \+ G6 ]" z6 p; Edecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the/ w' i: a& q3 g5 w
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
4 N* p, V1 W- I) m3 N2 jbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
% r( t9 y# m0 T. {/ `4 vtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
# j9 F/ i# p' h O3 V' E# @0 G* a! Flaboratory to obtain the test.5 S0 J4 f Y9 C1 y* d- v( E
Discussion
E* z+ ]; C+ o; ^Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
9 x4 b. A1 w0 Hsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
. g! Z2 Z, J, t- r0 E4 }Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
- B3 y' e# j+ h4 rit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-4 Y- Y% f2 {# W7 p( `, q% V' B
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-2 J& U$ n1 v! ]4 C
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP( l; H2 _$ p1 T: Y8 d5 B
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
& l- k; v8 d2 m8 R' \: ^/ Wresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-4 b6 x) _) p6 R8 p& s
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
1 X0 G. {8 b$ xsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in# t; n+ h8 ~5 d0 N' Z/ Y0 G1 C6 P
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-! i4 P( Z# l* [5 |
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
4 I9 C+ F; T( b' u1 y5 ~ R: rrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
) B, c. c" H9 C3 E. b% {7 ?4 ~gonadotropins.1,3- O# q! I* E3 [9 ^9 v% p) }7 }
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-9 R0 j4 r4 ?+ ^ X5 d) ]1 w5 V8 i
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate% E- O3 j. l' I/ O* f
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or1 F, ]$ v/ |7 s+ b0 `/ {
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
* \' n% |% E* |- z- J) w' H, Vulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
& J1 O8 Q `& m( C Kcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive2 d0 F, \1 A# [9 h3 i
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious2 T. R7 d G+ U5 r) }' I
puberty in boys.3,43 n$ m# Z( U$ W2 u
The most common form of congenital adrenal
7 h, p! U& F: Xhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
% X( Q' Q0 o. w' z/ ZThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
% e- q7 v; F6 s w% q8 Bexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,+ V/ n: c7 t* }3 x, e
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen5 V2 M4 i _8 |5 h' A% k) Q! ~
excess.1,3" r- ^' G h' y. v a2 E, E
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from n" k4 @' S; V. o3 b9 s2 m
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20076 X; m& f( r3 H9 R9 s( s- Z& s! F
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-) z1 F6 ]+ [7 T- Z, I6 H+ Y
independent precocious puberty, which is also known. [, Z% t' ^, m3 D
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
- H% _: d9 l; H: L* _8 C3 o0 G4 ?very young age. The physical findings in these boys
+ p6 m+ m, B; _7 Z- m% T# V, @with this disorder are full pubertal development,) Y2 Y: |% J+ E% |5 M
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
2 d1 R5 C. {" E% Mwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder4 S6 h) A: z8 i& n! m/ r/ B
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show* } w% L* p1 Q& k5 |( Y
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
7 M8 |) i5 N9 a$ rreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked8 S; m! Z/ E# x" I }
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only# K: v% V3 G o% O, N
males; therefore, other male members of the family
! J1 _5 o8 w3 I/ S8 tmay have similar precocious puberty.3
7 e2 |4 k+ _6 c$ f Z7 @In our patient, physical examination was incon-% @4 y7 B1 _' B( y; ]/ u. o' F
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-) ?+ j) L: Z! k9 k0 r
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
5 D3 |6 V0 X6 b! W1 m9 Y( U8 s dwas in the differential diagnosis because his father0 ?7 T/ {" j6 s4 f% ^1 y
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,0 j# ?% W" {7 G; h* o4 Q p
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the* G$ ]% I# z1 j) M
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-5 T; ~0 f# O3 P
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our/ a+ f0 R( H+ J% u1 c
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
* U6 w' {7 x0 o/ ^* o3 u3 reither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
4 K' T9 E1 r3 K6 `: y8 m7 j; kdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
: M8 U$ y. G7 W |' n Ling the normal level of adrenal steroids.
3 t$ ~: M" @2 R; E1 WThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly. ?, l9 w& d) M$ w
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
E$ k, A7 [, lthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-9 \, t8 D9 V8 N3 U6 q8 M
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and# Z( G( d; b2 z' F( O5 K& m
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
. h( y/ {! X1 d; @terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
& P, w. I; I; }% z: Rusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
; v5 G4 N- U; `. L9 V PDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
/ b# a; N0 H7 q o; x8 |cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to7 a0 B8 ^' J3 B( M
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.$ e8 W, L' A u* x& d h5 j% @
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the* _5 W/ y* m- N
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
# ?1 G p6 V+ `5 G' H" Z5 G ^; Eeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
% z4 j8 ?2 l5 g/ y2 Y3 Bpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
- Z, S. X" @, Y! Vtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.2 j+ ^5 j2 r( P: H9 X
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,0 w3 b" b- A, X3 h
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
/ g6 o( w6 O3 C i4 h! ]dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-+ `8 A7 M7 }5 j; _ b
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
7 o/ |5 ^$ g3 C3 ractive in young children exposed to testosterone/ Z3 M) w. G& j/ R# C& A. Y
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
. S0 u* Z& i1 v6 cdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to H9 Z4 Z( h. G) O" P
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
0 Z. f5 V* A+ L" ^2 Achildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
! s# P9 e$ T2 M7 X; y5 [9 D# X& N( Iadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.1 ?; J5 C5 f' B% E, A, _$ c
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during& k$ A" o5 N$ u0 u3 d& f* d" y3 _1 o$ j, Y1 _
early childhood on pubertal development and final: l/ W* _5 x4 P- l0 i
adult height are not fully known and always remain7 x9 n: f2 b# D! H6 Q
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-) ^( d$ P8 Z9 h+ ?9 A% V
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some# k. L \9 ~0 [$ x
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
" U. F, Y/ c# ~cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation4 O$ ?" E3 ?. _9 E# h" k
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9; k; p! k7 r1 Y+ e7 r- ?# h
There are conflicting reports and controversy8 c& T* S3 t! ^: j: Q# t
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
; y9 l8 [! o5 [! X( o8 j/ qpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal- P7 M9 r% g$ b: @# R
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-( w4 ]+ B" J0 f" \6 ?1 o5 U! p
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
, w. K3 c% t- Y2 M; bSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
$ n& j: m6 ~" Y: G/ Nchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
% E) f: M6 J9 f4 ]* D" v2 ]- Q1 |penile length in clinical studies.! J' u8 C8 Q& H. u
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
4 V6 ~6 S, i$ Q2 ggoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
% s+ S2 K! s" {$ i" |testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because3 `( T* X/ i. F2 Y2 y3 d. E! |/ i: R
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.( {4 h6 d- p q4 d$ k
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
U* ?3 e) z D, |diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at, b7 u' E- l3 D8 G8 c9 J2 i) A" G
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
" ]! l1 E/ u7 R6 Xheight will not be affected.
1 ]# U9 D% V$ g+ H. p$ _- pAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-' D6 t% \. U, B } c* O; B% n
ability of androgen products in our society may1 P4 p* G5 n' v9 Z. D3 c
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
; ^ z8 b8 V3 y+ F8 t3 Hchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
?4 ~& F* Q; a) Cgen products must be considered and specific ques-4 T3 G* S- v6 n
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or0 ^ Y$ i8 B [1 Q, y
gel should be asked of the family members during1 |4 K& D3 s) T* u# g: m- @- j" }
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-2 f; Y" B5 Y0 `8 J% z) E
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-% ^! V3 t4 L! \
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by0 R" }' o2 b) s4 s0 J* {
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
; D. T5 M/ r( @; M+ n# j' mhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may# ~2 d. o, U( a5 |
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
7 u- ^& N% n" j( {# }investigation. The primary care physician should be/ b+ \2 X* m) O+ F3 u: _
aware of this fact, because most of these children
0 D& G* C5 j! I6 ?6 x, y n6 g) d/ Imay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
5 [5 O$ y& E0 D) xDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
9 K5 c Z L$ X8 @9 Cwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
& y( x E u6 z* h3 _female child who might come in contact with some-
4 E# R9 f; V& q2 b8 _, Pone using any of these products.6 N* t, \) I- E, m) N/ T
References
: X4 u& H, N- m1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation: y3 }3 u0 {7 b* m. r) L$ W' R
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric" R7 ~1 ]1 I- _, u
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
& X" F) \7 W1 O# T- l8 c2002: 565-628.- O( Q- X2 p7 l h6 a$ Q% [
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
4 o8 L3 @1 j& X" epuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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