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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old' M' H! h) I7 d
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical' L* X. O u$ b$ `& [0 [8 z
Exposure to Testosterone
7 m0 }- }7 G1 L3 t4 S" p0 u b7 fSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2- p: H. H- v, X3 F
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1! T% r. i" K& V$ p
Clinical Pediatrics
. V ^' E4 A" q' FVolume 46 Number 6
- [" k- T2 N, B$ EJuly 2007 540-543
2 x- f, g+ |( a4 t' F) W. m© 2007 Sage Publications
4 d: N x. j$ W9 P; R5 c10.1177/0009922806296651
4 C. Q, o+ q6 S7 [http://clp.sagepub.com/ c- v" z6 K8 x- w
hosted at
/ v* K3 F" q5 }% i0 Qhttp://online.sagepub.com X6 b5 a% `; J
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
9 ^8 W) ~' M0 n5 ~- ?- L; j4 A8 U: Pis a significant concern for physicians. Central
7 p' ?6 T8 J+ r* o- P+ Uprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated# b b1 H/ H% ?9 p; ]8 F3 j
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has5 r& U8 e: S" K T' `
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system6 I" O' t- h( n
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested: Z, r7 W( y4 z0 @& c) u6 j
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
8 i. m/ D0 m* z5 S: H1 G) z6 _6 thair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-) \( r* j- {; B
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We6 G" t. S) E/ r6 d, G9 |% @
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
) C1 A. y# n- P' N1 f) Qenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop- _& b+ H- ^1 W# G% s6 V/ @
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due, q% ]$ G; H! I [- N/ _. {
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by9 u5 a j! ?/ L" i4 W, K
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-, J9 H# \7 x: _' N1 z
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
4 u9 e5 C) ^8 L( b8 zchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of! c' u/ d& K- H- G) E7 b
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
: p! o, C* M0 f& W! F. }6 K6 Rbly more common than the rare case report in the
/ C1 P5 `: @- _, u7 G/ b/ Eliterature.41 }- E! K& p$ @9 Q
Patient Report( s& w, j1 d9 c( G/ Q
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the+ o8 f! k! u. i B9 e( y7 \
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
" ~, ~8 e8 y1 J$ r, M5 Sof early sexual development. His mother noticed5 \$ {; q3 D% ` o
light colored pubic hair development when he was
- P! M" K% c+ i% e7 nFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
, x3 T. Q, H. ]9 cSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.- C/ n7 Z1 H. x* q9 w
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,# v/ S+ B+ n7 E- u8 W
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
; z. T2 ]" U7 G$ }Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;" {& h9 T2 V+ A- m
e-mail: [email protected].
2 K/ i5 Z3 A+ U3 ^( h/ j) ~1 {about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became" @: ^! \3 R$ L1 _
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-2 {# t" l1 T. F8 I9 c
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
: ~7 G& E. a. @) ~was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with. h) t2 V% h" C' X4 c O" w( X- t
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
5 b) J$ C8 ]* `6 W, t7 W20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
4 d$ x ]. g/ K8 z! iof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
[% n& Y O5 m) ksolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,( r5 i; y. O# b( A
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
! e1 p' Q- e6 Z3 i3 Q4 M9 twas age appropriate.$ |. f) u$ k3 R4 v1 X
The family history was remarkable for the father,: f# d: x. h/ m3 W
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
9 f3 D6 ~0 Y9 A# f/ f1 r: m9 Rwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s5 L# |# x$ W" j6 b
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
+ d8 Y* f3 b2 }0 Y# aearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.' N- P$ S t5 {$ q7 _
The father denied taking any other medication. The
/ ] w3 g) v. w4 Z, U( t6 V; r/ vchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
1 }7 X0 D, Z9 I* `0 bwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet( V8 J/ G- M3 i0 O' ^7 ]
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
/ G' R0 a A1 g( y7 Zcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
+ y& O3 @( w" q! [( vtives. There were no siblings.: O; N) \; `" D' r! J
Physical Examination
H8 y# T' k" N- G) U8 [+ h0 e( b1 wThe physical examination revealed a very active, `: n4 }9 s, d4 ~1 d/ T
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented, O. L. B/ u, m8 g0 M4 `4 Y
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
- x/ x2 n! J: b: B. }. ^ ~90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
" P$ F' h! k. q, Z1 m(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
3 G2 B) h0 N; pvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of- s# h) _" A7 e( J& {* {8 f9 ?
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement., C8 ~! B. |5 n/ ~3 V
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for' j( y6 J d! L4 k2 l
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
3 f4 x4 |" x; x) J8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
" h" P7 i( ?- {9 wdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around. a$ \, c1 c- }4 f9 q
540: H/ F6 D5 {4 }* ^2 U% c
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from$ f4 R$ B: p4 O% w8 m6 r# A6 C# p, d
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The& ~6 P) ]8 A- B& ?* I2 B3 K
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
& E8 Y- Z; ~* WThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat& t* j; B8 r& m2 K6 [. |
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
/ r; {0 h" m4 _3 W0 cabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
# W# @# K8 r7 G3 `1 A6 T- `8 ~Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+4 N8 U: i6 R8 r: \" w9 U$ d6 I
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
% i* U: x, a+ qof papilledema.
1 U. m8 X- [* W9 {. |/ G2 WLaboratory Evaluation
" }; E6 M: X3 _2 P- x' h: V5 _6 ^, RThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
2 A0 V1 D9 V) ~7 F ~0 b; Husing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
6 J9 P; G5 j6 s* F( o$ p5 ]logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
0 b7 a0 p( D7 a7 w/ ^7 Hkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test' S2 a5 l( N4 Q4 M# {
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-4 R; C; b. m) j, c' h
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
$ ~+ a! K& k: F; h' r3 N: n& xThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
* e5 v) @5 [7 Q( P+ {/ D8 Wurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were: e$ i' D9 a6 k8 o% y
within normal range for his age. The concentration% T$ E3 r+ C5 h9 ~2 ] X
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL6 z: O* s4 N; `
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
& v# b. j# L' b4 a' n& Ing/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
$ E+ M: H9 v. M6 p0 p6 z# qterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
: Y; o( x/ |& B9 zdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
% d7 K) W* A, M* _49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
3 y* O1 s( P5 a# qwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-4 |4 ?' \1 k- z: J2 C$ a+ n
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total& G. l) _* h9 u5 w
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
3 Q# U5 n2 {3 Zand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
3 P5 `# x5 a% W" v: H e H/ N5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular+ P5 h, n# z- k, n. k, [, B z
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
$ j9 @/ c2 g" U7 i# _% S* Q% yconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL: r$ D8 F$ O4 I- q
(prepubertal).& q6 \- c1 }" Y3 h& c
The parents were notified about the laboratory B2 H0 a, s5 L0 x$ n
results and were informed that all of the tests were
# d! E' J. ^: f6 L% {3 cnormal except the testosterone level was high. The# r0 n, C0 b* ?1 \5 L0 _
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to& I# s3 e7 e4 r) A6 M2 P
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
! \- o# E/ \& j' G/ ^" [7 _$ Dever, the family did not return for 4 months.
6 L$ n+ z3 u% ~; R2 U! UPhysical examination at this time revealed that the* W4 {) D3 B$ Q+ r2 F
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained7 n$ L3 {+ }3 H
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
( n! x- v. |- M wunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-' e& a o' p6 V& w+ A
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at3 N' Y3 [* x3 L9 N; `2 \
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2( T. n" v0 a& J
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
7 t" S1 C5 }: w% _0 C; p Q9 c7 ?$ JThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-: l; Q' y A8 E6 I
ing frequent erections.' a" _. Y& R" @" S
Both parents were again questioned about use of
4 D8 P8 }" _" h7 H; z* _; G$ Wany ointment/creams that they may have applied to! Y" T3 r) G/ n0 z! P
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
- b1 Y) U3 k1 x. M4 vTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541$ J( k' f: M+ i( a" F. \4 I7 z( Y x
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-9 }9 n1 K1 F( j% O4 \) P
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for6 S5 p) J# i0 y U
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
8 {' ?- v% V/ ?2 F: u6 Nto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
6 V: J6 _) |- }0 uscribed by his family physician for decreased libido" G4 V3 c r y6 P% p; }: A$ d# r
secondary to depression.
% b" W/ d4 o. K T$ nThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
- a; ]% B4 z9 b) V* y# f0 y; k4 o0 E" yThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his E0 I9 I; M/ Q7 n& _7 A! `
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-% f z( c6 i% c& g4 _1 W
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.) W1 p' j$ z) V5 ~& _8 `) z
The father also admitted that after the phone call,5 z) Z2 P [+ T2 m
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby* D; G6 n% N4 |) v
was high, he then read the product information# b+ f3 } X8 s: F# C, V& e
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-, \: [& G( }& Z
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they1 l* _# [: J1 H- i6 I9 k
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the+ t7 |. q9 z2 W7 O( k, @ u- O
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had2 r0 ^+ i3 D" U. `0 `( o2 V2 C: }
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone, f' Q D0 a e" d1 |6 G0 ]
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
) b# X3 d+ {" G: G3 @* B! J& @& A, Tlaboratory to obtain the test.6 Z/ a/ V" u6 M# V: a0 R
Discussion" b9 a- x- q1 M) J: r
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
. S+ S# y" v. W, r) Nsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
* k/ l- l3 |/ bPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
$ t+ P; `% ?$ |) V) ?, lit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-* K5 w) r6 m2 W2 p
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
, x% U% P, N e' R. N9 y+ U- P K# Amon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
" C: I% n5 ]) q& q" Emay have a central nervous system lesion that is
e O d" w- o, _, Yresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
5 F U8 C7 N |$ v0 T5 y( [amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
: n3 y( B, B- }/ F8 Ssis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
, L: \! P. y2 n: {' D. T. fboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
I; u" i, v& g8 d; }7 S/ sization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
& t& P8 F. `- l prical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by4 D4 V3 z% @ U7 o: s- i4 ^2 _0 ~
gonadotropins.1,33 F$ i4 R+ m; |5 @
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-" r3 H4 w8 c' Q4 n% u
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
' ]# X4 s2 e0 L% Y1 Sandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
F6 ^& j) @, N% z; z6 {exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
, Q" k4 V: X3 ^5 f) V ^( gulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
( I3 B: N9 F5 M$ K( ^+ Kcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
% J, T. p% M* O3 Jadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious! U6 {. `8 C' l, ~' h- M, |
puberty in boys.3,4
2 k8 Y0 M C3 r) I8 L WThe most common form of congenital adrenal
; q. b/ y9 a$ j7 R- a4 {hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.' w4 G8 _2 c6 a# ^! F" @
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in! V# M3 H: ]) W2 Z
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,( ]" O/ E+ H5 ?6 _
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
% y2 P- |8 Y" B/ F: O/ B, Texcess.1,38 ^, b) q4 i3 K8 n
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
% H- l0 \ A) v2 r# d' X; {542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20075 N$ {& H" b9 T8 i
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-: Y, ]3 n! F. Y
independent precocious puberty, which is also known( e8 P4 Z, m# P2 b3 h3 K
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a- S) y& o/ G% G; R! |
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
. @' T$ m; i- j4 J, T, jwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
, K- d7 N- v" F8 y$ eincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
, |2 ?4 P9 j+ [' dwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder+ j9 s+ c+ |+ ^$ B2 x* t) [
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
) O* s5 C8 Y: J8 epubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
7 G7 @5 K( @4 k- v1 _# V' oreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
7 D; G1 |9 I2 i" V" i5 _autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
4 [; P. C& y# T# g3 C5 Mmales; therefore, other male members of the family
: _+ s7 j3 N- pmay have similar precocious puberty.3 i( g6 G* x* O5 W1 t
In our patient, physical examination was incon-! w, X: a! k1 M) h
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-/ T! l! A- H6 f& v
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
4 I: k- {3 |6 _- l! f0 ?was in the differential diagnosis because his father4 N' b$ q* G K! F( V
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally, k0 ^. Q1 n: k& ~. ~
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
4 t4 ?! c, ]2 ^) v1 A$ J1 mbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
* q9 D+ t3 ?, d G& Aative initial history of androgen exposure, our
. Q1 m% P/ A8 G. l( y2 s, T( kbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
/ a$ [/ x# a$ O6 _either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
8 W8 E& l% I4 C2 W5 P$ ideficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
4 ~# u: [- x& @8 U8 ?ing the normal level of adrenal steroids./ }0 A: j" [- m! I2 M
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly% e6 y2 p. @+ ?9 y" r5 A9 }4 O* R$ P
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because& z1 t% y5 S0 U; d. \% O* s
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-# h5 x+ q, L; _# h6 I3 u3 {: z
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
* I' X+ i& p. n/ \# y5 V! f! W) tdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
& c+ K% K5 Y$ O1 e$ T' mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
4 a' y& S# F3 z9 |/ r$ P- [% zusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’# x) P: ]: F. G: V5 \9 K
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
$ g3 J2 i$ \# p u5 @- Bcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to: m. i5 ]6 T. Z
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
: i' K" |" i/ M5 j7 bSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
; s5 T% v" p! `baseline value in those females who were exposed to" t1 h# D, {& t& I3 |5 ~- ]! Y
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male4 u: w8 `4 u0 L6 f
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
1 Z/ A/ H9 \* h2 dtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
; E" \* v! q" H4 T) zOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
. |. b4 Z" x) L1 `* rwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
2 B/ C. P% B' e0 p4 B2 T+ @9 x& ldermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-, W+ H0 m. F7 n( j* H! C
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
/ u7 b; }) O7 T+ `2 ?active in young children exposed to testosterone3 z9 S& ]2 d# b( F J2 O R1 Y, M
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
* }9 q W, p4 d5 t! j6 z* fdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to1 }+ e. R) h/ X
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in/ \" P5 D9 N1 M3 Q7 D" J6 z- Z
children results in an increase in growth velocity and' T+ d/ |# j! {/ y( w
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
! _' p1 h) d0 ?. AThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
/ q- {) r" I- r3 h! |& d. {early childhood on pubertal development and final2 K) y" m- M4 R7 H% m* y
adult height are not fully known and always remain( `9 Y) E( e5 x9 ]+ X
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-" k6 b" w8 V6 @9 u; ?4 I. ?
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some* ?% h- R3 P5 _, W0 s3 F! P2 B
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after* [3 S& e# R" [# X
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation ?$ D$ h6 `7 j ?, W$ a
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9. C* V/ a9 B4 V i# O, F- J" [' q
There are conflicting reports and controversy0 D- M( D# o* e* \
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult6 D5 E/ a1 k5 _$ C7 B1 o7 p
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
8 `' e# F5 y3 }8 P0 Kadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
* l1 e* x, V6 k& b+ ~& \: oulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
; b/ d l& b- ]9 q9 KSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between& ~$ k) @/ T Z: b* T& J
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
1 z, e# B% }. T0 f. ?6 ?& _. G8 \penile length in clinical studies.' d p8 z6 ~; h, m; K+ Z( n6 ?
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is) e9 P$ R ?) c4 ^
going to experience any of the untoward effects from9 I5 b; l& F4 s* U1 N9 n
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because. n/ ?. q! I, F8 q' ~' m4 p8 A
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
6 P6 F3 t1 t4 L% S& }' r3 eAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of: B3 Q: A3 `4 G% \/ E5 T' ]1 i
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at) c1 C& z& d4 r4 E9 r
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
. c% C) v! Z. |height will not be affected.( @! k/ {, P4 ]6 e/ E
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
# x4 O; V* z4 N" Jability of androgen products in our society may1 l/ k- Q/ W9 t4 g4 | v
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
0 _& P T/ {9 |9 Y5 Echildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-1 X8 n+ H. h, [% _# Q4 `( o2 n3 q" b
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
2 `1 v# X7 f# \0 K' X; Y1 jtioning about the use of a testosterone product or) l3 x8 e2 q' M5 l( |" `& s' s, Y
gel should be asked of the family members during
9 }7 Y) i2 @+ _( z1 Ethe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
. B0 [7 H$ M3 _8 n# U4 a- D; R4 Lilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
. Z. d) z- }$ t, u/ H: {4 e2 unosis can be established by just a few tests and by
$ a5 A4 j% R1 r+ ?2 dappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
- r6 t S$ L6 e/ W3 E8 H% O# X% Chistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may# N9 ^: x5 X$ p# D
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive' @3 }: T7 \+ U& b: Y0 r$ e0 d
investigation. The primary care physician should be/ K6 s$ I; J( t; r0 J0 U& X
aware of this fact, because most of these children3 R6 x! O$ M* [! z& d5 ~5 V6 {1 r
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
1 J3 A0 h9 R. m7 [+ F& F" a6 UDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
# P8 B! J/ m" z0 jwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or: p3 ~8 _, `' C; ?& r
female child who might come in contact with some-6 r1 f; U: H; q% [8 M. k* m* ], f. }
one using any of these products.
: z6 n \3 h# K3 u% D6 oReferences, D9 J2 N" O/ i+ S+ q( L5 p& y
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
4 {# ?7 v7 E, S; w' xand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
; Y! o* {* e. G: p9 @* f c5 xEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;0 y' h1 c# F4 D' ` J. \; ]; S
2002: 565-628.
( d6 y. _$ K$ e8 L2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
+ p. J- a/ w0 b* D2 Y0 k; Fpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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