WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old! }, [  |; V5 R3 V
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
0 \# O7 U" U: E$ g2 ZExposure to Testosterone
& r+ K. z' C1 j8 X- D4 S! {; ^Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
! b6 g+ h/ h/ B/ a" d# J2 l- ]and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD18 M  k" Z5 i+ p* |2 N
Clinical Pediatrics
! c0 M1 u  x( C. \' t* EVolume 46 Number 6) [. H1 q. I8 W
July 2007 540-5434 N  u) ?9 B. `0 B/ v* O+ C
© 2007 Sage Publications
& }, ?3 Q, H  X+ q9 B; r& S10.1177/0009922806296651
6 j% _& W4 f  }! mhttp://clp.sagepub.com
% e' D) `- F; X- \/ }# q, U+ ahosted at
, S5 r" a  n6 X, G4 P7 {. \http://online.sagepub.com
5 f& Y" {) a2 ?- M1 UPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,7 D- o2 u" C" `* [: {8 q
is a significant concern for physicians. Central( G! z# ^' J- P6 e! `2 ^0 Q9 R  G
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated2 ]2 N  D! C( B- R7 p
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
4 ]1 e7 P  ^5 m: j: E0 wa higher incidence of organic central nervous system! \6 R8 d/ M9 v! J9 v% C& H7 ]
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested5 |* m8 o9 v' e2 b: y
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
, }. J/ \4 Z9 R" r  Dhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-( y& A1 f) H5 ~* p0 i5 F% w
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
) m. j+ j& v" K" b4 m! Lreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
; p, E1 l: w* ^8 Zenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
, j, q7 [5 i. j! f3 A. j- Ament without testicular enlargement, which was due
# {4 X# S# ]5 y  Z5 i1 ^to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by+ s7 B* w7 }# n" X. @: i, R
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-# D0 O! f$ C, [8 F
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
, Q3 W3 ]. F  T& V) nchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
* \0 o  b  B$ _$ J  _' m) rtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-) W4 y+ m; c% Z& J1 M/ ~
bly more common than the rare case report in the
7 F7 l: L, |4 l; Nliterature.4
& `2 P0 A! R. @. |6 r1 [' a1 ?Patient Report" x# ^0 ?; d& n/ e; e
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
9 ?' F* j3 I+ j& v+ U! `8 c- nendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
( A1 z4 Q! S! j) Tof early sexual development. His mother noticed. E% S9 b. l! N  E, {9 n, b, T+ K
light colored pubic hair development when he was
- n7 q* q7 U9 z6 K8 UFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of! \4 c7 Q4 {# \8 k
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
1 i7 e8 u0 m# V7 r" \Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,& y$ T% L+ X0 O3 `8 m
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
/ t9 R0 P. _" x% SMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;4 f+ i3 y. Q! a0 }6 \
e-mail: [email protected].7 W0 f& \& h* p1 d, G
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became: J4 u" X! F) _$ v2 }$ y
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-+ \5 h# x- v' G, ?$ F
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child9 U; I( S1 S+ W) @, K) ~' R- T7 N+ U
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with: P4 ~0 L3 ~  k' ?
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
: P6 i5 V- S8 G  B20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
* C& A3 P1 }% eof life and was still receiving breast milk along with# p8 w( U- V4 N3 `. f& x" S$ v
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,, C5 R$ x( c2 Q
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
7 p9 z8 y6 @) g' x% w& N2 S0 N5 k9 Kwas age appropriate.
0 {2 w1 I; J3 hThe family history was remarkable for the father,
- I5 ~% z# Y( f' x# ]/ E* Pwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,, P' `/ ~4 y$ S5 r
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
) K% X0 M5 [# w7 G, ~- G% V" kheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat# m2 ^$ V9 h# \$ B& r8 C. h
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
  e" y* Q2 x5 G8 x3 F+ |. B$ `The father denied taking any other medication. The! Z6 p; v3 I$ k, v
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche9 T* P! q. }) R
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
( k: g- V% _3 X$ G! d4 |5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-! a  ?( c) u; a* l
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
/ J& X& J. T8 {* Atives. There were no siblings.  F$ |, }9 X- E; p* x
Physical Examination( A0 `; c( M' H4 j; Z2 ]6 F+ c8 A* r
The physical examination revealed a very active,
: ^0 t3 u! A4 X! h8 ]/ [playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented; V* n9 w5 a9 r9 m: c
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was6 x0 H/ R" e7 C. Z# _" L) s
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg6 N; [1 X& I4 {4 k- a4 G0 c
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
& z( ?0 D( b8 }- S5 cvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of+ S# J! y$ z( @; p4 X
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.& P( F; D" J$ K
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for# Y' C7 P( u9 D. K
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
- l2 }8 G, |; `' D8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well, K0 {- q+ G, E
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
: O! v  y: {, X% R6 {540
8 e6 t4 q. ^9 N$ N9 dat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" B7 l. h4 \) s3 T2 _$ N3 D) [9 N; Uthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
# \& F" C, I5 B- M& r( Y7 V' Ztesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
; I# V6 q2 @2 sThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat. T# i* G& B+ {
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no: x* }" f4 t) a& s, Q. f% z. a0 c9 C
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
$ [& Y( U8 Z6 x  w; }' N; INeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+  O" F9 q6 x- H& K% B% [1 f  i
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion' O; f! {1 }6 }3 y- k; R& g6 ~, R
of papilledema.
. Y3 g7 a- U! |, y0 jLaboratory Evaluation
- }5 }3 Z( U+ M$ j, B5 J, ^The bone age was consistent with 28 months by9 p0 |! L; F0 S, q: N
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
# O: M; y$ r/ x: y1 m. Xlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
9 r# Y9 T. c8 P; Z/ _karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test. X. i$ N, z6 p, M5 j. {+ z
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-, K3 t1 H4 u* L. y- D  K# X$ v
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).; U* ^3 z* P/ Z  |, c( e6 _  \
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood4 a# A0 B- p; V! c# M+ O
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
" {$ Y+ w3 D6 }9 s. A, ^within normal range for his age. The concentration* H- c$ W" ^& n  F
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
; h3 k) J6 k/ Z( F(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
# o( g3 U% e. y" Z* f, C2 Bng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-& |; X' k& r9 i+ w
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
8 V$ b: c! o/ K) |desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to* I/ x- n4 q+ I4 E9 Y- N
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
' `/ h* U/ T7 t0 T0 qwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-8 P, T2 }3 E  v: m
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total- ^. |  G1 S/ [& J8 ~
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
) y" k/ Z  {2 ?2 b1 q- U1 w+ ^and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than8 }3 Z8 O- \. s2 a+ |; c+ r
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular' H' \" ?2 a7 O0 N3 S' g
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
5 l9 @8 s- d2 z4 X: Iconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL, Z" q2 o% t7 T% j7 l
(prepubertal).
( K# H0 M4 M% F9 }5 W# F8 p* P: YThe parents were notified about the laboratory
, ^8 d7 Y% ^# J4 jresults and were informed that all of the tests were
5 f, o; u  [: f/ D' rnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
, p0 M+ y; R: h6 x1 `follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
7 w4 e  V. K7 u* N. fobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
4 P$ ]3 o- v* G# _6 G# }" s/ [ever, the family did not return for 4 months.1 t3 D+ }& F- D" E* b
Physical examination at this time revealed that the& E  x6 H0 _2 v, z/ ~  D$ J! I
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained6 T8 z8 p. T2 U: N: p/ P2 X$ K
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained6 O3 }4 x( l" o( U9 N% j; Q, I  W
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-5 L8 |5 M2 ~6 y# s5 U
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at5 l# y; s9 T7 @1 f# S: c- `
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 20 y) _1 F; \% f' ~
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.- j; u# r6 E' g5 s$ C, C
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
% t; n3 P, n+ n! ying frequent erections.
1 s0 e6 U/ U( c1 DBoth parents were again questioned about use of6 \# f! H# {- t' A
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to- l% ]& n& Z+ F4 a4 R8 t
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
2 L/ A& L4 ^- D' s) K9 V: i6 w* f) ETopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
* e$ I% m5 z8 Buse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
7 U/ M2 L% `/ J9 v, [- bing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for# w5 d; {1 j1 a9 w, }$ c+ ]4 e6 P
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed6 E9 ]# V$ z, k0 Q" |2 b3 q3 B1 h
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
( \% ]6 H; c6 h1 d9 q. d9 vscribed by his family physician for decreased libido4 I) z# d  i4 C# y0 a* `9 s
secondary to depression.$ `+ u& c4 i% ?. H3 @' i; l
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
4 k4 o+ k% T, V" d( z- yThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his  D0 q2 d! @+ s+ _1 }
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-! C* j; t  e, `! n
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.. z" h$ S: f: h
The father also admitted that after the phone call,- p9 i( C& i8 ^$ E0 g: W1 h
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
! l5 F1 j3 Y: O( G/ jwas high, he then read the product information
. y: q1 X( D" c& J- L3 Npacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-# M0 ?; w/ ~, [0 D# M% M! s
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
+ g2 s' C$ \+ G6 ]" z6 p; Edecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the/ w' i: a& q3 g5 w
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
4 N* p, V1 W- I) m3 N2 jbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
% r( t9 y# m0 T. {/ `4 vtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
# j9 F/ i# p' h  O3 V' E# @0 G* a! Flaboratory to obtain the test.5 S0 J4 f  Y9 C1 y* d- v( E
Discussion
  E* z+ ]; C+ o; ^Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
9 x4 b. A1 w0 Hsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
. g! Z2 Z, J, t- r0 E4 }Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
- B3 y' e# j+ h4 rit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-4 Y- Y% f2 {# W7 p( `, q% V' B
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-2 J& U$ n1 v! ]4 C
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP( l; H2 _$ p1 T: Y8 d5 B
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
& l- k; v8 d2 m8 R' \: ^/ Wresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-4 b6 x) _) p6 R8 p& s
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
1 X0 G. {8 b$ xsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in# t; n+ h8 ~5 d0 N' Z/ Y0 G1 C6 P
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-! i4 P( Z# l* [5 |
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
4 I9 C+ F; T( b' u1 y5 ~  R: rrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
) B, c. c" H9 C3 E. b% {7 ?4 ~gonadotropins.1,3- O# q! I* E3 [9 ^9 v% p) }7 }
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-9 R0 j4 r4 ?+ ^  X5 d) ]1 w5 V8 i
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate% E- O3 j. l' I/ O* f
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or1 F, ]$ v/ |7 s+ b0 `/ {
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
* \' n% |% E* |- z- J) w' H, Vulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
& J1 O8 Q  `& m( C  Kcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive2 d0 F, \1 A# [9 h3 i
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious2 T. R7 d  G+ U5 r) }' I
puberty in boys.3,43 n$ m# Z( U$ W2 u
The most common form of congenital adrenal
7 h, p! U& F: Xhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
% X( Q' Q0 o. w' z/ ZThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
% e- q7 v; F6 s  w% q8 Bexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,+ V/ n: c7 t* }3 x, e
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen5 V2 M4 i  _8 |5 h' A% k) Q! ~
excess.1,3" r- ^' G  h' y. v  a2 E, E
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from  n" k4 @' S; V. o3 b9 s2 m
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20076 X; m& f( r3 H9 R9 s( s- Z& s! F
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-) z1 F6 ]+ [7 T- Z, I6 H+ Y
independent precocious puberty, which is also known. [, Z% t' ^, m3 D
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
- H% _: d9 l; H: L* _8 C3 o0 G4 ?very young age. The physical findings in these boys
+ p6 m+ m, B; _7 Z- m% T# V, @with this disorder are full pubertal development,) Y2 Y: |% J+ E% |5 M
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
2 d1 R5 C. {" E% Mwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder4 S6 h) A: z8 i& n! m/ r/ B
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show* }  w% L* p1 Q& k5 |( Y
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
7 M8 |) i5 N9 a$ rreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked8 S; m! Z/ E# x" I  }
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only# K: v% V3 G  o% O, N
males; therefore, other male members of the family
! J1 _5 o8 w3 I/ S8 tmay have similar precocious puberty.3
7 e2 |4 k+ _6 c$ f  Z7 @In our patient, physical examination was incon-% @4 y7 B1 _' B( y; ]/ u. o' F
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-) ?+ j) L: Z! k9 k0 r
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
5 D3 |6 V0 X6 b! W1 m9 Y( U8 s  dwas in the differential diagnosis because his father0 ?7 T/ {" j6 s4 f% ^1 y
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,0 j# ?% W" {7 G; h* o4 Q  p
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the* G$ ]% I# z1 j) M
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-5 T; ~0 f# O3 P
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our/ a+ f0 R( H+ J% u1 c
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
* U6 w' {7 x0 o/ ^* o3 u3 reither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
4 K' T9 E1 r3 K6 `: y8 m7 j; kdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
: M8 U$ y. G7 W  |' n  Ling the normal level of adrenal steroids.
3 t$ ~: M" @2 R; E1 WThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly. ?, l9 w& d) M$ w
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
  E$ k, A7 [, lthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-9 \, t8 D9 V8 N3 U6 q8 M
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and# Z( G( d; b2 z' F( O5 K& m
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
. h( y/ {! X1 d; @terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
& P, w. I; I; }% z: Rusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
; v5 G4 N- U; `. L9 V  PDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
/ b# a; N0 H7 q  o; x8 |cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to7 a0 B8 ^' J3 B( M
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.$ e8 W, L' A  u* x& d  h5 j% @
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the* _5 W/ y* m- N
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
# ?1 G  p6 V+ `5 G' H" Z5 G  ^; Eeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
% z4 j8 ?2 l5 g/ y2 Y3 Bpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
- Z, S. X" @, Y! Vtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.2 j+ ^5 j2 r( P: H9 X
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,0 w3 b" b- A, X3 h
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
/ g6 o( w6 O3 C  i4 h! ]dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-+ `8 A7 M7 }5 j; _  b
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
7 o/ |5 ^$ g3 C3 ractive in young children exposed to testosterone/ Z3 M) w. G& j/ R# C& A. Y
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
. S0 u* Z& i1 v6 cdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to  H9 Z4 Z( h. G) O" P
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
0 Z. f5 V* A+ L" ^2 Achildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
! s# P9 e$ T2 M7 X; y5 [9 D# X& N( Iadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.1 ?; J5 C5 f' B% E, A, _$ c
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during& k$ A" o5 N$ u0 u3 d& f* d" y3 _1 o$ j, Y1 _
early childhood on pubertal development and final: l/ W* _5 x4 P- l0 i
adult height are not fully known and always remain7 x9 n: f2 b# D! H6 Q
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-) ^( d$ P8 Z9 h+ ?9 A% V
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some# k. L  \9 ~0 [$ x
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
" U. F, Y/ c# ~cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation4 O$ ?" E3 ?. _9 E# h" k
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9; k; p! k7 r1 Y+ e7 r- ?# h
There are conflicting reports and controversy8 c& T* S3 t! ^: j: Q# t
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
; y9 l8 [! o5 [! X( o8 j/ qpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal- P7 M9 r% g$ b: @# R
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-( w4 ]+ B" J0 f" \6 ?1 o5 U! p
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
, w. K3 c% t- Y2 M; bSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
$ n& j: m6 ~" Y: G/ Nchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
% E) f: M6 J9 f4 ]* D" v2 ]- Q1 |penile length in clinical studies.! J' u8 C8 Q& H. u
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
4 V6 ~6 S, i$ Q2 ggoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
% s+ S2 K! s" {$ i" |testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because3 `( T* X/ i. F2 Y2 y3 d. E! |/ i: R
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.( {4 h6 d- p  q4 d$ k
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
  U* ?3 e) z  D, |diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at, b7 u' E- l3 D8 G8 c9 J2 i) A" G
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
" ]! l1 E/ u7 R6 Xheight will not be affected.
1 ]# U9 D% V$ g+ H. p$ _- pAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-' D6 t% \. U, B  }  c* O; B% n
ability of androgen products in our society may1 P4 p* G5 n' v9 Z. D3 c
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
; ^  z8 b8 V3 y+ F8 t3 Hchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
  ?4 ~& F* Q; a) Cgen products must be considered and specific ques-4 T3 G* S- v6 n
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or0 ^  Y$ i8 B  [1 Q, y
gel should be asked of the family members during1 |4 K& D3 s) T* u# g: m- @- j" }
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-2 f; Y" B5 Y0 `8 J% z) E
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-% ^! V3 t4 L! \
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by0 R" }' o2 b) s4 s0 J* {
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
; D. T5 M/ r( @; M+ n# j' mhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may# ~2 d. o, U( a5 |
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
7 u- ^& N% n" j( {# }investigation. The primary care physician should be/ b+ \2 X* m) O+ F3 u: _
aware of this fact, because most of these children
0 D& G* C5 j! I6 ?6 x, y  n6 g) d/ Imay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
5 [5 O$ y& E0 D) xDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
9 K5 c  Z  L$ X8 @9 Cwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
& y( x  E  u6 z* h3 _female child who might come in contact with some-
4 E# R9 f; V& q2 b8 _, Pone using any of these products.6 N* t, \) I- E, m) N/ T
References
: X4 u& H, N- m1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation: y3 }3 u0 {7 b* m. r) L$ W' R
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric" R7 ~1 ]1 I- _, u
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
& X" F) \7 W1 O# T- l8 c2002: 565-628.- O( Q- X2 p7 l  h6 a$ Q% [
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
4 o8 L3 @1 j& X" epuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old  g% H& {( z( E2 E
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical9 t& R! T- O+ a
Exposure to Testosterone% u8 h. P- `& \( b
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2* z; `( j  J4 C
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
6 q( Z1 r  M% m6 ]1 C' w3 @1 aClinical Pediatrics/ m$ e3 H$ x8 V, S; G
Volume 46 Number 6
. n3 l4 _+ l  LJuly 2007 540-5439 @" G3 s( \% P9 D+ M
© 2007 Sage Publications
/ W' a* k5 S% `- D7 w10.1177/0009922806296651
, y$ w  {7 x/ h% Z/ t9 v) }( uhttp://clp.sagepub.com" ]; o4 M/ }; Y: A" d
hosted at# }9 T' q- H* @
http://online.sagepub.com% f. ~% Z1 c  B8 W) ^+ U
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,- q# [# h5 q7 S' m9 E. J3 y. l: q# C: H
is a significant concern for physicians. Central5 `' W" ]6 }* u+ x
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated3 D7 ]5 K1 w% E4 M  |6 ~# q1 e
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
0 ~& k2 @- P( ?0 W) }a higher incidence of organic central nervous system% |8 T9 c5 M; A  o
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested+ d; z; G$ N' ]9 I
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
  M7 k5 a8 m# x) T6 phair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-- ?6 L0 k* z5 k0 ]
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We- T. ^1 w* U- F6 P+ Z$ K
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
* B9 }! r! C" N5 O4 \enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
0 }& Y  b. k, G4 \9 `% ement without testicular enlargement, which was due. |' ^) p3 H2 Y& Q+ J$ H
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
/ x/ p1 ^/ c' bthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-4 {# C. r2 G5 D
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
7 {* X) d6 e7 I( L6 Echild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
5 ]1 Q8 B1 B+ J8 ctestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
" z0 y: T8 g$ R) }* mbly more common than the rare case report in the$ W# `% H& V) l- Z7 ~$ ?  K  v/ j) U) i
literature.46 s4 {3 ~$ |3 a6 b# H# n4 H
Patient Report
. i3 ~$ A( b9 j" |- {A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
5 B! b  s/ s/ f* W# B3 h8 y2 L# xendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern% O+ F) r/ V  j% n$ w: k9 c
of early sexual development. His mother noticed3 B8 d- O" j% ^
light colored pubic hair development when he was
* p6 q3 J; _4 Z9 m9 i' S( ?From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of0 h1 c, _# W# y4 R
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
3 N8 W; B( S3 u# m% M0 v$ ZAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
/ e! N( r3 l7 c) Z2 H! AProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of8 f% g* o" i  K2 k4 D; |/ O( m
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
6 F9 x8 q7 E+ O* U+ fe-mail: [email protected].7 C3 M2 J8 _2 g& H* f2 `
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
5 x$ E8 G. w8 d5 Y+ c1 {6 U$ @darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
. E; [  M$ Q- ^ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
/ e% G) }# E% V* Y# p/ B$ A7 Y5 d; ywas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
6 W. j( A8 n" l9 k8 C; B; X/ {, X. q9 Sa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of$ I! a; b- Z  T0 J1 t
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
- D* T5 [( r$ ?2 ?* Aof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
6 M- ?$ K9 Y3 Jsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
7 B4 Y0 R# O" V/ Rand his psychosocial and psychomotor development( W. R* v1 Y9 U' ^3 B
was age appropriate.. ~) X) k/ X# f
The family history was remarkable for the father,
6 X/ Z  M& r' ^9 p) r& e+ uwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
; o* x4 y1 O, Awhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
/ F+ j. i3 t% ]8 }height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat$ g  d) k( u5 x1 r' P
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.* o3 S; K. q" S6 @9 r& v2 w' y
The father denied taking any other medication. The  V: t. V% U* P  ^' c2 |# l
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
" ^8 o, y/ K* _1 }. C8 dwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
' T/ M4 Y. R7 v. r4 U. ]5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
, ?- ]6 ~3 E5 H1 L4 Scocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-& J# N9 K3 Q" h. `0 s& c8 U
tives. There were no siblings.
# X4 b3 p. J4 ~' Y+ dPhysical Examination
& y2 E, S2 u& q- qThe physical examination revealed a very active,
% O+ u+ `1 e6 @' B5 E* z; s6 @# i1 Eplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented. \+ h1 O' {# D; S/ U
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was7 L; B0 g! B+ O
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg" \! n5 D9 d) r, `! t$ G- X
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth7 J: u. S7 P& a3 i3 Y7 X2 Z
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of; L" A3 }1 r3 R) N0 F
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
% T: `4 m+ q, L& s& dThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
. E6 k3 u( ~! r" p" X, renlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
8 c. ^5 Z. ?* r% s8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
3 |# `- [% z: E( T7 Cdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around, w2 s! }( [# T6 B3 E3 W; R( f
540
  G9 Q9 \5 R' J$ g6 \; q2 yat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from8 Q; f$ m, u" [+ Z) o( m, B6 \
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The1 b) C6 t  V- g8 E$ t1 p
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
8 L& o% u4 }& f0 JThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat7 m) i* o4 T* ^6 O
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
# E2 E- ~/ Z) K* uabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
4 G0 ~8 q, t# E; a2 VNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+. ]4 f9 I% I" [" E% ^- Q" k+ m
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion5 r- J0 S8 y; S  m) J; W
of papilledema.4 D( K" M: B3 ~: |/ n
Laboratory Evaluation
( V$ v9 I2 y1 i; T+ SThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by9 m* U$ Y" v6 U+ b
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-& C8 l' H. o2 S% J5 @- a9 C
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
! G+ G" |5 q: K# R" tkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test* U8 }0 h7 I" Y) [# \; V
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-% S6 [+ m# p: f1 o& j  z
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
" N8 E+ z. v' W; |+ nThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood' X7 \7 b% D- [
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were. c+ L- l1 d0 O6 @, M' D
within normal range for his age. The concentration" G4 f3 N) \# u* W: s; x
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
* p5 b5 @$ T: C' z/ A" D; L! l(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
/ K  ^2 y, z8 V/ Q4 g8 m* kng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
* l' Q2 Q2 ~& g+ tterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
$ ~% K) j- {1 e6 A0 odesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
, x& b& B1 p* @. R, R49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
0 d' s* m, N# V: a7 Nwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
8 a4 e# a6 \- ~/ L2 \* m* H9 L. ztisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total" R0 @; |: ^; o* X6 b) w7 a
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),9 s" T- a# z! y2 j! w: R
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than4 s& e, l, o& l* i% x! e1 N
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular' ~; Z( B2 {- U" G
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone+ F+ l1 v- U7 P6 j$ V  K8 `
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL3 |1 |) q9 y4 s" a+ @4 X1 k
(prepubertal).; }' L# H) Y; O% n6 O! f( o
The parents were notified about the laboratory
0 F" {; D  v! p! x, i; n" f  rresults and were informed that all of the tests were. X6 E% F4 i) W  Z
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
. N/ g0 I: x9 W7 c0 Cfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to& B$ n( a5 ~) [# P8 B" I7 f# d) Z
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-* a! X" y5 e1 E, \/ g
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.- N1 H1 q# a7 K# s% d
Physical examination at this time revealed that the( @" C- f! A# w2 V8 H# k# E5 o+ g+ l- a
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained3 |: s) n  G+ Z5 Q4 j( [$ J' d
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained; @7 [7 s; W+ A, h7 Q
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
7 l) Q/ y  G' v% i1 f$ |& hpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at; I* Y0 y3 M5 o& d" x/ ~  o) X
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
% O/ _4 a6 n4 q- W* ^' MmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
* U$ B1 a: d5 e5 @* A& {The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
! ?+ `  H5 Q) d( R) eing frequent erections.! x) W# M4 s- g. V3 a
Both parents were again questioned about use of
; o8 ?& w1 C$ z1 T) b$ Lany ointment/creams that they may have applied to; \  @; W: K+ b1 y2 Z
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the" p8 ^5 N7 O# r
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541, J8 L5 e) h8 a/ E
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-* ?/ r' F# G) {5 a7 t  x3 M+ I
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for  u" `. e! a: T
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
2 d! P8 n3 x: K  M7 mto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
  Y! T9 ]4 f$ v9 Qscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
7 \' H+ U4 D2 n, ^) {secondary to depression.
; v. O8 _' }& @6 QThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
9 Z: Y) `  O1 _5 s1 c* m. G9 oThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his1 T# P/ h' K- |- \
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-9 I7 q2 ^/ J% U/ s4 ]$ l
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.( ~$ v6 `1 k1 [
The father also admitted that after the phone call,8 d3 N2 X* B" S& S: `- k
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
, b0 j0 @/ f3 d: `) O, `6 Qwas high, he then read the product information; x  w, s# b+ k; R0 \3 R
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
: Z# }- z. g6 A/ n1 s/ Hson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
$ f5 b- n/ }" ~; v8 Tdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
) s. d! y0 ]3 Z9 b+ d8 S6 H5 yfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
6 A) y+ j* k, X# F: C$ [been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone- N; L2 y8 Q0 ~; Y* @, y7 }" V
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
0 L) W5 f* V3 k8 ]laboratory to obtain the test.
) [! e* f7 z6 B4 U- I" |Discussion9 n2 j! V! |: f' m* C4 V
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
- n0 Y$ B$ ]3 N4 [* f& d2 @; Usexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
( |" P1 I$ f& _$ W; b" q! JPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when- V6 G6 A- S$ A+ T* t; f4 f
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
5 f& W2 o" u7 |+ Qthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
5 q7 n- F1 S) ]7 N% Umon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP* z8 e1 D/ Y' `1 p# K- x
may have a central nervous system lesion that is- E: ~0 x# ?8 y& a, `& f4 L+ p
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-7 l# J& L7 h( R8 f! Q
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
. u2 d6 l" V( |1 F/ W3 {6 D: Asis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in6 _; m) y; {1 z7 s3 a" v3 x
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-$ i8 |9 i1 w' }' y
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-! V# b3 T4 ~# O# x% N, ^0 @* o5 c
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by2 r+ W& i) g' S9 }  O& J+ r' U
gonadotropins.1,36 ^+ ]9 v6 J! ~4 l+ V) q! F
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-4 e! |0 n% f; b# Z; n& i4 _; S9 Q
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
& ^5 m+ ?# {8 X1 p* q+ wandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or$ i, C, o9 r: b( J# l0 x4 x% d$ P
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
( a  `4 e/ \3 J2 [% K9 i& Iulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing: G6 {5 E& e9 I% r4 c" Q" B
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
( l- n9 {0 g( J% Jadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious; u2 O: h  q4 p6 T5 l/ _0 k
puberty in boys.3,4+ z% s$ P, A: d) U$ l
The most common form of congenital adrenal! ]' T1 J  d1 e8 T# I$ q8 `
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.$ q+ m& q( \6 Q3 P* ~% X, K& |. Z4 E+ l
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in* O, i  `& c- F, @/ H
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
5 Q" E* B+ K( @0 ^an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
5 h5 O9 B5 U0 |8 a# _. N, @excess.1,3
. ?2 ?4 G  D; E7 H/ S9 l9 X7 T' |: Fat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 ]/ B" \$ p0 ?( M; h3 A
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
6 ^# `& G( T; t' OA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-. P( A$ J8 C8 h1 ~: Q- y6 O
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
- W  n8 i' c8 r8 I- qas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
8 Q' r2 }" _& a  ]2 y- e$ avery young age. The physical findings in these boys
6 Y1 h9 {/ P$ Z' e/ K; w- Ewith this disorder are full pubertal development,6 E, d- N+ L% H' g. Z# m
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys. g  f  J. t4 b8 _/ p5 I
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder( X2 ~7 w+ n- F* J$ W
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
( m+ L; O% ~' r" p/ z* u, p8 Wpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
% r  p3 m( ^0 W$ _' w/ Jreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
9 `8 u9 v9 |) L. G' X; Wautosomal dominant disorder that affects only4 m, L; y+ @9 p& M2 M
males; therefore, other male members of the family& G+ k$ |; W- V) W
may have similar precocious puberty.3
( |( z3 E" ~" @0 IIn our patient, physical examination was incon-6 ]/ E; Q; R" i7 w) Z: t% F
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
3 ^$ m( G. v- ^0 ~' Q+ f% _6 U; vcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
2 |. V+ ?8 d# |" u& _/ J7 Ywas in the differential diagnosis because his father
4 O$ o. g; c  U! x4 ]4 A' k% ^started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
' q: {7 |7 c6 m" O  ktesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
" o0 d5 z  t4 }- i. C# ~beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-' w: h3 @5 V& I% q
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
; p- j* I2 L# j/ H2 g& vbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,' i" x6 n, q0 m! H$ W& A
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
9 H, u+ w- e8 l6 i- fdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-( S9 P) m( b( g3 i
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids., K, ~& f# f6 T8 M* C2 k8 V/ ]
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
6 h. p" E) L" R: I# ysuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
  M% }8 L( `8 f* U9 f/ u; Dthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
3 m/ U) E8 I% s' b6 S9 C# f* vpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and* X( P8 I) M# N, e
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
, j9 [" E; Z# \" W9 T5 @% `terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
  x- E0 k/ i3 Cusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
1 m& I2 U: _( c- h+ q$ v" R# K  HDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
: b! h! |- f1 d) f9 a# V% Hcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to7 r9 C" K5 k9 J# v
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
& g% {" D1 y4 M9 a. vSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the+ i5 p4 B5 [* f$ M- k  P
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
  m- V* V1 N4 |* |  r- ceven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male1 W; G+ q# T% w3 E0 ]3 }2 [
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
# `( Y! D  O. t: U9 f6 D6 E( |: Q$ Dtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.% K  t! ?  [9 ?: c, ]* ]* t! Y
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,& ^* n, E2 E: X7 A; P# d
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
+ Y# H2 o( W4 T* idermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
8 F: k4 F( z) x! ~terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
! }" W+ o. ]5 c" dactive in young children exposed to testosterone" r2 \* U% s3 h: k, C, ]# e9 R
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
* s7 g! b. `6 Fdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
9 U! h; j, G: m; m: B! ]virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
5 u3 B) e# G& V8 Cchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
/ H) n& }, I  I  _5 yadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.% y5 B* ?: U6 Q7 X. e2 e' L
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during0 t5 k# ?$ s4 _( `7 l0 v, q
early childhood on pubertal development and final
, m3 a8 D/ V" g7 ]9 ?  O+ `( }adult height are not fully known and always remain: f' Z0 i7 F7 S1 p; q$ n: R* _
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-$ k8 S9 H7 `2 ^, b3 @5 U
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some% x, E6 P) [7 B
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
6 U2 w3 S/ u$ [( \$ Ecessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation& x/ f5 H# h" F( ~4 G/ m
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,91 e8 x0 D: t! X0 |7 [1 A- }
There are conflicting reports and controversy
9 K& l6 O4 p1 l& d0 _over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult6 Z1 V; d) `( f. h$ H& ]: u1 {
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
& o2 \$ B0 t% |8 {adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
1 O  y( t4 x, R) j: C7 t1 i# w- iulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
# b- ?& a2 g" O! L5 E  N; ?Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
5 U  v- i  u/ {' S1 P$ n3 ochildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult! E4 T$ S) r% P& h+ n( Q
penile length in clinical studies.( ^1 _& _, u* Y" p
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
* T- ^) F/ I. X9 rgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from1 N* A' \7 Y! o5 y6 [; `5 ]: S
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
2 G1 Z3 ]0 N1 M* r  x/ _the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
4 {+ ?' |3 w5 n$ }% j& x6 AAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of" M. B' \( P( W) _) p
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at( z- l/ |& A0 K! k6 ]& V
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult  p( O+ ^2 f8 J& X! x, R% u
height will not be affected./ R2 T( A. o. ?6 ?( F, l: _+ R" _3 z
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-6 ]7 v0 A( W5 r# y" R  ~
ability of androgen products in our society may0 [# h& h3 `% M/ s3 @: X; N
indeed cause more virilization in male or female* N' ^6 W! p. Y9 o; {& T, ]9 `
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-. r* u& h; `+ B) w+ v3 L/ S
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
2 F7 c3 e* i1 U( V6 ~& T+ a  rtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
' s& d' p7 B" r6 v3 k! D( _gel should be asked of the family members during- r, Y: y) J; H& Q/ E9 ~
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
, F, Y0 v, k' E3 C0 G, jilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
( n- B% Z: D) pnosis can be established by just a few tests and by* H# {6 t$ v" f" l% z5 m
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
% S/ m3 {2 M4 a  Phistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
, Q. H) U2 x7 h! t- g$ E+ u6 n- j& nresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive* g6 H& h8 L$ `
investigation. The primary care physician should be7 x" I8 R( L7 ^* N
aware of this fact, because most of these children
1 s  g% u3 N+ D- kmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
$ |9 m6 D3 \8 T) s. ~9 ~& zDesk Reference and package insert should also put a1 _) W/ t' G6 i* M0 c4 n
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or  d$ d3 v) N) o$ ]7 }
female child who might come in contact with some-
8 h5 u, K3 l/ d7 J% [4 ~. Uone using any of these products.- V" T1 A/ e5 w! x& g; ]- ^2 p
References' ~+ _$ E* p. x- B- h
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation( p) v' z8 j7 k
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric% m3 u; E& d3 W& O1 Z, P# L
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
8 w7 s+ j' P0 p, q$ _' C+ t- v7 l2002: 565-628.- n& |! z$ M5 N! Z, R
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious- K& H# h8 ?# w/ p4 Z; ]: [
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
* B2 }7 P$ E# [+ U* _
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表