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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
3 P2 Q! j( t9 j6 `% @Boy Induced by Indirect Topical6 }) a7 b8 `5 P& u" N" q1 K
Exposure to Testosterone
2 N( R+ l4 U5 u9 ?0 {0 b% o4 HSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
4 B- C8 Q3 Q3 \+ ]$ Y0 @7 qand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
3 t2 T! K0 h9 [+ H8 Q8 F' MClinical Pediatrics
/ ?3 n. |, V7 \2 G7 XVolume 46 Number 6- W3 V. Z$ J, L  U; `, Q& C3 A* s8 [
July 2007 540-543
2 Q5 j* S$ w1 m; |4 }8 ^. \© 2007 Sage Publications, {" m/ }- \; s/ H5 ^
10.1177/0009922806296651" T  o) k- F6 s- U3 }
http://clp.sagepub.com  h) E* Y! f! ^% o6 T, _( p
hosted at+ Y5 s" Y: S# Y3 K! b+ W( I  w9 A
http://online.sagepub.com1 o0 l. G: \7 W$ @( ]
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,) \; P. A5 c: E4 B5 i0 V5 z
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
# G( j% D  E3 D3 @/ m8 V6 jprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated  ~( R) d' a9 ]! B% d
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has% |! m2 \5 j6 @5 w( d1 ]- O% i- c
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system$ e6 n4 S& K7 |8 k5 O  u" P
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
, \( V" q+ o2 R1 @by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic* f6 C! e! u3 Q  \  K" O0 g
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
/ S/ k( u, b. B0 M5 V1 T# Zcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
) P7 y7 e2 Q: C- p6 n- Areport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
4 P6 E& h" |8 b8 {enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-  z' R. E- }3 X  a! o
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
, a& y+ I. {0 J$ \9 A% nto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by, X# v* Y6 T; M( I* ]
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-& D, O+ C" J# ^& @, O. @; C: j
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this  t/ [; R6 Z; A. t
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of' q/ u' ]; z# D( A& b
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
7 K5 z$ ~% Y# Ebly more common than the rare case report in the
% b; x# J$ f* hliterature.4
( T/ H% G8 J9 ~+ k% P8 J+ qPatient Report0 {  I4 e) m5 ~$ `
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
. U! F' h$ ?( U% Oendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern# p( s+ a" T5 j+ n5 i, M8 I
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
- e( j7 f  G, N! Zlight colored pubic hair development when he was
9 H* Z* d3 v3 HFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of% d0 O5 f8 _. i6 ~
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
# x# M; c/ ^& f9 |+ _5 @Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,6 U+ |& g; z  D5 t1 K  Y& H9 p; L
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
! y' l3 b1 o' T9 N9 c. g  @- CMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;6 ^  J( a6 e2 t1 _* ?
e-mail: [email protected].) N/ d: H# E! ]8 B5 i
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became7 L% W8 ?& ~. s( D3 J$ [" m
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
  A. z9 G5 \" {/ Nment of his penis and frequent erections. The child" M& a) G1 I; q, q& Q$ h
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with6 b8 ]& h2 t2 a; l
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
1 T; l3 ^7 v- x- N20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year4 T  K1 J/ Y/ p6 h
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
* h# n* V4 O. f+ k! O$ `5 Lsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
: j' v+ ?# E% aand his psychosocial and psychomotor development* o2 o4 T8 f# y, V* ]( {6 M) C
was age appropriate.
7 s. z6 t4 S0 aThe family history was remarkable for the father,
4 p9 c0 T# O6 `: @: R# awho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
* d: w0 {3 u$ G' g+ @+ B" Lwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
. l3 }* d/ {, g! F  B6 n% F( A) Dheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
" n' \! ~+ J: L, J2 Y/ H* ]  [early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
: o) t# m" k/ d& N+ NThe father denied taking any other medication. The
, B- j' x2 _1 ~5 X" g6 _child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
  f% p/ l0 K* `* X) N- W; H  |was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
  N3 c( ~3 k0 l+ Q: z! ^9 ^5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-4 Y, p& V. m7 z
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
% p, a8 V8 j( Z3 U" S9 L2 q" e/ ?) wtives. There were no siblings.
) b) S( Z5 _. y% _% [Physical Examination( ^. u& X7 T: Z
The physical examination revealed a very active,8 v# x; N: ~) U# r
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented6 ]& ^8 c7 W# Z) c
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was# j( a* ~1 p; P! V" s
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg0 c# B  T: k4 F) v6 |
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth3 U+ V" W8 W% c. A& }: A
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
' j9 Q- f- f" K4 {- @; f3 nthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement." E* _* w" b' A; T. u# o' l  X# O
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for% j% y- `$ g; |
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
; n) z8 ~& t2 m8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well$ f2 X& T1 o' e
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around1 a' L3 h; E5 ~7 K- a$ X
540
* [; o1 m- b( V: |5 j, w7 Iat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
& l$ J' ]4 `2 a8 f; Mthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The9 W2 |( |2 \% b$ W/ {
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
& k% c9 m9 c2 @The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat/ l3 ?: u/ m, u8 x2 L* Z; Z
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no. R+ n) e7 g/ n2 @
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
! U7 O6 E/ E, B; x5 I* |Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+- `6 m+ c* a: n5 `/ L) ^: b
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
/ ^# T' f# G1 x' ~( @3 `( h9 Kof papilledema.
( Q2 x1 z2 Z2 T# f- {; @' e& QLaboratory Evaluation& S' V, E2 Q- T) B
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by, W5 V9 G$ Q6 q' l2 s& z  O
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
4 P5 I7 o; c* U- U9 V, elogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal+ }! Y* ^4 r) L, j+ Z' J
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test$ \8 y) [4 Q+ t) O+ c
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
( g% T' \0 ]. w/ X/ W4 }lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)., t4 e* X, }) Z8 n$ X
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
  a3 z# X- B1 ]% {urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
8 R* o; B6 @7 ~- w  |' ?5 Y$ X$ ~7 Ywithin normal range for his age. The concentration" J2 b- n9 L4 r& \, m1 v% Z: `1 W
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
, o/ r- X6 N+ p$ o9 w2 J(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
3 D( ]* R8 g5 H' f* n$ N/ M7 K0 Ung/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
, T- O& F- |" J2 \! ]3 J1 f' yterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),7 Z+ h, v4 m- C! g) S, u+ {- S
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to, O  F5 b7 ~6 C( r
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)# x* M7 E, y$ V; C( `$ Y% a$ L
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
) w7 L! f% ~. ]& z( F" ztisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total. R! _, }$ ~! p* V9 D- {0 i3 q
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
4 w- a9 h$ l  q6 band β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
" G* E0 |; @) B! s5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular6 s& u: u, {0 B; c& J& p9 W
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
5 m" \/ o) S; {4 H; vconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
, j7 M8 {, i8 L(prepubertal).4 `) H1 s- f5 d1 w
The parents were notified about the laboratory
' m2 P# U% R6 b/ p! n! Jresults and were informed that all of the tests were
( O5 S# c( f7 s+ C4 Y0 R) x$ ^/ Vnormal except the testosterone level was high. The' O$ N2 X0 S! s8 G5 l# ]3 r2 H% l
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
1 z5 N2 X$ @( {- G' D7 Sobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
, `  H' e0 |/ X4 Sever, the family did not return for 4 months.
* X# y, l$ d. Y' r: C3 PPhysical examination at this time revealed that the3 _, R1 C6 X7 E& K
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
& _! U! ?: G8 B: R* i3 [* Z2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
7 \$ f: p$ M; ^/ e. N* wunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
$ V, r6 f4 m# B( T- X# v9 `pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
3 c$ o, A6 p5 z0 o1 W* {; I6 othe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
+ A/ i5 i( C. O- {! umL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.( J% u+ T7 {2 x
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
9 k2 W$ M4 H) L0 A. Xing frequent erections.
2 X! _- ?2 E4 d* \Both parents were again questioned about use of# C% Y  E. x* x2 q0 l$ p$ l, n, {
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
$ O2 E; n# x6 T( x; xthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
# Z7 _8 E/ G& p- kTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541$ V4 S4 h, p" d; w0 c4 z1 O
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
, E3 A+ l7 k9 u7 f% L9 S9 G& Wing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
- X' Q2 V) J8 X& v5 Wa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
9 W& G1 _) K  `" A4 Fto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
8 s# s9 g$ A) m" J' |scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
( {5 g6 L$ V- Bsecondary to depression.
) ~& K: l2 K2 ~" N" QThe child slept in the same bed with parents.2 l7 i0 ~: n+ h1 R' Q/ j
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
- P8 p! {9 z7 I/ s) W% W  {chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
2 g  j9 P2 f+ p7 k' _nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
* O  K  P6 X; n, Y0 mThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
- d. e9 D" r% x1 owhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby; Q3 O$ v( r& V: v
was high, he then read the product information
& {0 X! S* d' _" L' n- G2 w7 Wpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
/ n2 f8 B4 M( A0 o  ]; Sson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they% \) Z1 A9 x  R; P
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the& Z- j' i* l2 S& U% _
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
3 Y! G. a8 t( Z" e  Pbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone" w+ {5 q5 Q8 H/ F7 E4 S: n1 W' D
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the, R( \# D: k! A0 B+ H
laboratory to obtain the test.
, |3 a3 E6 c5 Q5 p8 wDiscussion! n3 g4 t! |  W8 X9 A( F( o4 p
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
9 J6 d% v* {5 e7 {  S& usexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
/ J; Q# F* E5 F6 c4 CPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
; Q8 T# J. ~! V) g, Mit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( _% F& ^3 _0 c  Gthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
5 G9 j4 a' q) y; t3 X' Z/ ?mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
2 F; J; z9 u8 nmay have a central nervous system lesion that is  v/ N5 l: j7 s; D3 S, U$ W9 T1 l
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-! y+ R! x6 N7 b# p
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-3 E# g$ p. ?5 }. p; h# N: r: m# e" \
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in7 L/ U, ?2 {" |% o7 \
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
1 P# J5 y& `3 z* f8 Q4 ]! wization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
: n/ `4 F5 v. a( Brical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
" z3 V  m8 u4 d* Ogonadotropins.1,3
' U& ^) W( D% W, H' C; [2 ZGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-0 E* G! w& k, ?3 |
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate5 J4 {- t" F4 I  X$ E& r$ T! v. C
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or3 Y6 ^/ g  P4 h7 F& M5 k* l- {& l
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-- Q: J; g$ Y  M6 t% s3 v3 A# c, q( u
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing6 e7 L' q0 ?$ I2 ~: I) |
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
4 B/ @$ _. G$ J; c2 qadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious8 R" e4 m1 X/ B# ^- ~6 U
puberty in boys.3,4$ k6 @5 o0 B/ G/ t$ v# N! c
The most common form of congenital adrenal; r- Y1 p7 R1 o  X+ f3 C% v
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency./ Z0 q4 L' B% E. p& \
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in, w" p6 @3 F* ]: p1 [' r% ]: s6 L4 r
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,& V& ^4 O4 X; ?. ?% n; m. U. @4 ~
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen# I5 J3 u3 P4 H% Q8 A. t. j8 _
excess.1,3
' c% T, Q( c: V* {at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from7 o1 N7 |+ P8 e0 {3 n
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007- B# B) |8 N/ E2 N+ q# W, ?
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-6 f# x2 K) Y8 F( R
independent precocious puberty, which is also known# h2 v8 m/ P8 m" J0 `' N8 ?) k
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a* Q4 z9 u( c0 f: r9 o. `
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
3 w9 s. h7 v. C! cwith this disorder are full pubertal development,( y% l& g8 }" |+ ^8 w; V
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys/ Q3 u( E. M* S: y
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder" h8 Q4 i' ?2 f; i5 S& U- a1 ]
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show6 Q% \  `7 u7 f/ B+ _2 F3 z
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
" B8 ]" y6 g  Yreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked) A9 m! t1 i& ^* h% |
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only7 N- \, K2 F' [; o
males; therefore, other male members of the family) b1 X0 r/ t+ B& I
may have similar precocious puberty.3
% R' V: f: @1 v. L0 ]! e% GIn our patient, physical examination was incon-8 n5 @9 o) l4 y7 \
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
( e9 p* ?9 u- }; d! _8 J' `9 W9 n" D- Fcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
( f' _3 Q$ K4 n, ^was in the differential diagnosis because his father- K( a* {: j- s1 X' J( m/ o, _
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
9 U9 d- |) e) F5 }4 L) N4 ctesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
+ ?, n& s$ J" a0 m( Lbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-$ N5 N8 S, M- ]* H3 n
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our! r$ c4 A. r+ _' |, `9 k* G
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
$ Q" a/ W: q9 s& ~1 e, veither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase0 W7 }. U% O) g* \7 w- U; m1 I
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-# R( d! l" ], B1 Y+ b% T
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
5 L# b* E* o9 O- _% i9 TThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly8 ?+ {$ c. O# e0 {1 `& u
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
4 P/ G+ u9 z& s# c# kthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-1 Y8 B% F- z' T( l6 o1 X9 k
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
- `' f4 n& r" P  \/ Bdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
2 t& `5 ~  k6 dterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
' h; V  e' U% F; P: H1 N4 t* xusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
% V# |' C1 Q& g- w8 x8 LDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or  B1 `+ f. d7 }
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to  \- W/ t# B9 W: |
unprotected females through direct skin exposure., Y- f4 V% S3 Q
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the% `4 K7 A. d* f
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
6 T6 L; {+ N# E( \# `even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male, v$ r+ g( N/ j
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
/ J; E2 }7 n' z8 Q+ l/ Otion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.$ Q: s% K' F0 P7 d
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,/ N/ b' C: x- g+ s
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
, f' s3 a3 _) E" k- b$ K1 gdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
% U/ ?. t3 ~% {; k; r  Gterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more) z  R/ `" a/ G- V/ a8 O; T) P
active in young children exposed to testosterone) w8 j6 z7 X' I7 E( h
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
& [" v5 H5 L, X3 D3 `% B: s4 i4 edrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
$ m& g- g' @! J7 d7 Q" N3 L7 Pvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in% J" M+ q+ y. W
children results in an increase in growth velocity and% d7 r, U2 A) @- B
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.. X+ r6 U, x; H$ {# a
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
5 [6 k: c, U* q$ jearly childhood on pubertal development and final
+ k9 f: v$ _9 J% v1 }adult height are not fully known and always remain& M: n) u9 n; Z  W: L
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
4 ~. |  Q$ n* ^- F5 u) ]8 aterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some- R/ j1 e) V+ L" r8 f0 S0 i, z
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after7 Y2 B% `+ W6 T: t; x/ X
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation- U. L$ m) l8 [; s8 O
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
) K/ Z4 w0 @8 _3 \# u1 EThere are conflicting reports and controversy. \3 _8 w7 y  ?4 O
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult* P8 Y" t2 C2 w
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
$ Y- f: }+ X' m6 D3 }0 wadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
* P0 Q. ^( G3 `: Hulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
5 E/ s4 ?0 a+ A$ e5 DSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
7 z! d4 R+ [6 O6 M; T8 ?7 ?+ Zchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult1 e- @$ z( _1 [2 A
penile length in clinical studies.
- m" B# Q: o- ?! x( ^Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is/ ?( C8 o  L) }3 c7 ~
going to experience any of the untoward effects from& I2 X3 E# Z- c1 A* V" x
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because, W7 t, f" |0 I  g6 _
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.0 g; l) u* g. \
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
3 k2 h; U/ C: L. p0 Tdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at, h, @% @6 E/ c) Z
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
) @; Y! ?5 ?; Aheight will not be affected.! g/ e7 S. y5 b$ |
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-5 X4 I0 @* L! d4 x4 |: y4 |
ability of androgen products in our society may6 x6 n7 l5 N0 Y  o) {/ r% D% Y
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
+ g( E6 R& O# B& G9 nchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-$ d/ p* ~, _; l3 m* x3 H( a9 f* f
gen products must be considered and specific ques-4 |* A3 Y8 r$ a" r) }
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
  U' L) M7 H. C- r: r" egel should be asked of the family members during( ~9 f0 `6 T4 N2 @. Z
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-( x* n( l* M! v6 _- j0 o1 m) N
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-6 {# {% t# f* i1 b% \1 |
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by5 I' ~% K9 d4 s8 I! |. H. C
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
& b0 b& |; O8 L4 V7 a; T. r! ehistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may% J6 h7 I9 K2 g& b+ X* o) [7 z" [
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive( H- B) s5 J' k, b
investigation. The primary care physician should be
- q& I( R& u7 |7 u5 p! Q6 [! n6 R0 Eaware of this fact, because most of these children
+ S$ `- s4 e; `* o5 I; h: Amay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’9 Q0 N/ F; S" B/ d* S) |
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a. u1 X7 Z" `/ d' |8 T
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or2 D6 Z2 L. z" A9 b
female child who might come in contact with some-' R9 R, m+ t5 P" [1 t# h
one using any of these products.
- |( c2 W. w% C. R$ M, |/ v* ^References
1 B4 R; i& _3 s1 `1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
; Z9 D; E$ r9 g, E$ Jand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
* `; ?* P; U3 W9 S1 p, o' xEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
2 H" r6 g; \$ ~- t* m2002: 565-628.
: ?' S5 A$ e. [! F; w2 C2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
* _& D4 O  M$ G4 G' l# ipuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
0 m6 q, Q4 ~0 o+ r; i( n/ gBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
  X6 [3 |$ _9 {" w  ^( BExposure to Testosterone
' D( B7 Y7 Y" I6 l" F& |) XSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2  \' v8 _" l% H  v
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
5 l$ S0 P4 N) U' O- b; a6 S9 Q$ IClinical Pediatrics; Y( d+ n: q8 q9 r' s: c
Volume 46 Number 6/ S! X  T- F( r+ N3 i
July 2007 540-543* Q3 G7 T5 {+ ~5 @, D) A
© 2007 Sage Publications
0 U( l. E( N3 q$ m, P4 Z" ^; u8 q10.1177/0009922806296651. d! b/ I1 [8 }9 Q  [
http://clp.sagepub.com
6 B! B- i, Q9 h  @5 ~8 khosted at
( C. u* Q  c7 T  g" W3 Yhttp://online.sagepub.com
( m+ X" U7 N4 h0 |Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
" y5 \- _  _! o$ V; X$ `! Nis a significant concern for physicians. Central
: J8 P" _. a$ ]( dprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated& {, _, l( V8 ^% [7 S5 G: R
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has3 L( F  }1 b0 s' O0 K( f3 ]& p1 ?
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system! c0 t9 P( }( p' L( v9 ^
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested7 ]/ D- M: j( W' V  Z0 t
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic4 w3 l$ [0 l, G1 g2 j5 D8 K
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-* a: b" O( x, u' T$ s
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We4 r$ t. U8 H  @! I; G8 E7 I0 c
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
4 X# U& v, q& j4 n0 f3 s$ i. S  ]enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-  Q  a% n& B0 \) G5 W& c1 w' a3 x3 C
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
0 Y+ u; A) h! C$ M7 Y6 W( }7 `to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
5 z  j/ c; V) u4 C- {: t; V* E0 D$ G+ Xthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
, {* J2 l1 K* N% Vmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
, P3 w, Q- h5 e  X4 Kchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
1 g$ X) G5 \6 mtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
5 w8 l4 Q- ]% b# e4 V  Qbly more common than the rare case report in the; `8 O& d5 c1 U5 Z8 S
literature.4
$ ]5 l* R# m6 w! a" S- zPatient Report/ n" m1 m1 a9 R7 z# r& p1 i
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
& R" ]3 d5 E& Uendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
. ~+ L2 B8 r& o* P) d* H! g* zof early sexual development. His mother noticed- ]2 S# V# T8 B  Z/ n, D
light colored pubic hair development when he was
$ @$ J6 v, c2 Y* C. u( }/ o0 {From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of9 p! h/ u. v9 n4 _" N" y3 C+ h
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.( L& t; A) Q1 ^
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,8 h' _1 C6 W$ Y1 b' G
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
4 @8 ^: S0 P, W% G0 T- V4 Q) }9 aMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
$ V- g$ J! m% @6 O9 Ve-mail: [email protected].
( E8 {1 y3 e# P8 i( a3 sabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became% o* l, b; \1 g" B' ^* x
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
. Y4 t8 D: N( Ament of his penis and frequent erections. The child
5 ~' W% `( J; |& E" X' ~was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with0 @' ]4 o+ D" k2 t+ D3 l/ u
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
- e* I: L$ N) }1 H20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year* a9 M2 H7 U6 R" s3 F( A7 x
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
7 f" o/ e; O$ }& g: K: L: L$ {% lsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
% U* g/ J1 O# t$ \% K" U( U9 dand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
( v1 T% p. U. n# r/ iwas age appropriate.
$ J. k# [& T( kThe family history was remarkable for the father,
8 ^3 Z! s; H" T) h% Kwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,, S2 B' o$ O) W
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s  V: `& e1 M  @) B( I( J5 @
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat/ F; O" M7 U) b2 k- N8 H  z
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
* ^/ O& b3 w7 N! O3 ZThe father denied taking any other medication. The
7 u" _6 w2 Y5 g8 {9 Uchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche2 T- C0 w( u4 d3 ?
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
& Y2 P5 t: ^8 N: R) `5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-  z' U- Z4 R, @
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-  f$ F) Y) m1 d* s4 e
tives. There were no siblings.% {- H2 H  }" V9 e& y
Physical Examination, f0 B) |" t* W6 l; a
The physical examination revealed a very active,: I' A4 P$ ^1 l6 I6 G0 v* P+ h7 D
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
. ~' r7 g. {1 ^" ?4 c% ^! sa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
# ^5 e  I* G8 ~/ ^! w) [3 B. }7 v4 ^90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg; y6 b& t' W1 c% T6 c* v
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth1 u8 a6 J1 B, M* o
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
- M0 G( s7 ]$ f1 o3 n9 N# k1 vthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.6 Q! J/ G7 L0 q  m  {- f/ H
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for  U5 e* X7 X9 V  B/ ~
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of  g$ h" B. y# _/ l/ ?5 D$ V& U  o* c
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well, ?& {$ Q" U! g/ t" A/ F
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
" X# @7 D- p7 H+ K5 y540% ~8 ?( y3 \/ O# L  b. t
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
, V: w, d* c  d& V5 x1 E9 wthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
0 ?6 x2 Y" R# y) Wtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.- b/ k4 E4 a$ ^2 {3 R
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat5 H$ Q; e3 V& f2 x: o# `# Z1 M$ N
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no1 r, Q. ~- {: S* w8 h0 q! ~& m
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.) A$ Z  `+ G3 M6 f
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+# k) E( ~: M1 b
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion1 n; @" ^0 |- p4 K+ i
of papilledema.6 {: M8 }, x) M4 V$ X  o
Laboratory Evaluation
8 ^7 G* k2 g( v# p* \/ u6 hThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
' F& w5 [# O4 kusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-# ^# g- w. x  r  n$ d* z% R/ ~' Z
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
% X% i5 A3 i2 L8 r" T$ }karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
9 s) ~4 C  r3 g9 t/ S$ U* x! k/ v5 Kshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-9 p7 }% ]5 T: @. q
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
' R0 ?. a9 M2 \, K% K& RThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
6 b. H: R, N: Yurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were- i  `( P- D, O: s7 F( [+ I
within normal range for his age. The concentration
0 o' z4 V$ Z) j- ^  q2 g" _& lof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
6 G& O6 c9 F* h5 w# m: z(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
( ^  H6 h& W& ]! vng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
* d* H5 F6 f0 S% h1 R  Vterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
& u/ n9 L9 i8 O9 \' s6 Mdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
. I  y! X5 U+ M0 Y# r49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S), G2 B' h2 [" _5 S& }
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-* S% j2 l, {) P5 T9 C
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total. y( v" Z) U% m0 _( O6 {5 o
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
2 B# @! ]" q3 b4 Land β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
5 G3 e# L; x- r5 t% ]* N- Z/ C5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular$ @* j8 f; g. v0 F
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
" `6 m; W- ^5 j* S6 R/ Aconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
" T5 W2 b2 Q; y4 q/ e' w# B4 |$ {(prepubertal).* V' N/ j% w8 E- f7 o
The parents were notified about the laboratory
2 T  H6 n( s0 _! rresults and were informed that all of the tests were
( W3 D2 @/ h( O, l/ J" }3 Rnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
% \" x) g: z) _- V  ~: ]follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
( k3 j* u$ ~6 A( @! Z( }" [! t. jobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-! g& F- H* W3 C' c/ j7 R
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
  o- @' ^( j) Q! `$ I+ `" _Physical examination at this time revealed that the
' L+ D1 t5 S* d6 x0 c- f& F0 Hchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
5 b$ L" Z/ K; |2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained+ ^5 G+ ?7 o- o) N) M/ t3 \
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-" {$ Q4 E. }# N) q+ g  s9 O
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at1 S( K1 U. J5 l2 _0 D% s3 T
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2( b: M, _: ^: E! b( `3 H- R
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.% V8 Y; [) Z3 L* }8 J4 y
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-8 N" r- A' g3 j. ]/ B8 {
ing frequent erections.: U; u. Q' t3 }. ]! W
Both parents were again questioned about use of) Y3 y+ c' x7 t; A  U3 B+ i# `
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to8 _2 U! j. K' K4 [: F
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the( {9 ?* i( q. \' k0 q
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541+ F+ a" U2 a$ O6 G
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
$ V0 h- ~, f; T; ning over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for* k+ M7 F7 l4 J
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed# E+ V( t' ^5 [. ~7 x, t/ k
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-+ M( r1 j* b7 h" w1 w5 Z
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
+ }. G2 c& U, U' z  ~3 @7 osecondary to depression.
" F6 }) A8 M9 Y! eThe child slept in the same bed with parents." Q8 e/ L* j+ L" T" H) Y) U
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his$ T8 e2 U" e1 [! X
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
0 T- n( q! x6 o4 w0 C4 Tnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.  t' H) O5 K( V4 t
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
* @' V+ ]" L5 A9 ~/ f# Ywhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
/ m. h# H$ X2 k' o9 Q! ]7 ?/ p" Pwas high, he then read the product information
9 O/ M: p8 V7 }  X' l8 qpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
0 O: m1 j$ ?0 r" q4 S  Cson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
, S! l+ |' c  |8 r! E) b! r0 [decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
3 _. ^! \7 M  _% rfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
  X5 V5 n2 M/ ]8 A* Y0 d# S. _5 lbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone) r- p+ G" R/ ?. Y- m0 ~
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
( o7 b1 C8 _' J% J6 p# d" y/ slaboratory to obtain the test.) O, V3 O, W6 w& v' q& O* ^
Discussion2 e( ?' ~' \  D# c' a
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary8 q% f0 N# Z" @; N; y
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,44 b2 l7 [: ^' @$ L9 N- s5 D+ X
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
6 r6 V* s! c! \; P7 u: Q/ E, Iit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
/ E' a& E8 G! kthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-( i) o/ V# V  y" |4 T9 ^
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP; z2 x" p& o& y7 L4 E5 Y2 n
may have a central nervous system lesion that is  o5 H- x( w$ M, U
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
6 f; p& u/ {) L- t8 _- damic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-9 r7 J2 T" m# X! d& Q( m, J
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
7 ?, d* w* G$ s8 fboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-# G, _, V; u; Y
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
" |5 r& F% v4 y. b  l6 jrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by. Y0 G. u# _) g. g9 y8 n- M( {
gonadotropins.1,3
9 V7 W9 E8 B+ L+ gGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-; P$ p1 R: A8 P7 |
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate& m" ]) f& ?4 V+ E# G# Q
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
% z9 ~  g. K; n/ d% Q+ |exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-3 i9 p# V8 Y) l4 i& w
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing# H/ V$ i$ m3 A2 m* N
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
, P9 z- O% `' qadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
- s( h* F8 Q0 @5 q- ~5 C( N% u: Bpuberty in boys.3,4
# J" V4 r+ i+ HThe most common form of congenital adrenal9 e$ F! y0 s/ _% O# s6 q) _5 e$ [
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.$ c8 M. k3 c1 Q, c+ V( K
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in# B( @  G; l  q6 \: V5 ]2 w
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,! d8 P" x0 q! `- f
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen8 _; y! r" \: L8 C5 `1 D
excess.1,3, d1 @& _) p  @5 V6 K% h
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 c2 M5 [+ T/ c: z" @
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20074 m$ l6 G4 d0 \& E& E
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
$ A! N, p/ X$ U! B! Dindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
4 Y& }8 q$ ~- t- u1 s( r' l) eas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a# a2 G& v) s; R1 L% n! G/ a8 e
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
; T9 y6 Z8 f2 b( L# r' Zwith this disorder are full pubertal development,: X8 p7 |& H( w( X, K) p
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
* g! y# E0 T' awith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
7 J/ ?6 w) C1 P, s9 Pare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
# G( P& j" l5 ?6 b, zpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-/ n$ y0 Q4 u$ ?. L
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked) ?/ }3 v: K; w
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
/ H3 Q/ W' _; L+ t/ cmales; therefore, other male members of the family
: ~# [$ B) w) `# l  h0 Jmay have similar precocious puberty.3
* }; u  a! U6 |* N, W$ kIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
$ Y8 U8 t/ S6 B% X, ]" }/ `4 A' W1 r. usistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-4 t3 H5 D8 k& H. W( Q; Q5 n
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
  J* P. A2 ?- e- Z) j% T: g2 Ewas in the differential diagnosis because his father
1 U( j2 @* J, J5 \% D8 \" [3 _started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
: A2 Q: [0 G4 w4 N, V- T7 utesticular enlargement is not that evident in the" a1 E8 e6 T" ~1 v8 S4 W( W+ p) T/ z
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
0 s% o( I( S! ^6 \5 g  G# Wative initial history of androgen exposure, our
9 l. X5 G; v0 x1 \( b2 ebiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
# p9 ]- o) R4 `either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
6 F  g9 G; ~: F& edeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-, T. A  y! ]) D8 B1 E+ O6 Y; L
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
4 J  D) c- {. t  E7 fThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
! T! F2 t& B3 J5 X" tsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
; K3 O6 L7 X5 d" U8 r; h. gthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
$ _. K+ K8 f5 R/ s3 i; }1 ~8 rpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
, J( d8 f( x) e6 W" l9 E; e# Pdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
+ H' K* K; Y3 Qterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was' J" J2 X. C6 P5 x8 r- b
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’6 Y' C$ d# q9 e' y
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
4 @% V9 ~  q, |7 T- Bcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
: W! p6 n% V- ~: ~  punprotected females through direct skin exposure.; r0 `% C7 @( O$ ^
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the! Z  y& O5 v- y) J) V
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
4 F; n! z- b8 C3 T! G7 ?0 T- Zeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
5 c* `# ^% @/ `* m* n/ g4 g/ {partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-* F5 O" j0 B: A% ~
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
5 w* i+ ~7 [1 Q$ KOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,$ q/ W( o/ _- ]/ Y& x' R8 b
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that9 v9 k3 b( n; r1 @5 Y7 U: {; q
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-! W, F% E3 c7 g$ v" b7 j& }# i
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
$ J$ g( |' A) L/ g0 eactive in young children exposed to testosterone4 I3 ^0 c6 ~' C
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-) C0 f4 s* @, \) ]0 y
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to. X2 |- G4 z" S9 `: Y
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in( X3 k- y0 q8 @! N  Q- M
children results in an increase in growth velocity and$ u6 C* ?, P" [
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
% p& t: r9 W5 U. t. L( KThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during7 r; J; w4 o; q8 ]
early childhood on pubertal development and final0 L3 C& Q( w8 J* ^0 B( F, C3 K1 L# @6 F
adult height are not fully known and always remain
: m( B  y; @( r( ^1 N/ v& g  Da concern. Children treated with short-term testos-' L' o  f- Y3 m4 x" O) i( M
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some0 b# y1 O; {: l$ Z( {0 A* [" s
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
0 Q2 B& q7 p! [% t' K* v& pcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation$ X/ d  K* t, Q3 L  a) H+ d+ O+ v
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9! b! ]/ U. w6 \0 y7 K! x
There are conflicting reports and controversy* V# j# Y" o9 i5 i4 J
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
* Q) d. F  F/ @penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal: d% C  z5 a4 }$ \4 }: y) J
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-# H% z1 m& W& a& [  `
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,2 g% R9 G& ^1 J: q  A! W$ A, _1 |
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between/ |' c7 j0 m7 N: o( h
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
  C9 P% Z! I3 \penile length in clinical studies./ J7 R1 N( m% ?
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is" i5 W2 B$ T# N% z0 ~3 p
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
4 Q, D) i) f  X0 Jtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
3 w$ A, v. W3 Cthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
+ U8 {. b8 H1 v' Q$ h; t2 iAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
. w) Y) h/ @8 y- z' Hdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
/ \- ^+ `3 S3 F4 _$ cthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult9 `/ }( B7 k4 ^" y
height will not be affected.
2 \1 M" g9 g0 g) ], YAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
! Z* \% W4 d! K( jability of androgen products in our society may
, t& K( t( o, Y) M8 Qindeed cause more virilization in male or female" E( z2 L6 X1 \0 m7 o) z7 ]0 J3 \, F
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
! s9 F$ Q5 [- v9 q: w* e8 g% lgen products must be considered and specific ques-
3 g8 S9 y# b' l7 @  b( Ctioning about the use of a testosterone product or
( f& j: J/ n6 j0 ^gel should be asked of the family members during  c# X  x7 w; A
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
; k/ ?7 C3 J0 U1 nilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
2 U- x) K3 P1 g: T4 Nnosis can be established by just a few tests and by3 s- q+ h" w& a1 c( C
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
4 h4 [% ~. u. N" s4 w/ dhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
3 q9 B1 j" f* ?. s& Nresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive: j, R- G; a# E1 L
investigation. The primary care physician should be
7 t" t# O4 X/ B3 E/ J* b7 n9 Waware of this fact, because most of these children
/ t! X: O* O. m! o7 Smay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
6 X" Q' x5 |  L. k$ c" YDesk Reference and package insert should also put a. c* J& c* C" x6 z, q: ]
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or# E7 a/ g* A- ~/ t' M
female child who might come in contact with some-  H- A5 ]! k( }
one using any of these products.
* m4 `  |1 R6 P9 h) mReferences; M3 ~  X* l" r' ]3 u' G
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation* C  n- r& I" o  f$ q" ~- ~6 w
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
! T- ^- j, a. E9 VEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
9 D# t$ o9 s# {7 F* S2002: 565-628.
& P" A# H9 g: ~: X2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
( s; _% L/ M- a( [% t& s' H/ ]# v4 Hpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
' n: }0 w8 j  N: _  t+ _
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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