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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
/ U# M( t( n* G& T1 TBoy Induced by Indirect Topical) Z) z" S: q& `1 W" D: i
Exposure to Testosterone
7 \4 J' @' B8 ]% VSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
O) j }; Y: n+ Eand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
3 c/ h# O1 b* l) K5 q4 R: |Clinical Pediatrics3 k7 b" ]5 t# I( Z3 }
Volume 46 Number 6" N/ Z0 r3 g7 G% E/ J' g* Y
July 2007 540-543
# P+ b! B! d) L o5 M) h© 2007 Sage Publications/ O/ e/ t0 m; v# D
10.1177/00099228062966518 M% J! d- m J" Q( ]7 A6 R
http://clp.sagepub.com
# l" b& T6 ~. b7 d2 t; y) V2 G5 Phosted at
- K8 @0 c7 |1 a1 ]. A$ z+ Ahttp://online.sagepub.com
+ U: n! u) w2 P" l# ~5 T( w9 OPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,. q; M# ]' ?. y/ p! h1 |* y, s1 v
is a significant concern for physicians. Central; b4 \) k$ q1 V
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
' C' Y) r' ~: ^2 q. @2 J# @) y; Cthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has- ?! K$ u, r. e2 M3 p" L; ?8 [) X
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
8 Y: ~3 ]' m/ M1 m# B- u9 b/ A/ Plesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested! H% a* n2 m5 [5 P" C8 c" L3 u* p T
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
H. a G8 v; y- l2 i6 hhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-+ J3 C q1 |2 _9 _
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We' c+ I5 [* A q& A5 i
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
1 }! G" J( L' `: f6 venlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-# \; t: d [' ~. y
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
8 R! ]' l" S! S9 K7 X- ato the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
6 E* s( a* ?. q# ^( a2 dthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
; B/ q6 S8 j$ ~1 M' B1 d7 i/ Fmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this' X2 h; l* v$ P
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
7 l' |8 V9 [- R3 C- o* w6 a" ptestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba- \$ V. X' u) a3 V0 h
bly more common than the rare case report in the, f+ t: t, L4 x) h7 W6 A+ s$ y
literature.4/ Q! p5 c: }7 |, t! y9 K4 Z" Q9 U2 G
Patient Report% v2 T6 \; P! K1 j0 n4 Q
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
1 v5 ~/ W) ]& C8 i' q4 W# cendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern i: M. s: I4 r, d# x
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
$ `% Q( A) V8 C, Z( O9 Mlight colored pubic hair development when he was
4 z( w: R! A% ]9 A; m9 H; ]' MFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of% o' v2 s8 y& X
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.4 O0 j# |. @2 f9 z* `" K3 X4 x
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
* z' l8 J. @# e- X# Q( TProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
' J7 m, D- N* F% h8 I3 o7 r: s6 _Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
1 `& X/ N1 m" L# Se-mail: [email protected].
" g4 J- ~# F5 @about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
* d+ f9 [$ ~3 m8 v7 a* qdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-4 V# W8 w4 q5 b$ Y% T/ X; E$ S
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
. f" ~( U4 b3 z' J: y- ?$ Gwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
5 z& z% @6 X4 z# Ea birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
0 A J. I8 B# M- S8 g5 o7 ]20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year4 f/ g P" b" g. Y) G p8 p, y
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
+ Q4 r0 j6 h# }( _) Hsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,4 y+ A$ |) a% F; n6 k
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development1 W1 p- K0 R, L7 G, d) s) v
was age appropriate.- o- O( v Z2 Z/ c2 _
The family history was remarkable for the father,3 ?/ B1 ?: }* O. X8 H8 P' ~
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,1 \; ?1 d! ^7 C6 L3 L! x
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s2 p% k! i p$ r6 F- j- Y
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
2 t2 h. I% I# V2 Jearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.( g, M1 S& ~; d" t2 b: I
The father denied taking any other medication. The3 Y) K7 x' m1 o) C# k; B# }' W5 \
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
' p3 j$ I& a+ U- A3 Dwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
( y. ] x8 m+ L" W4 f0 f5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-/ O7 S4 B/ A1 K0 ~* z/ |
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
; d% J8 g) P' Q1 B7 ltives. There were no siblings.3 H, e- P, @# P( |- r
Physical Examination4 }+ m! F |4 C
The physical examination revealed a very active,5 K, L/ J* }1 @' W9 R0 Z; L
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
6 b' p: U8 y; B2 da blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was% A8 i8 a# [0 z0 Q6 |9 O/ _0 Q
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
! p: o0 H( p+ z5 b0 X1 N3 b) |(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth5 z: [- J) h0 J3 d- h' r2 E
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
# Y3 x) b* j, Q6 p N9 z7 ythe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
) @; {/ d3 W' D- p5 [' p ^The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
. x# }4 z ~% R- Kenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of) O) G1 I( k3 b1 i3 b$ n* `* D
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
- W- E$ K$ n8 n) b9 ldeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around# ?( y$ B* t+ L' N7 x
540
; E% [2 U8 W& m+ ?+ ~5 B' @. Eat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from# A: I1 `2 U3 b8 `/ ]7 [1 G/ G
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The% C' B; L, p7 z& L' d
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
3 Y" m7 N: Q! ^' [The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
$ Y6 \0 B/ S- U2 qoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no( s, A* \$ q8 r8 j0 ]: X
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
" K0 n& y* C+ P, jNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
. O4 T: U3 P: Lbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
" g: y4 q: k; I4 C( b9 V5 M1 l: Wof papilledema.
) n5 d$ A9 [/ G, y; H9 T, mLaboratory Evaluation6 v2 ?* w9 q! Z# M. R7 d# Y
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by6 R8 d: Y% Q, d; T! d8 W
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-0 f$ L; ?$ \6 P. X7 ^% S
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
4 o8 C5 ?; e: l, ?* G: d; ^! O8 fkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
3 _3 T/ ?5 N$ r- w% \& ]( v0 Lshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
/ X$ B/ h' f* i, t2 U9 flating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).: s; h: O, Q! A U2 j5 v/ X
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
\+ \( X7 o: N' ~7 ]0 ^" nurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
; @9 d$ {8 p0 B7 K8 Bwithin normal range for his age. The concentration) I" X) {5 x8 s. l( {5 m% ?- O
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL% Q2 e+ P$ Z1 w/ x1 Q: _7 E4 e
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20/ c9 f- L& @: V
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-" ^, ^4 n5 W, \, H4 _
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),+ ~* G. w% L `2 T: C1 q* E# Y
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
( N- g5 s8 h% `) D4 [49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)- S- N1 ?1 L# T% V& w( B
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-# ^* a6 {/ C) n7 n4 w; ~0 D
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
& d/ @3 B7 C, f9 H. t2 p+ rtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),5 t, G: p) |- ~# m+ b
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than( x/ d9 M) q6 \% v
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular: Y2 ^6 r+ t6 F/ N6 j
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
1 E- q# i4 D" J2 a" E3 tconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
6 p3 z% g! V7 F: M# d. Z. S2 N(prepubertal).9 K/ m$ m% N' z: x: o8 s
The parents were notified about the laboratory$ j! t! ~# {# T/ l9 z0 O
results and were informed that all of the tests were7 A# [% r p6 |; h
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
0 }* n8 }7 ?$ G) r! z4 K8 Z5 xfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
9 A+ N. r* d% F5 Lobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-( f1 e5 t! h' z* t: d7 s, u- a% G+ E
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
: r* H% Y2 p' P8 cPhysical examination at this time revealed that the8 Y. h1 R: s8 T5 G7 L' ^! [
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained/ b" w7 f( l, D" u' B% i& M
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
: D- R4 d0 C1 k2 A* ~& Runchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-, z3 K$ o: }$ A: L) j5 O2 i$ x
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at9 @8 p8 Q8 @7 R
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
2 O( ?+ F& Q8 a; A1 i1 ImL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.2 b% Y z/ d; Y, M9 _
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
0 x* K. }( n, X# xing frequent erections.9 Y. G6 ]. R% m7 v/ `
Both parents were again questioned about use of
! ?, F3 ~9 R' xany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
- E* n! C8 ~" `! I% Jthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
0 A8 n; |1 M8 E, kTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
+ _( J2 J8 ^* V c, |4 T! ]3 duse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
7 K" \. l. C& I2 }ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for" ]) B9 E: I7 m7 C2 _4 K9 w
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
4 \& k% a8 m2 L6 lto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-1 y; a3 _4 |0 m
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
! w2 x( e' \. O# O7 O' z% wsecondary to depression.
8 i4 Z/ z2 ~6 ]) }* _The child slept in the same bed with parents.
- p# O7 N- p* ~The father would hug the baby and hold him on his( o) P, L: j0 ?/ ]6 D
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-, ^' W% ^- Y, }
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.' R d- o4 u# H+ U) X
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
; m( ^& j& L% k3 pwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
: K; o/ q/ S2 I' h: h& J0 }was high, he then read the product information/ ]) K: T9 V3 \: b
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-3 P; F; F9 k, i; u9 @
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they0 W) K1 ?: f/ r# w- ]$ ]" `
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the3 j- j9 @2 q5 u7 l/ W
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had8 g' V: E% v. m
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone3 _" q- l! j0 h/ m
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
% h% `. f1 }+ I8 a2 [7 H7 [$ blaboratory to obtain the test.% U7 i, W2 v) E
Discussion3 z \: t, z4 w8 m5 h9 p
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary" W3 V/ o! d0 z- E( @& d
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4, U8 W) Z, {/ ~
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
- X: _; W* N" M& F% [: D3 o# ]it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
+ @- T) a1 j* T# g: Athalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
+ m% O8 i' h) umon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP! x- ~- L. l# P
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
6 R# {- `$ U, F4 I. o) K" _9 ^responsible for the early activation of the hypothal- ?. j7 E7 s# j4 {6 }
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
! k7 ]) P/ _% l5 i# S% e( K: }% Zsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in, m% D, {0 c) n* ? Q$ Q7 a$ k
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
0 \+ P9 J7 N rization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-# u& ]$ D( t: E. @+ o
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
, o1 B$ {+ ~3 @8 F1 Y- G2 hgonadotropins.1,3
, L6 ]% i) Y. W$ q2 O7 k: I) BGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
: x- y6 L& _6 O+ ]cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate! R5 J% O' E% O# P( ^+ z1 |
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or3 S* ]) t4 c5 E" _1 d& }9 S9 t
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim- M6 |1 |# i( Z/ P$ H
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
C _' u2 p( Y1 D0 ~congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
7 l2 C. S! K9 P: ?0 W8 T. @adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
; W+ @8 t( b' x# z' o, r4 m% Tpuberty in boys.3,4* {- |. @9 e- n1 P q8 K$ n
The most common form of congenital adrenal
' l) c/ z$ y/ x/ u, Ghyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
' g9 C9 K% c4 z; B/ c! d( wThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in) M* i" r) N' _9 l( }* Y
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,- N' S! K- \* \# O9 I* b G* `
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen7 I: `9 t0 Z! K; \9 X( n9 s% D( k! {
excess.1,3/ M, w* k) y. R0 z7 D
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 G3 d. A2 o6 S/ b% Y- H
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
+ [1 e$ p1 G9 G: S- mA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
) ` c1 I: e$ _& w/ s' sindependent precocious puberty, which is also known- x. f, ~4 [: n9 _# n$ @
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
, R) U" v* s+ ~% h( C- yvery young age. The physical findings in these boys1 p: r" m! U) b7 a8 [# ?% G. m
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
3 J1 {/ I5 \$ L4 `7 f( jincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys5 W9 a- L2 h1 s& y R0 q( Z- K
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
$ b4 W3 T# V1 ^) ?8 q6 _: Eare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
5 [/ ^+ \8 C7 ^$ Z& J( @# Hpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-2 n+ M b5 ~1 V. y% A
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked. J- m3 p) M8 w1 b+ Y! h- x# E
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only; \$ `' O: p1 X! ]8 w" ^6 N
males; therefore, other male members of the family! t' Q8 i9 p- N5 c
may have similar precocious puberty.3
- t. E, ~7 D5 h) l' U* IIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
% c& c9 K4 w l4 Fsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-. N% ~9 `4 `; y ?
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis ?4 r" O, k+ f: Y S- |% h
was in the differential diagnosis because his father) T: W' \5 x$ P3 X0 }% }! I
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
# i8 L; ^( A7 j! V- U0 v3 Ttesticular enlargement is not that evident in the7 a( d% ?( D) J4 `
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
/ p( p& n9 o! M! J9 yative initial history of androgen exposure, our3 o! c* n" ^5 p e+ s( l
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,) Y: X* x# O/ c. s' u" b* y6 b
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
5 T' B6 [: w; i4 e8 S5 pdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
6 F, m) i+ A a* Y1 w9 d& C- qing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
6 }7 b6 X, V( UThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
$ I% g1 J1 |# _0 ?' Msuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because8 i: |0 x- w* G( @& ]& x+ Y& F" b
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
9 u# D* [& f2 S5 m. ]) l3 hpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and m9 M5 ?+ i- @" r6 d& @
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos- A, V6 Z4 j' ^7 n
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
' M+ M- M) J6 M {using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
( R& q! }: j, B+ _+ ?2 \1 O0 ^* JDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or! J' `* g+ v7 t* k+ ^ m
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
# Y% \/ a) q" t4 f6 ~8 J4 g% Punprotected females through direct skin exposure.' e* n1 K2 c% t7 H7 T" U& ~0 v0 b
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the5 c; o" _0 M+ g* t4 p; D- @4 X# W
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
4 s8 d: Y# I7 V. D; n* c% Teven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
8 Q1 F3 O4 I; a$ Jpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
, r& C$ u, @" U; Q4 Ution site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.( [ {. _" h! ?7 Q$ f/ ~
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,; y p, Z: H# N, E% [3 @6 d
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that+ i4 ~* h4 g' n; O. W L
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-3 N# }7 `( t2 C2 E9 J- c
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more+ i+ c# F/ t. n0 b) h! @
active in young children exposed to testosterone0 e' S V/ s, d
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
- B) l: T5 h1 {* R: [: Y; fdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to7 V0 {' w( K7 F2 r [
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in( i) x9 O, l" Q* n% l: X
children results in an increase in growth velocity and- H4 ~( I# W& D$ [& q4 l! f
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.+ U9 G3 N6 g1 L8 }' f; ]( Q, `! y8 r
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during# |$ }* `- [# w: d
early childhood on pubertal development and final
! a) l+ E9 o5 H+ z" L2 J8 V1 t" { | Tadult height are not fully known and always remain) `( y; H! d- Y6 _0 I2 _9 O
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-5 r9 `, F. c8 l7 D. U9 J- X1 L% t
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
) v8 a' K, e. D5 }0 C9 d8 wacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
+ K9 I* i/ `: |5 Tcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation0 x( { w- W9 I. p- _
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9! V/ ~1 e. L, s8 ^' H4 ~
There are conflicting reports and controversy/ v, m8 w7 Z5 H. H, X
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
4 l! [' e& w; t- _, K2 n# Dpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
2 _4 \1 {' t$ U+ a! Z4 @& M( }1 Jadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
/ Y- P1 {7 N; n5 P H; e6 k' Culation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,: n6 h* ^( e2 j
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
. V8 R7 ~# U; S2 e+ Cchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
# F$ t- @6 ~: N4 x, F; Fpenile length in clinical studies.
0 b, t" b( T/ @, [6 G1 bNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is9 [& D) y5 l3 @- C
going to experience any of the untoward effects from' \* T1 Y. o" J* K( }
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because' ?" o; Q$ O2 v4 Q5 ^
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
1 q, }1 a! X! y# T. V6 E4 Z$ x$ EAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
' ?$ E% J0 h3 ^6 W$ P" U' s6 xdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
/ A; [$ ?$ T7 ^0 Z" Uthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult& ?+ }& O7 |+ v, q4 a, h# H* _
height will not be affected.
: R' m! ]# F- O8 hAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
' }; R( x0 I0 n! ~( d; J& Oability of androgen products in our society may
9 F0 @' a0 @( e/ u8 Mindeed cause more virilization in male or female
, N* `' j k( b3 H+ k3 O8 i# Xchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
" _& Q, _; x$ {9 vgen products must be considered and specific ques-
4 }4 J, ]! B$ q- ztioning about the use of a testosterone product or: `0 I" k U1 i1 S9 M( t9 d( w
gel should be asked of the family members during& Q8 L1 M9 N2 D" v B' V! e
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-. f( `6 u9 n/ w
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
& x8 O) L# J/ ` [5 M" ]! E4 knosis can be established by just a few tests and by' t: G) r; |; N+ v
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
1 W5 N$ m7 Q/ e8 {history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
) I5 p: C1 u0 j! |/ `. sresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
$ O% K: J% v' O8 B0 t3 uinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
- k, n0 c. T; O2 W; C# Caware of this fact, because most of these children
! m! y/ C* d" i" }/ {may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’4 b- X5 l \( b6 i( i9 ?( s' e7 l' ]
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
& s+ s3 z; R7 u) Pwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or/ y# L0 d' n: u4 i C
female child who might come in contact with some-% h0 ?8 p* L" ]4 {: _' |$ o
one using any of these products.
9 K# M; c8 F$ hReferences3 K: n* h1 }& s1 U( X! N
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
/ H9 h- a( m/ ^and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric) K- N3 `7 M2 R
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;+ j6 I6 C- X8 |, C, t
2002: 565-628.
+ w* [7 e5 ^$ m3 p2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
/ e* X0 I5 R* ~- n1 X' spuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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