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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
3 P2 Q! j( t9 j6 `% @Boy Induced by Indirect Topical6 }) a7 b8 `5 P& u" N" q1 K
Exposure to Testosterone
2 N( R+ l4 U5 u9 ?0 {0 b% o4 HSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
4 B- C8 Q3 Q3 \+ ]$ Y0 @7 qand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
3 t2 T! K0 h9 [+ H8 Q8 F' MClinical Pediatrics
/ ?3 n. |, V7 \2 G7 XVolume 46 Number 6- W3 V. Z$ J, L U; `, Q& C3 A* s8 [
July 2007 540-543
2 Q5 j* S$ w1 m; |4 }8 ^. \© 2007 Sage Publications, {" m/ }- \; s/ H5 ^
10.1177/0009922806296651" T o) k- F6 s- U3 }
http://clp.sagepub.com h) E* Y! f! ^% o6 T, _( p
hosted at+ Y5 s" Y: S# Y3 K! b+ W( I w9 A
http://online.sagepub.com1 o0 l. G: \7 W$ @( ]
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,) \; P. A5 c: E4 B5 i0 V5 z
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
# G( j% D E3 D3 @/ m8 V6 jprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated ~( R) d' a9 ]! B% d
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has% |! m2 \5 j6 @5 w( d1 ]- O% i- c
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system$ e6 n4 S& K7 |8 k5 O u" P
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
, \( V" q+ o2 R1 @by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic* f6 C! e! u3 Q \ K" O0 g
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
/ S/ k( u, b. B0 M5 V1 T# Zcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
) P7 y7 e2 Q: C- p6 n- Areport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
4 P6 E& h" |8 b8 {enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop- z' R. E- }3 X a! o
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
, a& y+ I. {0 J$ \9 A% nto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by, X# v* Y6 T; M( I* ]
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-& D, O+ C" J# ^& @, O. @; C: j
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this t/ [; R6 Z; A. t
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of' q/ u' ]; z# D( A& b
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
7 K5 z$ ~% Y# Ebly more common than the rare case report in the
% b; x# J$ f* hliterature.4
( T/ H% G8 J9 ~+ k% P8 J+ qPatient Report0 { I4 e) m5 ~$ `
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
. U! F' h$ ?( U% Oendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern# p( s+ a" T5 j+ n5 i, M8 I
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
- e( j7 f G, N! Zlight colored pubic hair development when he was
9 H* Z* d3 v3 HFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of% d0 O5 f8 _. i6 ~
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
# x# M; c/ ^& f9 |+ _5 @Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,6 U+ |& g; z D5 t1 K Y& H9 p; L
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
! y' l3 b1 o' T9 N9 c. g @- CMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;6 ^ J( a6 e2 t1 _* ?
e-mail: [email protected].) N/ d: H# E! ]8 B5 i
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became7 L% W8 ?& ~. s( D3 J$ [" m
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
A. z9 G5 \" {/ Nment of his penis and frequent erections. The child" M& a) G1 I; q, q& Q$ h
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with6 b8 ]& h2 t2 a; l
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
1 T; l3 ^7 v- x- N20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year4 T K1 J/ Y/ p6 h
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
* h# n* V4 O. f+ k! O$ `5 Lsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
: j' v+ ?# E% aand his psychosocial and psychomotor development* o2 o4 T8 f# y, V* ]( {6 M) C
was age appropriate.
7 s. z6 t4 S0 aThe family history was remarkable for the father,
4 p9 c0 T# O6 `: @: R# awho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
* d: w0 {3 u$ G' g+ @+ B" Lwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
. l3 }* d/ {, g! F B6 n% F( A) Dheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
" n' \! ~+ J: L, J2 Y/ H* ] [early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
: o) t# m" k/ d& N+ NThe father denied taking any other medication. The
, B- j' x2 _1 ~5 X" g6 _child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
f% p/ l0 K* `* X) N- W; H |was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
N3 c( ~3 k0 l+ Q: z! ^9 ^5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-4 Y, p& V. m7 z
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
% p, a8 V8 j( Z3 U" S9 L2 q" e/ ?) wtives. There were no siblings.
) b) S( Z5 _. y% _% [Physical Examination( ^. u& X7 T: Z
The physical examination revealed a very active,8 v# x; N: ~) U# r
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented6 ]& ^8 c7 W# Z) c
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was# j( a* ~1 p; P! V" s
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg0 c# B T: k4 F) v6 |
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth3 U+ V" W8 W% c. A& }: A
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
' j9 Q- f- f" K4 {- @; f3 nthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement." E* _* w" b' A; T. u# o' l X# O
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for% j% y- `$ g; |
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
; n) z8 ~& t2 m8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well$ f2 X& T1 o' e
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around1 a' L3 h; E5 ~7 K- a$ X
540
* [; o1 m- b( V: |5 j, w7 Iat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
& l$ J' ]4 `2 a8 f; Mthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The9 W2 |( |2 \% b$ W/ {
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
& k% c9 m9 c2 @The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat/ l3 ?: u/ m, u8 x2 L* Z; Z
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no. R+ n) e7 g/ n2 @
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
! U7 O6 E/ E, B; x5 I* |Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+- `6 m+ c* a: n5 `/ L) ^: b
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
/ ^# T' f# G1 x' ~( @3 `( h9 Kof papilledema.
( Q2 x1 z2 Z2 T# f- {; @' e& QLaboratory Evaluation& S' V, E2 Q- T) B
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by, W5 V9 G$ Q6 q' l2 s& z O
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
4 P5 I7 o; c* U- U9 V, elogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal+ }! Y* ^4 r) L, j+ Z' J
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test$ \8 y) [4 Q+ t) O+ c
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
( g% T' \0 ]. w/ X/ W4 }lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)., t4 e* X, }) Z8 n$ X
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
a3 z# X- B1 ]% {urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
8 R* o; B6 @7 ~- w |' ?5 Y$ X$ ~7 Ywithin normal range for his age. The concentration" J2 b- n9 L4 r& \, m1 v% Z: `1 W
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
, o/ r- X6 N+ p$ o9 w2 J(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
3 D( ]* R8 g5 H' f* n$ N/ M7 K0 Ung/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
, T- O& F- |" J2 \! ]3 J1 f' yterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),7 Z+ h, v4 m- C! g) S, u+ {- S
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to, O F5 b7 ~6 C( r
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)# x* M7 E, y$ V; C( `$ Y% a$ L
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
) w7 L! f% ~. ]& z( F" ztisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total. R! _, }$ ~! p* V9 D- {0 i3 q
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
4 w- a9 h$ l q6 band β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
" G* E0 |; @) B! s5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular6 s& u: u, {0 B; c& J& p9 W
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
5 m" \/ o) S; {4 H; vconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
, j7 M8 {, i8 L(prepubertal).4 `) H1 s- f5 d1 w
The parents were notified about the laboratory
' m2 P# U% R6 b/ p! n! Jresults and were informed that all of the tests were
( O5 S# c( f7 s+ C4 Y0 R) x$ ^/ Vnormal except the testosterone level was high. The' O$ N2 X0 S! s8 G5 l# ]3 r2 H% l
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
1 z5 N2 X$ @( {- G' D7 Sobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
, ` H' e0 |/ X4 Sever, the family did not return for 4 months.
* X# y, l$ d. Y' r: C3 PPhysical examination at this time revealed that the3 _, R1 C6 X7 E& K
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
& _! U! ?: G8 B: R* i3 [* Z2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
7 \$ f: p$ M; ^/ e. N* wunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
$ V, r6 f4 m# B( T- X# v9 `pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
3 c$ o, A6 p5 z0 o1 W* {; I6 othe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
+ A/ i5 i( C. O- {! umL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.( J% u+ T7 {2 x
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
9 k2 W$ M4 H) L0 A. Xing frequent erections.
2 X! _- ?2 E4 d* \Both parents were again questioned about use of# C% Y E. x* x2 q0 l$ p$ l, n, {
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
$ O2 E; n# x6 T( x; xthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
# Z7 _8 E/ G& p- kTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541$ V4 S4 h, p" d; w0 c4 z1 O
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
, E3 A+ l7 k9 u7 f% L9 S9 G& Wing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
- X' Q2 V) J8 X& v5 Wa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
9 W& G1 _) K `" A4 Fto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
8 s# s9 g$ A) m" J' |scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
( {5 g6 L$ V- Bsecondary to depression.
) ~& K: l2 K2 ~" N" QThe child slept in the same bed with parents.2 l7 i0 ~: n+ h1 R' Q/ j
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
- P8 p! {9 z7 I/ s) W% W {chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
2 g j9 P2 f+ p7 k' _nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
* O K P6 X; n, Y0 mThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
- d. e9 D" r% x1 owhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby; Q3 O$ v( r& V: v
was high, he then read the product information
& {0 X! S* d' _" L' n- G2 w7 Wpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
/ n2 f8 B4 M( A0 o ]; Sson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they% \) Z1 A9 x R; P
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the& Z- j' i* l2 S& U% _
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
3 Y! G. a8 t( Z" e Pbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone" w+ {5 q5 Q8 H/ F7 E4 S: n1 W' D
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the, R( \# D: k! A0 B+ H
laboratory to obtain the test.
, |3 a3 E6 c5 Q5 p8 wDiscussion! n3 g4 t! | W8 X9 A( F( o4 p
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
9 J6 d% v* {5 e7 { S& usexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
/ J; Q# F* E5 F6 c4 CPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
; Q8 T# J. ~! V) g, Mit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( _% F& ^3 _0 c Gthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
5 G9 j4 a' q) y; t3 X' Z/ ?mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
2 F; J; z9 u8 nmay have a central nervous system lesion that is v/ N5 l: j7 s; D3 S, U$ W9 T1 l
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-! y+ R! x6 N7 b# p
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-3 E# g$ p. ?5 }. p; h# N: r: m# e" \
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in7 L/ U, ?2 {" |% o7 \
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
1 P# J5 y& `3 z* f8 Q4 ]! wization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
: n/ `4 F5 v. a( Brical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
" z3 V m8 u4 d* Ogonadotropins.1,3
' U& ^) W( D% W, H' C; [2 ZGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-0 E* G! w& k, ?3 |
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate5 J4 {- t" F4 I X$ E& r$ T! v. C
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or3 Y6 ^/ g P4 h7 F& M5 k* l- {& l
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-- Q: J; g$ Y M6 t% s3 v3 A# c, q( u
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing6 e7 L' q0 ?$ I2 ~: I) |
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
4 B/ @$ _. G$ J; c2 qadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious8 R" e4 m1 X/ B# ^- ~6 U
puberty in boys.3,4$ k6 @5 o0 B/ G/ t$ v# N! c
The most common form of congenital adrenal; r- Y1 p7 R1 o X+ f3 C% v
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency./ Z0 q4 L' B% E. p& \
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in, w" p6 @3 F* ]: p1 [' r% ]: s6 L4 r
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,& V& ^4 O4 X; ?. ?% n; m. U. @4 ~
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen# I5 J3 u3 P4 H% Q8 A. t. j8 _
excess.1,3
' c% T, Q( c: V* {at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from7 o1 N7 |+ P8 e0 {3 n
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007- B# B) |8 N/ E2 N+ q# W, ?
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-6 f# x2 K) Y8 F( R
independent precocious puberty, which is also known# h2 v8 m/ P8 m" J0 `' N8 ?) k
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a* Q4 z9 u( c0 f: r9 o. `
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
3 w9 s. h7 v. C! cwith this disorder are full pubertal development,( y% l& g8 }" |+ ^8 w; V
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys/ Q3 u( E. M* S: y
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder" h8 Q4 i' ?2 f; i5 S& U- a1 ]
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show6 Q% \ `7 u7 f/ B+ _2 F3 z
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
" B8 ]" y6 g Yreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked) A9 m! t1 i& ^* h% |
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only7 N- \, K2 F' [; o
males; therefore, other male members of the family) b1 X0 r/ t+ B& I
may have similar precocious puberty.3
% R' V: f: @1 v. L0 ]! e% GIn our patient, physical examination was incon-8 n5 @9 o) l4 y7 \
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
( e9 p* ?9 u- }; d! _8 J' `9 W9 n" D- Fcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
( f' _3 Q$ K4 n, ^was in the differential diagnosis because his father- K( a* {: j- s1 X' J( m/ o, _
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
9 U9 d- |) e) F5 }4 L) N4 ctesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
+ ?, n& s$ J" a0 m( Lbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-$ N5 N8 S, M- ]* H3 n
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our! r$ c4 A. r+ _' |, `9 k* G
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
$ Q" a/ W: q9 s& ~1 e, veither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase0 W7 }. U% O) g* \7 w- U; m1 I
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-# R( d! l" ], B1 Y+ b% T
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
5 L# b* E* o9 O- _% i9 TThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly8 ?+ {$ c. O# e0 {1 `& u
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
4 P/ G+ u9 z& s# c# kthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-1 Y8 B% F- z' T( l6 o1 X9 k
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
- `' f4 n& r" P \/ Bdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
2 t& `5 ~ k6 dterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
' h; V e' U% F; P: H1 N4 t* xusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
% V# |' C1 Q& g- w8 x8 LDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or B1 `+ f. d7 }
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to \- W/ t# B9 W: |
unprotected females through direct skin exposure., Y- f4 V% S3 Q
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the% `4 K7 A. d* f
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
6 T6 L; {+ N# E( \# `even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male, v$ r+ g( N/ j
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
/ J; E2 }7 n' z8 Q+ l/ Otion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.$ Q: s% K' F0 P7 d
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,/ N/ b' C: x- g+ s
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
, f' s3 a3 _) E" k- b$ K1 gdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
% U/ ?. t3 ~% {; k; r Gterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more) z R/ `" a/ G- V/ a8 O; T) P
active in young children exposed to testosterone) w8 j6 z7 X' I7 E( h
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
& [" v5 H5 L, X3 D3 `% B: s4 i4 edrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
$ m& g- g' @! J7 d7 Q" N3 L7 Pvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in% J" M+ q+ y. W
children results in an increase in growth velocity and% d7 r, U2 A) @- B
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.. X+ r6 U, x; H$ {# a
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
5 [6 k: c, U* q$ jearly childhood on pubertal development and final
+ k9 f: v$ _9 J% v1 }adult height are not fully known and always remain& M: n) u9 n; Z W: L
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
4 ~. | Q$ n* ^- F5 u) ]8 aterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some- R/ j1 e) V+ L" r8 f0 S0 i, z
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after7 Y2 B% `+ W6 T: t; x/ X
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation- U. L$ m) l8 [; s8 O
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
) K/ Z4 w0 @8 _3 \# u1 EThere are conflicting reports and controversy. \3 _8 w7 y ?4 O
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult* P8 Y" t2 C2 w
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
$ Y- f: }+ X' m6 D3 }0 wadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
* P0 Q. ^( G3 `: Hulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
5 E/ s4 ?0 a+ A$ e5 DSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
7 z! d4 R+ [6 O6 M; T8 ?7 ?+ Zchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult1 e- @$ z( _1 [2 A
penile length in clinical studies.
- m" B# Q: o- ?! x( ^Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is/ ?( C8 o L) }3 c7 ~
going to experience any of the untoward effects from& I2 X3 E# Z- c1 A* V" x
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because, W7 t, f" |0 I g6 _
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.0 g; l) u* g. \
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
3 k2 h; U/ C: L. p0 Tdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at, h, @% @6 E/ c) Z
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
) @; Y! ?5 ?; Aheight will not be affected.! g/ e7 S. y5 b$ |
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-5 X4 I0 @* L! d4 x4 |: y4 |
ability of androgen products in our society may6 x6 n7 l5 N0 Y o) {/ r% D% Y
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
+ g( E6 R& O# B& G9 nchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-$ d/ p* ~, _; l3 m* x3 H( a9 f* f
gen products must be considered and specific ques-4 |* A3 Y8 r$ a" r) }
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
U' L) M7 H. C- r: r" egel should be asked of the family members during( ~9 f0 `6 T4 N2 @. Z
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-( x* n( l* M! v6 _- j0 o1 m) N
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-6 {# {% t# f* i1 b% \1 |
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by5 I' ~% K9 d4 s8 I! |. H. C
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
& b0 b& |; O8 L4 V7 a; T. r! ehistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may% J6 h7 I9 K2 g& b+ X* o) [7 z" [
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive( H- B) s5 J' k, b
investigation. The primary care physician should be
- q& I( R& u7 |7 u5 p! Q6 [! n6 R0 Eaware of this fact, because most of these children
+ S$ `- s4 e; `* o5 I; h: Amay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’9 Q0 N/ F; S" B/ d* S) |
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a. u1 X7 Z" `/ d' |8 T
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or2 D6 Z2 L. z" A9 b
female child who might come in contact with some-' R9 R, m+ t5 P" [1 t# h
one using any of these products.
- |( c2 W. w% C. R$ M, |/ v* ^References
1 B4 R; i& _3 s1 `1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
; Z9 D; E$ r9 g, E$ Jand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
* `; ?* P; U3 W9 S1 p, o' xEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
2 H" r6 g; \$ ~- t* m2002: 565-628.
: ?' S5 A$ e. [! F; w2 C2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
* _& D4 O M$ G4 G' l# ipuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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