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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old- K! j) u% k& ^+ U
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical% Q- N, V" \' f
Exposure to Testosterone, a. @& R" M- M$ l) \. H% ~! O7 W* P
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2) t5 D( ~7 c& y7 G
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
: ]! i/ J8 h$ X. EClinical Pediatrics
% U- `# h' } ?Volume 46 Number 6
, P5 J' c$ ]' H" BJuly 2007 540-543
( t) _/ e( _- G" w5 l: m. K© 2007 Sage Publications
# T4 ]5 l8 o7 W6 D10.1177/0009922806296651
& e" c- [7 g7 m( Z( ahttp://clp.sagepub.com
6 c( y/ a- L3 T' Hhosted at% ?" \) Y( X. G# C" z( t
http://online.sagepub.com
) A9 b& m; Z0 e4 w e ^" ZPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
2 J/ N) a& v3 Z3 V- F% s6 W& Uis a significant concern for physicians. Central: F. X {2 n; z8 e+ R x, e# |
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
9 a, U: S$ [* {0 D! ~$ c: D) xthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
' W7 s2 G* H' p' _9 _a higher incidence of organic central nervous system3 M! a' l% I* t, I9 S; k$ Q
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested0 _; T4 H5 g P& G% S
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
. J% w# z" D( a1 ^ ihair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
) ~- r2 S8 }) e0 Q) kcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
& ]# @ ]+ l+ ^report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
& N; i8 @) k8 henlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-+ }+ n W& H3 ]) W- s
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
+ q' d1 w) x6 d3 N' a! |to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
' x5 i9 q' ~. C; f0 K {$ Kthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-. Y& k+ B `/ y R
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
% ?4 }% @2 \7 K8 f; V& Jchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
+ f X3 G: a3 g/ v/ w' G3 ^9 b; @testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
" U- s1 l9 T' a z. mbly more common than the rare case report in the3 ~4 N/ _' h* V- T p6 b
literature.4# ]9 ]9 H1 Z i7 {3 b+ d
Patient Report2 B* R8 C0 _, M, y" e) l
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the9 e# B) G7 F# v5 F
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern. ~; F: n4 L' N) h9 ?0 `
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
- W7 r k& B5 h" |" _light colored pubic hair development when he was
$ g. e% y# }$ w5 WFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
; B& q: O7 w' s9 T$ [South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.2 D4 k8 W% u) J& T
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
9 r6 ?) l0 H; z) K; A" ^Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of7 H( E: V) l( F8 [2 e0 u
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
- |- O2 p; u$ X/ be-mail: [email protected].
8 F O+ B. }5 R5 i: \0 nabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
' X5 `- u, u6 J& Adarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
8 a' \( I( K. |( _ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child! N/ z# P# M8 f6 h
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
q0 ~. E" v0 B- Q# v& x- ha birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of* g3 s# p. C- e; r; P, n6 E% R
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year4 ~+ g; d$ c" q* S) ~. X
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with- i( K$ m- m; y
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,# ]- p. u4 H3 t( {2 a
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development# H8 F& }9 A3 F: }0 o, W
was age appropriate.* b# F0 H; c ^8 u1 G' O+ O% i. Y
The family history was remarkable for the father,0 t* H. [# b6 K# R6 C! p2 \
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
% T r5 V1 r0 U/ qwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
) S C1 H9 G5 D7 H6 c. Y; _5 x5 zheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
4 H: W# l$ w7 u" s5 @early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
% K* i% @( L; c9 H, B! c* ?! c3 k2 ?The father denied taking any other medication. The
6 B7 s# D( l( Y; {8 m" j7 L0 Ochild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche9 j! t9 z. |. }' V- j( W4 P4 c3 x, S
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet; F. c& k ~- j, s+ M: q
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
8 q0 [3 O$ `8 @cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
" w, ?# J/ @2 ?. s5 I; F3 [( ftives. There were no siblings.
4 e/ f$ W' y7 ~$ w ^Physical Examination0 p4 A# |: d* U- [
The physical examination revealed a very active,
- Z, {9 d2 S% j R( ~* s) q( c1 dplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
& s4 i' X$ O& J9 `1 Oa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was, T, \$ L" v5 A( a2 B
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
+ { T6 X8 C6 q' U* w% H(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
" P& M, |- X0 t3 `velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
# [. i# ~; {5 q2 e* q" f- Athe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement./ v9 o) Q) r# }- X( ~% V3 g2 Y
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for1 V# e. \" y) ` O C n, l( _
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
/ r/ |7 H& ]4 x( W0 i2 n8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
, f2 G9 {- g+ \' | g: zdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
* L: u* o* O4 X9 j; i- x- z540
5 E* A0 a$ M) _( ?- E* C+ Wat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
, b/ \9 \. W" _- y+ V4 H$ T. }% Hthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The5 u- D7 u4 r" c5 R! o
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each., L; U2 h, }& B- G* B% O
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
3 j( G/ i7 u9 Poily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
4 t( m0 P5 b0 g) z. Z4 z7 rabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots./ B* F; |) p" r
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+' y9 A* \% X8 E
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion) E! T3 a% p; Q) s0 S& i" z6 E
of papilledema.
& E" x- K# J& j; `. C$ T0 l3 h, PLaboratory Evaluation3 w, N; m5 H8 F) i
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by% R% C; t! {8 T; c/ G7 h% H
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-) v, E) c$ ?. U V
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
1 B6 b$ ]: O6 V+ hkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test0 K/ T! U% c- w0 O% T* \5 O+ D$ A3 M X
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
8 w+ I Z+ J1 G3 ^2 n; Wlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).+ t) }- V7 A4 a9 E
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
|1 [7 ^; Y& T; O* L- Burea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were2 P& G9 } h& B4 R- _% _" P
within normal range for his age. The concentration$ u' M- P, f- y" g
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
2 f8 q% ^/ @ W(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
# i+ c: Y5 a+ s5 s. q$ `ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-4 Z& t% E9 V7 m( l0 z2 B
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
8 T# l" ~% N) |5 l7 ?desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
/ L6 X% A" o5 \1 D! i6 ?( j! ~' u- \49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
: }; C9 v& s nwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-# X% K$ M" y2 s9 b O! D, H* s
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total" V, }' D$ K; o! Y: n
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
8 U" `* x2 b' h8 Hand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than. Q# e5 ?5 j$ ?$ q( a
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular; w, p X0 ]# j- Y: |6 S: c
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
8 A l/ c$ ?$ q) _! bconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL! h7 ~( M( s/ r) v/ Z: R
(prepubertal).
* F' V3 s( v0 m6 pThe parents were notified about the laboratory6 [1 W# j2 O( R, O( ?4 f
results and were informed that all of the tests were
3 P; Y4 y4 ~. z( b& A; T7 c/ s9 hnormal except the testosterone level was high. The9 e9 N4 Z1 p8 X) z
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
& u ?* J. R# ? Zobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
! n. |2 x% [4 Q$ s6 L0 C2 {ever, the family did not return for 4 months.5 C( h" M( f; s1 U/ M
Physical examination at this time revealed that the% h6 ?$ ], B0 G6 J' l
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
9 A5 z; o6 W$ a% }$ c+ A/ t2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
0 d0 F. |. d5 V) A% ^! t5 n; S) Hunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
( B* x' w$ Q# @+ L4 [8 k8 tpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
/ B3 t0 U2 s+ I! Y, zthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2/ Z% I8 i' |0 f! `
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
, N4 u) d) X7 KThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
" [6 ] d8 Q; W" w2 d5 ning frequent erections.
4 N4 o H) e( TBoth parents were again questioned about use of
# p9 R5 y/ D8 [( p# Gany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
, [. X: c5 U9 ]/ ]! H3 @the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
8 e+ M! c ^' D9 B6 O, xTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541, m& f2 G- S: k' F
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
, M) R. d5 k. n2 d4 b9 o4 w$ ring over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for& k" n' x* @+ G2 O/ c. ]) a+ A" Q
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
4 f8 y8 R. o/ Sto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
) t9 {5 Y8 g. @9 }' Nscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
7 h" W; @4 u/ x0 u; u" H% B2 ^ Isecondary to depression.
1 s9 V3 F. `& ^' V3 tThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
$ h" |+ v+ p& T4 u; JThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
" p6 {% m7 m2 A ?chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-+ |* m$ b+ e, m: C0 k4 J; I/ W' M
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
; T9 F) x8 n# x2 K8 G6 j rThe father also admitted that after the phone call,( f' r9 n& U B4 g6 Y
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby5 L9 R4 I8 ], k. P
was high, he then read the product information
1 e0 z# Z# ~+ Z$ D1 ~packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
5 o a8 J( F( j& q$ M, c. T$ ~ Tson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
# J$ l- d: m9 l# a/ gdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
: ?9 t7 z- P! S; E6 Y4 x. B0 j- l( `father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
+ Q) ~, L1 e& N: {6 w+ Gbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone- _ R, c, l( s& E2 X2 B6 |+ F
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
+ q& Q) k6 r, f9 m$ b: \laboratory to obtain the test.
8 S* |' ?, w- I( B, }& Y4 RDiscussion8 t/ h( n) N, K+ E* G; b( Y
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
& g( D, f% e2 z& m+ t5 n2 F# wsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
( E n, L( @* w! X( E: rPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
2 i$ N8 i+ Z# o7 _5 `: Z2 eit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-6 R) ]& f5 F6 G/ w+ |$ M/ B$ T
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
+ T7 N) v) x# a5 U4 g- c, `mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
* H3 ^- ?, G5 n2 [0 Y O! P5 gmay have a central nervous system lesion that is) I& D0 r" y5 S2 `. s& x+ ^
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal- j& W3 c, N: _$ ]! r* `
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-3 }/ ]8 _, J3 b; K: o! E) Y
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
9 w6 o3 e2 ^/ P( b( Cboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
" M2 L( j1 P+ W. @7 Qization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
$ l0 @& ^) d7 [/ K8 k; erical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
4 p& F9 J. f5 B( }gonadotropins.1,3
! H4 P* {% V' c$ b/ |) rGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
; U C {1 v) o$ n* j% k0 Rcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
' M0 m6 l% G+ y' `, nandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or+ w" G" ?1 P/ h& q3 a' T
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
6 W ]# f0 R& j4 j$ |, Wulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
6 K$ ?6 P& J8 U! K6 fcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive* t1 p X& v5 o. [9 v
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
/ b4 K1 r5 I$ ^; y J: H, b9 mpuberty in boys.3,4
1 b# U+ }- U, b! [! cThe most common form of congenital adrenal3 Z( Y( u- i& b) ]; z2 o9 K6 ?( Q
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
" m1 ~0 J) t8 {9 [- z% wThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in% v' Q9 ]/ g6 x
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,5 T% W3 i9 }! b- t
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen$ }3 a4 u: b; z8 h/ J
excess.1,31 m: x: R1 |# j3 s, o. N( D% F
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 X6 O/ H: D& W" b3 S6 j+ y% M
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
- f# t$ P8 l6 o/ F5 Z* HA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
4 n4 l+ T6 m$ Y/ L- V! S+ uindependent precocious puberty, which is also known9 ?! v+ a8 y2 \ \2 d1 Y0 ^
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a$ u/ Q6 L, h- f" L" b/ E
very young age. The physical findings in these boys& g6 V- o7 Z# p2 @
with this disorder are full pubertal development,7 q; h) I0 `" ]( e% x3 F
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys6 \8 w9 E, h7 j% m& _" f' w( y
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder) w( A6 n$ l) ~: r
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show0 m, g# Y& F. B% F, y
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
' ?" S& D- p; C; G$ w( G: Ureleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
% w7 C2 h$ Q* Z- a$ q6 kautosomal dominant disorder that affects only# Y1 v' t/ c6 E/ F1 ]
males; therefore, other male members of the family
6 k& e: ^4 O) `9 ]may have similar precocious puberty.3
3 T, A; k9 p P+ ?8 x6 kIn our patient, physical examination was incon-0 |8 \, Q6 J; ^* A0 w
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
9 E1 }/ Z" T+ K2 {cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis; Z% V# R* H% z* N4 A% \9 T
was in the differential diagnosis because his father) Z8 p2 P& B$ U
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,& j' l0 C ?( ~3 n0 O5 f
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
, y; f8 h' y- X+ zbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-- i; G7 l X3 W+ l7 C# \
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our, e$ H, e6 P9 h( u7 u: ~
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,0 P+ W @2 x# ~& T' q4 ]
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
; a: \, D) I- k! |( fdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-+ G( j' u$ [( _& z3 F! ~" a
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
- x0 r4 g j' x1 c8 }3 g8 aThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
5 r' `# a- I! Gsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because: U) P: z- } e& b) Z- Y1 ~' E: c
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
6 z: L/ ]0 K8 S- M: c- Vpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and9 u0 L3 _1 M* ]( t3 v; }" g* f
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
! [& N5 D0 g" r( K5 pterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
3 V9 g. l5 C0 L) d& c/ Lusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
" o# g S- j0 W9 UDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or8 V2 x4 n" A) Y0 m% f O$ ~
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
; n+ u- L! ^& Eunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
}( x% ]+ K; b. g7 C# wSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the+ d4 |" b8 `7 a' p6 M% ? R
baseline value in those females who were exposed to/ }* K1 t5 r9 F, A$ T) I$ q( C
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
; O0 V4 f& F) T( z* opartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
/ A7 F* j) c$ {, e4 {* Gtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
4 e& h5 j( b; e6 Z. T( FOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
, W5 e9 _' J8 c) x3 o4 P; ?& rwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that R2 y' B# Z0 B' `5 L
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
^, ?( C) }6 J) k8 t7 L. N* _terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more! Q8 R$ T: W6 F0 J
active in young children exposed to testosterone
4 C0 C# r3 c* E1 u& Z) iexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
9 i6 k( c$ L9 M, N/ k5 \drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to+ D# F. L _% S! E! K1 K) F
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
1 m& |. n- z1 u, m- c/ lchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
' M: {7 M- M& o* v0 D* K0 Q7 G2 Hadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.8 ~7 i* H7 p! r) c3 [, O
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
. H ]' [. [& T' ?. R4 hearly childhood on pubertal development and final. R( N: e/ j+ T' q
adult height are not fully known and always remain$ U4 U; |( ~ D+ @4 K
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
+ N: ^# l4 D K8 e6 Aterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
9 P; a4 k" z6 Y/ J! ]* t, Jacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
7 E W/ q3 J$ G6 ~0 r3 L6 q% e* Ecessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
1 A$ m1 R/ r$ D! N' y1 ]# ydecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
( i% v8 @, ~' X" ?There are conflicting reports and controversy( `& ]1 {/ k4 ]1 B, A% e) R
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult; @5 N) I5 z! ~+ F: j. V
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal6 u, o7 i0 [2 Y/ j' N# v
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
% ~8 p- l6 P4 w" I0 Tulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,7 K" ]. P, Z/ ^7 i7 @
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
/ l9 Y- d5 y8 m7 mchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult* k d, }! [3 h# e
penile length in clinical studies.
: M( t$ y$ |. bNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is) Y+ i; J+ {2 S5 {( ]9 _8 A7 z
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
; W# L0 R* t* j9 g1 H c6 `testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because5 y! h+ k9 _4 w' V' ?3 G
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.. t) t+ c2 M5 N
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
# u, U' x) T8 A7 @9 J) bdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at& A2 o" e; S6 m) x
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
( ~& {. o- h* b6 i4 f+ ~& Fheight will not be affected.) c# U3 {& p2 ~6 ^( J- @8 \
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
* [+ j( W m. p/ rability of androgen products in our society may8 l+ F$ ]7 T* Y& ]/ E. k& W
indeed cause more virilization in male or female; L+ F1 j4 X' \( ?4 I6 h2 h
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-' q' Q6 Y1 g# _' I1 D) s" q
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
( r0 }8 J; ]7 B% u$ P, r+ T! u$ Htioning about the use of a testosterone product or
( x* z( g, w7 kgel should be asked of the family members during
5 `; t+ R( I% f* Ethe evaluation of any children who present with vir-0 k% W5 J) e( Q1 r! \4 Y- F2 G
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-8 S5 a' L1 O( u ]% W( i
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
0 z7 U3 W; I1 f6 h" u3 ^appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
* P. h- E6 B' H8 g6 r! U9 }0 J I- ~history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
3 t. O% n8 d9 O) I+ c zresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive2 i7 {3 T5 ?/ `7 ~, C$ j
investigation. The primary care physician should be* |' A% M, u B+ B$ |7 P; \
aware of this fact, because most of these children; m1 o' Y' K3 m N* U6 h+ g
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
8 i9 A1 v( ]: C2 q! jDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
% f' k' e+ D3 Awarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
6 @+ N( T% _. Lfemale child who might come in contact with some-
. ?, F; y! ] h4 t. bone using any of these products.
0 U; g( E/ P* k5 R. RReferences
( ?5 b7 t+ R8 Q' f0 v$ _1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation0 b8 {% e8 S8 c: B' D
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric$ k/ G: ~* ^; E( o1 T
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;. |. ]1 f! p: p" o
2002: 565-628.
+ w4 `9 F8 y2 Z& j; {2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
" {, W! m- o6 n% E6 Fpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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