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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
6 S$ a( @% A+ Z9 Q6 j6 l6 VBoy Induced by Indirect Topical+ Y9 R# I3 G3 R* j+ D  x
Exposure to Testosterone
7 g* T* e4 t. @* S6 k8 kSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
4 T& h9 z, |2 ?  u/ N0 d' [% h. Zand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1! e2 H+ n$ ~4 H/ I! ~  Z) [  S
Clinical Pediatrics. R# C7 N' f$ A0 s5 n; Q
Volume 46 Number 6
4 `) B1 I9 \0 @8 B4 G, R3 tJuly 2007 540-543" ?4 w1 o4 F" v3 h3 u0 d5 |
© 2007 Sage Publications
, d) _, N8 {% `3 I% j+ E: x3 s10.1177/0009922806296651
; Y6 D/ e+ b* D! h$ n# ?" Ghttp://clp.sagepub.com* s) }' [7 x4 f3 p& f- _  Q
hosted at
& K+ ]3 _# `& A$ _- z: @/ u9 n+ ]7 W- chttp://online.sagepub.com1 E. k, v, o- b1 i2 L" q1 {
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
, W% E( C$ d% T/ Y2 B# Gis a significant concern for physicians. Central
9 M5 P  q) s+ X) ~) q. j7 Gprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated; {( H' }: u  w& G
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has9 }& s) M3 {% q* O$ F
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system( g- K) w: Z) a
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
: k* K' T5 t3 R# |* Jby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
+ H% k1 `! e' s: L1 E' v# uhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
/ H+ ]# w, M- G4 M/ bcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
+ _% k4 B' v7 Y' m' {$ Ereport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
' t7 K* J; Y, ]& `+ n  f/ _enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
! ?8 i! l3 D7 S4 ^3 y, ~1 Bment without testicular enlargement, which was due
9 T7 n* [8 D+ c3 i/ T# Hto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
, V* ]7 B- N1 q! bthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
4 e: n" L$ \7 X+ T# D7 ~mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this0 j- f( G9 L! v. P5 l7 J/ w3 n
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
: `' [7 w6 ~- S, D( W0 Ntestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-# h% @9 N4 E; c, y  ]+ B& s5 V: ~
bly more common than the rare case report in the1 X( @1 ]# W7 @! y% A4 `% x$ ?! _
literature.4: v8 g6 a+ s0 Y; |3 ^2 C7 V$ s
Patient Report
; f0 @8 D" w. o& s1 Z* g, @A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
2 M$ T! v, E2 c; {2 G0 ]/ aendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern. X5 Q# Q! Z, d3 s5 M
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
/ Q! V  E5 Q  G; Wlight colored pubic hair development when he was- C% I+ ]8 K/ u# F# X
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
" k. J3 q- u* A* D/ F  x* zSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
: t8 A, R0 l. y5 U7 e# T" M* qAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
1 y9 w# Z: g+ E) SProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of2 i% H) M7 d. n# i5 v' Q" v
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;1 A- M) b, [4 J
e-mail: [email protected].
+ K: Q. T) W) a: f9 {' Y% ?& Rabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became- b* v- a2 @8 J. a
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-; k( @' z& k$ M5 o
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
1 a* k' j9 R; Y0 zwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
+ h( m% m0 R6 Z8 `6 f. o, L3 ?+ L  {a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
/ O+ Z" T! m0 I  R8 U/ \20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
4 U0 ^5 w: N' U3 U2 V5 Tof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
; F3 m- |9 X# `4 S1 m: `solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
/ o- w; Q5 }1 `and his psychosocial and psychomotor development% a$ Q( c4 |5 x  x! o7 ~
was age appropriate.
9 K6 K" z5 i3 \. `The family history was remarkable for the father,4 r/ A- b2 N( l6 P1 Z$ q. b9 `* v; A
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
+ m3 F; U* B1 ?& ewhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s& |  U9 a5 R3 p) x4 B6 Y# n
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
9 K" C" I. T( r( Jearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
0 f9 k- Y1 C( m8 \5 p9 V+ B2 {The father denied taking any other medication. The! F8 ^& }% a- i+ j* B$ ~9 K7 I
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche6 l$ i* G/ A, u7 Y1 c/ v3 X; D0 m
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet& O. H) h  S* f8 m# b3 P
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-: Q; N% l2 H& t
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
# E  B+ S' }! n2 {3 f1 ttives. There were no siblings.% Z; Y* p0 s) k
Physical Examination
0 W2 A3 d# z4 ]& wThe physical examination revealed a very active,
9 {; m* |" q) B) ~6 r% S( l' \playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
! @, Q( g% X' M- g4 A( Ua blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
  I1 s5 w; ^) q6 K90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
  ^6 q+ d& h$ _(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
8 Y" h- t+ f0 l2 j6 P8 `velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
  J+ ^! u5 K8 h9 Nthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
3 X/ Q1 H4 V* eThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for0 U2 J& R9 ^! W* [$ \) m
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
$ e* F7 Z& }8 [0 N5 t8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well. E3 h5 @; d( E5 C2 Z3 l
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
. V1 G! w; F, h. O( P540
! q0 i& S9 `6 t, g# e% Cat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
' m1 u3 J7 y: @/ G& w- v# cthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The* U5 I) |7 i9 O' ~8 C
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
3 |1 E: j5 q/ ]The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat* W2 d- F, ^* X, Z4 D
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
4 e7 |- [5 g+ s8 xabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.9 `4 W4 z8 }' S' X- K  S
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
0 ?) u( w+ Y! r5 Vbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
: ?/ S& [+ `' x, \of papilledema.2 s+ Q, n+ D! j7 R; Z
Laboratory Evaluation. X7 ?  [- S1 a; ^2 S" B
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
5 l8 I9 `6 z4 K, s$ ~" f- E7 Uusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
& u) Q5 U. @8 N8 v0 Nlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal1 ]  T0 ?* R* w8 L
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
' v1 y* g" y' Z! y. D; Rshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
- l+ A: D: J! S. F/ \4 \1 _* C* alating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)., @; S/ O( |1 E5 r" |' B) Y7 h9 ?+ P
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood" z4 q2 x. N( f+ {- H8 @
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
" i3 l& J+ n8 V* n7 @  bwithin normal range for his age. The concentration% Y1 a* Q: h  N8 B9 e
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL' `( i5 g  U6 @* g$ Y
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20+ @1 r, Z+ X# I- V! N% p  {5 }' H
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-7 ~# Z2 Z. N: O3 `
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),5 A; N. G+ `+ k( r% W4 h: f) p( V7 J
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
& x* m9 j& t( Z0 W( i( F0 ~$ p49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)" J  K3 R0 J4 m. M; X8 F
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-7 }2 m* y: y; v5 ?, o; B# G. B
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total4 a# Y: N! w8 {6 r8 [  m' u
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),* \( c9 a, j  b4 s* F( y
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than7 K; E9 ?" ?! W  M( O1 ?0 ]
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular; y  ~% v, k3 W& m5 ?
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
- h& G9 l+ i# Bconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL# g1 _, ]9 A+ F2 S. J3 ~  g
(prepubertal).
) I- _6 T* c+ ^6 FThe parents were notified about the laboratory
, o6 ~5 {( N0 o  y; G; f  {9 Gresults and were informed that all of the tests were
, {9 s& i( y4 s* I: {  Nnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
# Z7 @+ m; B. j# t* Xfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
& z$ @. S/ m, r9 ~' Uobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-3 e, R% @4 |5 _+ {! M
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
  I" O9 l6 _2 f8 [; oPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
: `/ X  A/ s, j6 v; R8 r8 Y( Wchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained3 d0 m9 x" I; J0 }! G' R* ]* v/ }* Z
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
( H1 j' Z  U# s; O5 Eunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
, P/ S' k* {3 ?pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
) ~: y* S; t* p; R5 Zthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2( t( B& l2 h+ r2 u$ J
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
# `7 B: C2 _/ r9 IThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-5 a- }0 F/ N4 Y6 x% @2 c
ing frequent erections.* N2 @" y8 b3 n# Z% z. B7 A7 O8 d
Both parents were again questioned about use of! C* v$ p3 A- ]* I0 v7 ~
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
/ H. S8 o+ P1 L; T" m0 D$ Cthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
& E$ ]9 @- \$ ~: c  q3 p7 @Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5418 O. f! t1 q: u" T+ q5 C
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-' L& O( U0 w& i8 P; G  H- W
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for0 K+ Y2 a! c0 V9 V6 C( M6 A+ m* Y
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed& ~4 @7 r5 V; a) t6 f  C
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
8 E0 h6 s5 A- H4 x5 M$ dscribed by his family physician for decreased libido+ @/ t0 b9 p, I9 m+ d& P
secondary to depression.1 l' B5 E# O3 k- V( V2 \
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
; |9 q0 A' o& n* d7 e+ qThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his" j5 y  [3 u7 m+ p1 C, P) h
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
. G- }& Y' h( p% [0 L8 h5 cnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.# {: G. D5 s" S1 `4 x% p/ B7 m
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
0 [; J' u/ o( g/ s; fwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
& U' b) @$ M. ~9 zwas high, he then read the product information
5 ^" {# F  C# a+ i+ ^8 s/ Cpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-5 k) E% E8 y; `8 V: f7 d, K
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they1 a  g2 S0 M2 p/ W% b3 E( e
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
0 @# F& ~8 ~  d' p1 Q$ o7 Bfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
2 u  A6 {, b' I' u- `been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
. T2 w! j! u9 [test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
! _+ |; |/ ]6 w' Y' z3 Jlaboratory to obtain the test." o' @5 N' R; e
Discussion
9 `) }$ d# P, O# Y% S9 g% _% B4 VPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary7 ^3 g% j0 d) H. u- y4 h& }3 `# [
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4; P4 o7 f0 k  R$ x$ I
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
1 p& M) |' z, w( e+ Iit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
3 t( b1 w( k# ?9 Y, Z' c0 b' Fthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
' `# d( }4 _& s  a' H2 u* y- `5 }" imon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP2 d+ ?1 Z. F. T5 z! D, J
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
  ^3 {, q& V5 q7 h- N# Kresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-* W" n2 k0 q- y9 S+ J
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
- L& p7 J) r4 e3 e  R. t6 R1 L$ rsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in; N; b+ x2 y/ C) @9 [
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
5 F' E6 K% J3 X2 D3 Kization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-4 L2 A+ j7 y+ _
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by6 F6 W/ w- X( Z1 i( A# b
gonadotropins.1,3
& J8 k7 `' j6 d% J2 ]; bGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
$ j  ^* b+ }; F& _cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate1 d. X1 L' V+ `$ ]0 j& Y
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
$ ~3 n; K1 P1 u/ X# t& `- |; H3 @8 Nexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
8 t- v6 m8 f; W' Z8 I, S( _ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
9 D/ d) u1 f; t6 Q6 Kcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
% H* t0 J( I/ {! y5 fadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
8 J6 Y# n4 N, L1 m3 O( Ppuberty in boys.3,4  m+ p+ z( _. Y
The most common form of congenital adrenal
9 m  e) F8 E" J; s; I% Fhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
& q$ N. J' \+ ^# a0 @4 gThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
8 m, Y& X' L4 W* Y, Fexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
3 k' A: v6 {% L& M) Ian adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
# }, z8 T5 w& Z1 R, o" |0 }4 ~) e' [excess.1,3
2 b: U- A1 `( W; e0 _& R" i. Z, Tat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from9 N1 i% `+ ^, Q# N8 }; N
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
+ i" x( D1 O  a' j9 C  m& K, j7 GA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-" N  o2 h9 a/ h1 j* S* ^
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
! s2 x& ]! A' g4 c) M9 das testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a" G/ Y1 O( ]4 Z. H1 B. w- r9 y! A: u
very young age. The physical findings in these boys3 U, {# d; ^: s# h
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
$ E, E" h! R( Wincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
6 N) p& R/ f! l) c% h: {5 }with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
$ b! M+ o& O4 t, t8 sare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
" n9 X- ^3 n4 j( W. Opubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
2 i* p* D6 l+ v& C! xreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
. l) o" r- q9 B' a$ V( wautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
. B% R5 n/ ~/ G1 ?4 Ymales; therefore, other male members of the family
  N( x5 Z! ]# q2 s4 ^9 o8 jmay have similar precocious puberty.3
9 Z5 I8 b  x/ F/ m5 WIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
; d5 E" U3 I9 D) l: Osistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-5 `5 i! z$ z, s
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
1 q0 R7 {: a1 Y: J, Jwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
( l& i3 N! {% c5 @3 r7 y8 e8 v& @9 }9 \started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,5 G& s! f. Q; U
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the8 c$ i/ I8 d; v, G# g, L
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-) ^# U- V- G" v( u+ u9 A
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our! P0 p; v: Y! S
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
- B& H+ ~7 r. M1 leither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase7 d2 i# \. @  s3 Y
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
: U/ F; g! F' ^( M6 ~! Bing the normal level of adrenal steroids.  l& ^' ^9 o3 K/ Y' f, k3 ]: p, y
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly3 A7 C2 e, @4 F. }- c4 \: A
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
: B- Z2 j8 H. J) p9 R; Tthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
2 O9 o' p* t9 {/ U- y. [* B4 Spearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and1 m7 R) c0 Z9 U0 m& d( }! A4 q! F+ l
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-. U  o+ Z' B2 H* B5 B* t( ]
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
0 d4 X' V2 ?! Cusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
) {6 ?* D! ^9 T' Z0 PDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
* U- w+ V! Y/ M6 K& f0 |1 q- n. R) m. kcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
) I$ a: m; u" E1 J. q2 S5 `8 tunprotected females through direct skin exposure.5 z5 U* Z2 e4 P7 ?' C9 E
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
* X2 H# K9 v8 g! f) ~+ [* Jbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
. t/ H3 Y# e% L$ Y/ _+ Ueven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
7 R" [( \: U# C" u  J3 I& T0 E/ opartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-% P9 x" f- M6 [, R, N) D! o
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.* f, K: w, @3 J4 K8 i
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
  s- p% s, k% `1 a' ]( M( L" Z' N& Awhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
# m6 f2 O" J+ `( p5 `9 D' ydermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
  m1 U9 B; H( \, R3 @terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
) y. ^; @9 U3 Yactive in young children exposed to testosterone
2 u% e/ G2 I; R; O/ o# Kexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-  g% v: a% K4 e4 y7 V# L
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to' B- t: M' W4 W3 u: |( s" q1 l
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in: o( U6 G5 \9 x: e% A
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
8 O# C# x! j" m3 W, t' D) J1 Hadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.% N+ s3 I+ D: B; j' w8 K8 e, T' o/ h
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
# V' H' f* ~; k  \& K! Gearly childhood on pubertal development and final
& o0 g# O0 R0 `" ?4 a3 T; fadult height are not fully known and always remain
* B3 T* K- {! ?6 `a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
' F; r7 F/ e- t' D, B4 Qterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
% u) ^, r5 p2 ~acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
( R5 J- {; e- G! j3 Vcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation! _; C1 C/ v' b
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
. }. r5 V, e) S: DThere are conflicting reports and controversy+ s2 h) \+ a: [! P+ e3 q  }4 g8 p
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
8 j6 C. c. {( Z4 R& ~+ |8 |. y8 @, c$ Gpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
( j4 E: ?4 B4 b# gadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-! N( ]! X; I* g$ A+ d/ c+ ^
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,6 S5 a; z" @: u. u. G8 I1 H
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between9 W; R0 r8 j" t6 P( x
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
; c- L4 d0 G9 x* lpenile length in clinical studies.
& ?: q7 T3 p3 y% S. C) {Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is8 `7 h$ o& @  u% Y: A- @7 N6 h3 G  O
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
" [# p; i) |) c/ Rtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because; L$ k' X- ~9 l  [" R$ h$ v9 ?" r
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.' C) _$ N5 w6 u, u
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
6 k& q; Z2 C. b# ^0 V7 S% ^& Mdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
. v/ V& n1 I& S9 f  ?; zthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult  B$ O  u9 I5 o$ D% p
height will not be affected.
" X) t+ K+ {* o; H# y' eAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
& b; S. N$ [6 _' q9 k, k' Vability of androgen products in our society may
6 r0 `. N, E  y( ^2 q, mindeed cause more virilization in male or female
( \* O' C* ^# Z8 ~% A3 L6 _children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-& x: A, z; R# \. B
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
- r; b6 V) s) ^$ h% Ttioning about the use of a testosterone product or
/ ~& S8 O7 {* M  F% w* u0 Fgel should be asked of the family members during0 L  W* c- e# O1 ^0 e( q/ H. y1 w
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-: K4 Z+ K+ ~' v% A  ^: j2 }+ K
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
3 N3 O4 O8 B# o2 t2 `' V! E4 bnosis can be established by just a few tests and by# O9 L( B% n9 V3 h: Y
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a2 Y% Q/ q( o' M- Y) {! i, s1 S+ d  V
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
! E% {2 M6 }) F6 \% ]result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
' M7 ^5 ?0 ^! A) O- M; H# v5 g) ^investigation. The primary care physician should be
; l+ W) M& Y& h2 Daware of this fact, because most of these children) X, k# ~3 w' i, {, {8 |# Q2 G& J9 K
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’# `1 `, p4 ^$ B$ u1 U% V
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a% |: Q6 C# A% V, j6 F
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or) N; Q# H" F1 X: r$ D* x$ W
female child who might come in contact with some-
3 V; o& F- _2 [: E; R0 l) i7 ?2 kone using any of these products.
1 ]" ~) r; f+ |: \1 z+ \* B( TReferences
  M8 i6 [/ U% V. V6 m3 \' a! y* `1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation7 F! a4 M. }* c
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
$ ?8 V2 x; D. Z9 ]$ |% a0 S5 XEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
2 V9 a" {1 K7 q7 {+ N% X8 p1 H2002: 565-628.
% n% \- ]2 F7 ], I2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious; l( X2 D+ {- F5 u' t8 C- B4 ?
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old" Q. {# h7 S' u" F- ^8 F1 w
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical( [/ P  z* D) Y- b
Exposure to Testosterone& X8 i/ a$ {7 `, d' B0 X
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,20 Z5 o/ ]; ]( ?3 M* ^4 `
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD12 L5 m# f6 V# ], s7 R' I
Clinical Pediatrics3 Y4 u& B- l8 ~% e' u# F, ~
Volume 46 Number 6
9 G7 z& K+ L% u6 PJuly 2007 540-543
7 O, Z, k" v6 ~1 R7 D$ f$ L© 2007 Sage Publications
+ R5 j, o8 ]! R6 h- u10.1177/0009922806296651% F2 y4 F7 B0 r0 [8 f. u% w
http://clp.sagepub.com
4 m2 v7 ^( o: [' E9 v$ W% {hosted at
6 }9 h) U7 `& F. g( B3 Hhttp://online.sagepub.com: H" R6 s3 D9 p! w8 p5 ?3 M
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,9 z5 T& w7 {4 L/ M4 _
is a significant concern for physicians. Central0 L  a! I. p( Y- D
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated( s4 B9 y/ N! l) Q. R! B
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has7 t$ [/ a5 b& U" I
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
. v1 m( v2 A# T% Tlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
/ d" d4 z: {& f/ v) M) J5 ?. Rby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
& q2 y/ c1 H/ Z5 n& nhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-4 q3 F% P$ |$ u$ U* T$ T% h
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We. z' H. c5 y4 f! t9 H1 y
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
. j  c; [/ i( }enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
( u$ l  [) f. mment without testicular enlargement, which was due
4 N' M$ q" \8 x/ ^* l0 Eto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by7 N/ x6 `! G, J" ~
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
7 A, t  p) W) E+ q% Omation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
; k4 U9 h: R% q4 Y$ p8 v% F' Nchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
0 J8 W( P4 G. ]: K; x6 W, d+ w8 r% atestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-6 \- ~3 z" i" _0 R" [) y
bly more common than the rare case report in the
$ c5 G2 Y4 G3 @5 Qliterature.4& m8 j  b0 [% E7 s& c* [. F0 ~
Patient Report
1 r+ E0 H% H8 u5 N& u! p/ aA 16-month-old white child was referred to the7 @' _! k+ B: F* D; r
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern' N2 X& P/ K/ y% ^7 k: r
of early sexual development. His mother noticed, N; J; g4 M. ~" @" Y) ~
light colored pubic hair development when he was: x/ B) V/ X4 V
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of( I; N3 e. _, D1 }7 k9 Q* a$ X
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.0 {) S) z* G* {# b1 O, F$ ]
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
, K# E) o, F7 X- B! gProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of+ s1 f8 |( H4 p1 S( g
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;* ?2 |. k* R7 r/ D( B$ D- C+ q2 R
e-mail: [email protected].1 `: f# c) o3 c- X4 f. j) y* c
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
4 G, |1 E, O0 g% ddarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-2 R* `& B5 n/ V6 n3 L, o) d
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child# J# Q/ |$ B: m% r- d
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
6 ~- V. T% M( F4 x+ c# La birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of/ x8 r1 D( L- J  ~
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
, l$ O) G( o/ y; |+ Cof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
% P) e4 ?6 l( M4 [$ u, [" [2 ]3 gsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,' A* [; \" o" C0 [
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
9 U8 r# x' q. ^4 {5 u  i# ?was age appropriate.- k0 ?* K1 \& h; `; I; O
The family history was remarkable for the father,
; k+ T$ B3 p3 ~0 E6 l0 \who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,! m2 p4 g: _6 L) Z/ ^9 c
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s3 m& g- i/ ~* C" `/ v, P" z# I0 h, E
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
$ r& {/ M) w% V- T2 F* Rearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.6 V3 _0 _5 u2 t$ k
The father denied taking any other medication. The
( I1 b6 R6 O$ l4 [  x/ @, [child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche$ X9 [& Y. j8 s9 J& L: T$ c
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
0 D6 E; ?, d2 b6 C- G) @, Y. X( k* Z5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
5 H0 C7 N# z$ q$ f9 |1 ~/ Scocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
! K: C& z; T6 m& x: H  g' }4 itives. There were no siblings.3 E( a& T& F! n. n9 b( S1 x
Physical Examination
+ h/ Y( e7 e0 D+ I% u5 N* y5 XThe physical examination revealed a very active,2 r6 M; M% N' l4 A$ J& E! ]
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
" M- ]4 ~6 N  Ja blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was' b2 y$ T; m6 }- n# _
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg" w$ U2 z( B" L& X! M5 [
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
+ J2 v" T5 W  N- V* [) F8 ?. F6 j8 y' [velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of* c7 s4 X  T: ^# x  Z: n% v$ x! U
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
2 x! E1 r( a+ L9 VThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for' k9 F# {1 P- f3 ^$ P+ E
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of. n/ `$ p, M: O9 f' ~) |
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well* K/ f6 w9 D* |8 a! E( M9 V9 N
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
/ k. K* U. w& X  m4 R0 b" E540' X" n: q4 w) O/ j, q  Z
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from" m1 ~  ^  A! R  J0 a5 N
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The6 k  X: Z5 A2 ^( b+ Z! i. r3 J
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.5 l0 Q2 A- L+ V, r
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
) w3 a) w/ H! a$ m/ Z) t  \oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
2 N  C0 u& f/ O% j- p- Rabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
8 }0 ?2 u8 w8 ]; e: xNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
, q8 W7 h. h6 X2 n# y" h) S0 E5 ?2 mbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
+ B8 o6 t1 T. m9 {  @. N' Cof papilledema.
% X. e. n$ ^/ p2 T2 R+ C. aLaboratory Evaluation
- O7 a- R' {9 r" {% gThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
9 D7 V0 z* C/ m1 W7 h& I+ Busing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-. M0 S3 u% ]+ S3 H2 G3 m, \( ?
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal2 a8 H  T2 Y  y1 t
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
% c" O" |4 L; E% h( `* e' Ashowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-/ n- u3 ]. z$ q. o4 ~# X
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).. C. d  H4 W" R9 D! q. g9 q) f0 A
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood. [' L9 U2 D! I. w* s4 ?+ s
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were. b# |. q7 {& {
within normal range for his age. The concentration
0 ?, A5 S+ l$ Jof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
& s3 H! J( x* O* C, _; P+ c- \(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 201 l& D4 f8 O' {2 R8 f
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
! R/ {) d% Y, q6 Vterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
: y9 a/ A- \0 e% ]+ Kdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to. M7 P1 ?% S! A
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
: m. z% E. p: }$ W/ N) E! ewas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-0 X2 Z7 z. e; _9 h; c( g
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
; G! M  w7 ?" @3 b& O( E6 }testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),6 g0 o+ _0 y0 i3 e+ Q0 k1 o6 ?
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
, h1 j2 U7 g0 n# u6 k5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular' M- b8 I: P+ e7 E2 ^- {- ?+ K9 `2 C5 \
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone" \8 ^& V( a& C2 I. E3 N! v: v3 n
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
  ]6 }" d) K# L4 X& k(prepubertal).) X+ k- k# [2 @) s2 F+ j, w! H+ l
The parents were notified about the laboratory1 ~. y( G0 F3 b9 p
results and were informed that all of the tests were* o6 d- q/ H/ ?% N  a- |+ o
normal except the testosterone level was high. The/ T. J$ r  C6 j, b. s7 v! i
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to+ v/ u1 z& f0 M# U3 g" U& u8 V
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
2 z3 V$ G& I, m& X2 r+ \3 Jever, the family did not return for 4 months.; @9 N* i" X9 Z, k0 L$ b- m9 z5 m3 {
Physical examination at this time revealed that the$ u- }& ^. c1 K0 Z
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained6 f# w8 w  V3 n8 a+ k% V
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
7 Q+ R  V8 r( c" Hunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-( o* z, q! L3 W0 o2 f  h
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
' ^; z: I$ N9 W  N0 {the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
% L( p3 l6 n5 Q7 N& imL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
; c/ Z% h( Y$ K1 r  Y& Z# U" wThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
. B) N: }: q& l- b5 D6 o, Ding frequent erections.. X, |$ N) \; @- }0 _, t
Both parents were again questioned about use of/ X# T( |1 t2 B# l7 F) V% W( L) R
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
0 Y. |% {% O& ~1 ithe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
. O7 B9 `' [0 S  O3 qTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541% v9 T4 i$ m: d2 v. P: R1 M! N
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
8 ~1 G' N# G! B4 Aing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
" H) b4 A: |+ k0 _6 K7 M& ]a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed' O! _  b* Z1 ?  U3 e
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
5 u6 O' m4 D( }  E' v, x4 fscribed by his family physician for decreased libido; F# l0 a! E  |6 @
secondary to depression.
  q$ O- X4 p  S9 @8 ]& S3 jThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
) V, B7 h6 G- C$ tThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his7 ~) F2 Z6 M7 ]0 K6 k
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-& M9 Y4 q4 c, ]0 R( W9 d7 M$ u% J
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
- _8 n7 E' {# w0 EThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
& Q; {7 Y! o6 Uwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby% Y/ G  _0 z$ U3 r' }& G9 O7 v
was high, he then read the product information9 G1 X8 B* z8 J) f) Q7 ^, a( m0 w
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-, _( O4 F9 W0 s; D
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they; @2 t5 U' F  W6 h
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the% X- T7 V! K' L0 K' p$ ]' Y
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had1 p. [7 p7 R. Y6 C$ P
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
2 ~' B/ T# o4 H) k5 h" Ttest was ordered, but the family did not go to the& [7 H2 A/ B" \$ [0 I
laboratory to obtain the test.  ?' f% U# J9 u6 B/ Q
Discussion$ f* N- r% s* ~4 h* K( z8 _6 B
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
: V, r" p* n. F' T. N5 \8 Asexual development before 9 years of age.1,42 {! i( W3 E; V
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
" E, k  ^4 }8 s2 [it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-3 H) o* p7 K* i! t- A
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
4 @0 n: h6 x& m" a% w+ I' Q3 Umon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP0 K8 h- A! B) w
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
  h+ Z# H/ _1 iresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-$ m& ?6 F3 {: P
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-9 E% n  v! R# D5 w, h' V
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in4 k1 i, o0 `6 S; |; h* F2 A3 n" I
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
8 m' m6 c7 q6 h5 K1 M+ l7 Yization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
0 H, W- {: O% g9 Yrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by8 R! h2 d( \; d: u$ g
gonadotropins.1,3+ K/ Q4 g% t4 p7 V
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-6 U. ?* [7 H# @' ~9 @, Y
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate0 e" g% p# q4 b5 O6 i3 V0 c
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
% L. R9 |' M7 o; o& lexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-) {1 q0 p' }- U/ y+ [9 r5 F
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing$ M  c( R2 o+ J6 ~7 w$ j
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
' a4 I8 i$ \3 l" x  }- m, g5 C' sadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
8 w$ U7 }8 C8 O# m6 Ppuberty in boys.3,4' p+ R' I% X0 I5 w* }
The most common form of congenital adrenal
3 X7 ^+ }3 g) m  M& S7 Xhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency./ ~+ d' v; J. Z' O5 n
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
( F2 u1 g- a8 b% _, Q4 a0 C* ~$ pexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
3 W5 V* ^5 R* f! o( qan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen2 P/ r  ]8 q3 W& J: C. W
excess.1,3
0 U* Q. D4 k1 N5 H5 Uat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from$ }# S) ]7 k  K
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007' k! v" w1 j% @+ X
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-& V; g& w1 Y% k$ x+ H
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
% y5 l3 H6 S: f+ f, n- H7 cas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a7 i: Q1 K$ ]1 M
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
* h7 g% m) }' Gwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
/ q1 o6 \. q& S9 qincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
7 }' f! _/ d; }. H0 L, \with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder6 }9 N% ?4 v  l6 H/ ]
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
2 `8 G7 r) v2 ]* A5 P: z( Zpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
8 g' S8 B* _* s: i; K: Yreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked3 b3 g( p  s, {  l$ S) Q# T
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only; a/ k5 \4 H9 O1 [. V5 k! q& V
males; therefore, other male members of the family& |( B: _% o" K  \
may have similar precocious puberty.37 ?( B+ r/ m% x% |5 C1 A
In our patient, physical examination was incon-9 e0 [; J5 L$ ?3 `0 P
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
& p/ }) K" j" T" N5 F) t6 P5 acles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
: I1 b, c+ P2 H2 z) P$ Dwas in the differential diagnosis because his father, \' T2 }4 [. @/ e6 ?& N4 x9 E  X' N
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
% d* T- ]) B0 T: C  t1 [4 dtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
# F2 j! c9 q9 c% b( J5 \# s* S" Mbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
) |* U1 W! }' d3 N: vative initial history of androgen exposure, our; s) K$ e3 X  t" o! z# a
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
4 P  p4 Y! ]3 meither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase0 R% X, k. ]! G3 O6 N  U
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-/ `! y5 z" y' q8 C
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
+ R6 u7 o! q# T/ q' f9 `The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly5 I3 @- q( f  p; w
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
6 l: ]0 z, h3 b* othe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
, X7 H8 G- ~0 V6 ]2 b! rpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
' \' Q7 U, M, X' @) j0 t4 tdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-% B; |, a% t1 d/ S6 l
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was  Q- m5 p4 P! l# e8 o# ?
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’  q2 l2 |! T# a1 `7 a/ a
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or! n5 G3 \& L5 z$ I8 [  \- G+ l
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
5 o( l0 g+ V' c( k; ]4 ounprotected females through direct skin exposure.
4 K) W) h. B! X, F$ I( rSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the8 |! z4 A  v6 H! W; C2 u
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
/ z; p8 e9 N. U0 `even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
, }$ ^5 M5 R+ Upartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-( a" E5 e8 V: S: |4 @0 v
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
4 k0 k2 _4 S" |6 _! U: ?: pOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
0 X6 G2 J% m% g: rwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
! Z" T7 i  a. }$ Rdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
* Q8 C8 d1 C  @! Lterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more( ~/ U8 R) i' f+ I" K7 _
active in young children exposed to testosterone6 i; y" z: }/ E+ L9 g3 P
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
1 U: `1 e9 [3 L  h" H# N  S% H7 udrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to4 N  H( d' [* R, `
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in8 e5 N* g' u0 h% p. a
children results in an increase in growth velocity and( H: B* ^! d: Q; f  F
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
* K' b( l5 k- B% L, B/ \# HThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during: A: V3 d9 Z. K( ^" K$ u/ Q
early childhood on pubertal development and final
/ _; j  _5 Q  K& W# ~) r0 \adult height are not fully known and always remain
6 C8 j! Y0 E% e8 [; c0 W% L2 la concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
9 J9 S' F1 T. t0 Y! d0 yterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
, H0 V5 O9 [. G' m( B! u7 bacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
; I0 d$ r  M' ^" Tcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation5 f! E- r- J4 a1 \( y
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
8 D0 h0 p* M, }, kThere are conflicting reports and controversy1 k0 Z/ l4 E9 P" J, f2 X
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
. L& u) Q% X" @; S& x: wpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal7 u$ j4 Z! S2 A- N4 x
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-4 l# U$ m) T) M' K; Q  ]2 d1 g
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
3 S8 ^9 z# M" N1 u1 x2 w8 bSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
7 {9 V" f0 v( V5 Q# C; tchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
/ s- k: ~. t4 M& z$ b2 Vpenile length in clinical studies.4 T7 n3 b1 ?  V3 D- n' o
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is7 [% t( m) y$ M* @2 @: I
going to experience any of the untoward effects from- S8 C- t7 L% Z2 z* t7 F4 X! y% p' _, P0 ?
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
1 h+ z+ v: x8 I; qthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.1 q/ N+ v. x6 \: T
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of. [" p" v9 h* G6 s- Y, F
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
$ [; ~- @( s6 B) e4 sthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
6 G" X0 {  V! r6 E" `7 h5 k& V2 gheight will not be affected.
* i- `$ u" ]8 ]' c# k! RAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-) f8 n% e7 F" g$ _6 B
ability of androgen products in our society may& q: I6 b* l7 I& d0 U( C* `' a) z- \; _- e  X
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
3 T4 d2 C8 M& w' b5 `children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
1 Y. }6 A3 c0 ^; n- g- kgen products must be considered and specific ques-. G9 d9 m7 b1 N- ~
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or( x$ T  m9 G7 p" h4 I1 t
gel should be asked of the family members during
" g, [5 R( ]4 M+ @8 \  W; I2 w5 _the evaluation of any children who present with vir-& e7 m6 ^# [! |$ g% E# x
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
: Q4 M! f* N  W& f; inosis can be established by just a few tests and by
" D9 c: _$ I% C0 [" @; D# xappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
; R) S2 H+ Z* s7 k% phistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may# Y, u/ h7 u! `- e7 \7 w
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive$ K! d& y7 l( q7 o
investigation. The primary care physician should be8 n7 B+ G% C, }+ n/ H1 Q
aware of this fact, because most of these children
, x1 W& M3 w- q) u) [may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
) C+ l7 ]7 A7 `5 zDesk Reference and package insert should also put a4 ^$ Q0 U# b# |, n* |& L" Q1 Y
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or% _* N# `! N1 Z6 P( f$ x
female child who might come in contact with some-1 z# E9 r$ w2 D! }. e4 j5 Q: D+ V
one using any of these products.
; t0 A3 Z& k; T0 p+ t" lReferences; R' c/ n) k( m1 a! d8 \# {& I" S3 w
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
! \( T  _# y. {( aand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
0 r5 d0 M1 G% w& \# b, h! J0 I) YEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
$ A# G1 N9 e, L/ e$ |9 f: U- U2002: 565-628.! ^. v" t, P8 \' r7 A) `5 h
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious7 E  Q$ M5 G, s9 ^/ I9 o5 M* C6 v8 t
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

& N7 L5 g: ~3 [精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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