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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
, y+ ]+ t  M' @" T( ?# G6 f9 D& J% t$ ABoy Induced by Indirect Topical. w$ O% W0 l; V# Z6 ?, ?
Exposure to Testosterone! T( w) E1 U8 X
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,23 x% }* z) J0 d1 g3 a( {
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
0 Z) u  s  ~+ Z- J% N( LClinical Pediatrics
( j# j' t: U9 d# yVolume 46 Number 6
) G# W  s- s2 z  _July 2007 540-5432 Y9 ]3 Z0 [4 ~8 ?- T8 s
© 2007 Sage Publications5 h/ d  e8 C% _; p
10.1177/0009922806296651/ c. f% B5 ^) [
http://clp.sagepub.com
6 U; \, ~: g, @hosted at
2 G2 g8 O; [/ Y* x' h8 ^. q9 Phttp://online.sagepub.com
# \& m, h/ e4 g+ O  |1 x! d6 S& FPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
( Q+ o: p& J+ uis a significant concern for physicians. Central: m) ~0 a9 }7 p0 o; b! Q' c4 E
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated9 h3 ^7 j1 K# q: n6 ^2 O* e. B
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
% G& m7 D  [$ F# Oa higher incidence of organic central nervous system5 {" N! \7 v3 ]: J. ?7 z
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested% X4 @( ^5 d$ C+ P: }, p
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
9 u2 L' U1 E6 F$ }! {8 t; E( Yhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
. P, G: f, P  ?+ Z4 E8 bcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We& \' I/ y- q6 {' f' x
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the9 s9 n5 [( \$ B
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-" I8 h1 i2 g3 J2 o4 M- w* i
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due- Q0 V$ `- r8 {0 `+ Y; }9 g* U
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by! ~' C2 l. t5 V( G" F& @6 W+ P2 d
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-0 l9 v* D$ J) X& H  L% a; h) a: [
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this- W  f8 l8 n( a8 u& M7 S2 F) u
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of& e1 Y4 u& R+ j6 M
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-/ W9 e$ w. B; G6 S- b$ |
bly more common than the rare case report in the
1 u. g" u$ Q4 {9 p, i8 ^1 ?$ g: zliterature.4
& E* B$ X. G$ I0 xPatient Report
2 y( r: L$ {3 O% f. J* }& f+ Q9 aA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
3 j1 G: L* ?  z7 m, f6 G- Q# wendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern9 m& H1 O" Q/ Z* y5 r7 ?% Y6 v2 Q
of early sexual development. His mother noticed" a- y8 ]# x- ^/ d! i! D6 V1 G
light colored pubic hair development when he was
' `, f$ }( Y8 I, R+ FFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
, D9 B6 @- o$ a2 jSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
( R1 t& _( p/ fAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,( L; ~# |) z9 k8 s7 C
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
3 G. T; C# s( x# x$ W' `; a6 T! RMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;2 f$ h, X9 t4 g
e-mail: [email protected].* |$ `8 W+ ~4 y* N2 A( C
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became  {  k# Z& G4 r- p: A
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-# h7 q: p& R. w5 z- q9 h
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
, x" t+ V7 I$ B% wwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
5 T8 N0 O) d% U+ R- q3 va birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of3 F8 ^2 l; {/ b( s3 b
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year3 Y8 i# r; c7 B- V' B8 ]0 p+ u
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with. l+ B5 U4 e9 a% Y. D* |& q7 G& M; i
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
5 n, B& z# {6 a  y" p$ \and his psychosocial and psychomotor development6 t  S: J2 \- M; R& R6 C
was age appropriate.; _, q7 o! \! ?( u5 C% k) N# j
The family history was remarkable for the father,
2 S7 m( B( a7 b1 {) }4 jwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,% Z9 ^& T+ e; O& q, M$ X
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s4 d6 K0 Z7 Y1 D" i! }3 l
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
5 T" g0 E8 }6 T/ x. f7 searly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14./ y' Z% H" }  _$ t) T. q
The father denied taking any other medication. The
$ W. u+ n7 _4 o+ E" f5 hchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche. k5 y0 U3 ?' O" x* C+ o1 x
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
3 R5 G, W, |) I9 K5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
2 K3 J: \2 r2 d# Z/ v5 m' }cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-$ P& i% S( C" Q! @1 A
tives. There were no siblings.& d0 ^) b6 b4 l
Physical Examination
. t1 Y! w0 g5 h: cThe physical examination revealed a very active,
. G/ ]* c8 l" g8 Q6 b1 C0 tplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
7 T9 f' Z3 |- m+ s! La blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was; r) \' x3 u! F# }
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
/ L: B" F3 G; M(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
0 ~+ }! {' p4 h" x7 `* x6 G/ Yvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of5 e( r6 Z- ], M; B( P# v6 g
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
. V) {3 _& E8 J1 D+ G4 \The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
' K! e% h: B7 Z' j: C6 }) P, v* K; Henlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of4 a! u, r) t( X* d" o
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well$ [+ Z. T, l7 W! F
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around) C! E8 L# \4 I) u% }6 f
540
6 B' k& B$ I- o8 pat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from- j& s4 R/ B# p  }) R) P
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
( P5 |$ Y1 f) O0 }testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
& r- y2 H/ E# L4 \The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
: z: o# H" M* J9 a( ?2 d$ ~; noily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no- w, S$ o5 a& X& }* a9 M
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.7 f1 V3 Q0 S$ ~
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
: N1 z' n; }/ Ubilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
9 m+ o9 k. v! z. Z! Q, ~% d% aof papilledema.# S  ]. @; B8 K' A* i+ E
Laboratory Evaluation; i/ `* n# A: q8 l8 m
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
7 b" g; X6 Z  V  g5 {using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
% R) U3 d" s$ A" ^3 Flogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
5 Z( }5 C8 U" K# q% y* I3 S: T' j6 _: lkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test/ z; t$ X" x" w4 n: f" L
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
4 l8 O) U- V- E% }! z* B$ h6 X* qlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
! z8 W% P9 A: V& y1 \The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood1 D* \0 l, j) z; {2 |9 _0 O9 q
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
2 F  w" G0 D6 B8 Hwithin normal range for his age. The concentration/ Z2 B+ V" s! \& B1 a2 N- z
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
' A% G2 g7 R6 l: w( @5 A(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20/ A/ x( ?5 s6 s3 m6 ?6 n* t. U' v- B# |
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-  v; W8 L9 z4 q0 Q* [) C
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),! @. D6 V% u3 G7 I; ^0 i- {
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to! E& g1 u; l- X' z  C& ]) j9 j/ f
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)6 s9 X  E7 J, G; g: j1 m& Z
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-7 v4 J* T2 v! x9 B5 F8 X& b$ L
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total# F* e2 E5 b! i0 [; E
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),! E. Y5 G$ t* L! S7 l
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
% i; i/ n4 r0 Q+ f/ W. t5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
  p+ k3 U- w. Q( {stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone) z, N, D0 k# t% ^+ s  p8 q0 @0 L! L
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
$ g# \7 C0 i7 _! j$ O& ^(prepubertal).
2 z- {3 N3 w- Y% l6 o% Y) aThe parents were notified about the laboratory
% H1 W7 U* L9 Y$ zresults and were informed that all of the tests were$ ~: X" z' i3 a9 S! S( a  a0 y
normal except the testosterone level was high. The2 u, y* b: {7 R, l
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
' K( H5 b7 x/ \7 [$ P5 M0 U# o3 d8 Tobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
& T( E3 Y* Y8 j; J7 z6 M2 Fever, the family did not return for 4 months.
$ n' c  s* n6 }* {3 wPhysical examination at this time revealed that the8 ^  W' u% |2 K- ]* h: a. o
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
9 B5 I- C: P$ a) K$ [  m5 ]* u2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
0 X/ ~) e2 s8 Z6 P! funchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
7 ?$ V9 j/ d5 Z! d! X, wpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
$ @, c( ?6 m+ z' P; Jthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2- E7 X, [' e9 @* S/ F  U( }3 L/ i- P
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.3 E7 E: Y3 u# [% P
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
; i  i; r' z% v3 ^) S: qing frequent erections." G  F% T/ {$ O$ k9 w  I
Both parents were again questioned about use of
4 T% J; I  `7 C) C# Zany ointment/creams that they may have applied to# h1 L/ S! G. _' |. B: h5 ?
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the1 B; F: m+ [+ B6 t1 L
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541% b& y$ I+ V! u* n  O, R
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-, Y( E; r4 @* M! b: m5 h
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
# y$ l/ x( C8 L  {6 k  i1 f! u8 oa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
! `! J" t! t' X  E, Bto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
4 X% ~1 j( D# H' y% ?scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
: d' k8 E  f2 y3 x2 j+ A; osecondary to depression.+ ~! S1 S. Z% v7 l/ v# ?
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
  j8 l3 q; e& S! QThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
& {8 h, z' i' P0 X5 C% O% V+ schest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
, |) v) A# i8 Y( G& v+ b4 s/ [nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.. V: s- C6 z3 K- W! W6 g. t
The father also admitted that after the phone call,( W  o  u9 D1 A* A
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby$ C( n! y% l  a! g. \2 s% q
was high, he then read the product information
3 |. C7 v! |9 g* ^/ a' n2 v% wpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
" B: s4 |# j% wson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they4 j; y% Z$ z1 [4 D# m4 o$ h% r) p- J
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the% i+ G+ x( b9 ?5 {! M% p
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
- f& @% Z5 e1 @2 U, ^1 _  ubeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
8 d( o( a# z, A  X9 E: Ctest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
: o& n# V$ \3 m+ V' a" U! llaboratory to obtain the test.4 o; v# `6 M- s7 e, K# B
Discussion
+ M' v% H( j) U2 \) t6 D( lPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary- D& C2 }5 [% k- b
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
6 a7 K7 x# o- K* kPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
' V1 Y! i7 T2 a) }7 C& [it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-; D8 o' F3 F, j# z# g
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-4 o' c+ v; I2 B! l* M+ M" W) s, \) r
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP5 j1 a! @7 B5 n0 i7 B6 U7 J
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
% o9 B$ B& F! nresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
& q+ c( n1 W, f7 \. Namic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-- Y  D' v$ R  o: z3 H& X4 v( W" r
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in+ C8 U7 _; Q( S4 t
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
7 B* {- ^4 V4 |1 k8 Uization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-9 R/ O+ L+ g. j) Z2 ]5 h" Z! f( X
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
& n2 s9 g" U# l9 x! Y, k9 Egonadotropins.1,3" d& ?/ Q% J& `6 F/ V6 _  P1 t" V+ C
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-7 Y9 a+ e+ V: P8 Z
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate; F' Z$ H; ]- W5 S
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or: c0 Z) Z4 ~# P
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-$ Y6 ]; F' b- v
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
! ^, Y8 y& v! c9 H3 wcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
/ V0 r/ Q' x, h" [4 S' s9 ^" Kadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
# {; B/ x/ F8 a2 p  f" {# npuberty in boys.3,4
  |8 L; x, @) n' T7 W4 wThe most common form of congenital adrenal
3 J  e* n8 `" n  c2 Yhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
0 c/ o( F4 x$ @8 h6 u* R) {9 gThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
' y+ Q# N  o, w- V! Gexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
/ ^; H  c8 b  q! E5 }* Z  fan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
* q( Y1 K9 m5 t4 q* W2 Oexcess.1,3
& B1 O" |( W( ]  E1 U% a8 Sat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
6 `- U5 K- U% M" }% w542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
4 F( P0 A8 r7 X7 HA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
$ ^3 ^$ W0 L/ V1 K! e7 B6 x' v# ?( @independent precocious puberty, which is also known- x  L% y" ~, P, e* P6 D
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
7 [4 f% R. C( J5 M3 f" j/ N7 N3 |( Avery young age. The physical findings in these boys
/ g- e6 B% A8 b; |with this disorder are full pubertal development,4 S# ^+ V2 ~. ]; ^; V6 f
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
) l0 q$ Z- S: W( Owith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder& D) {7 ]  L/ b$ ~) r- }, _
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show0 m8 @5 u# F3 T$ L
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
. p3 H- x$ |2 ~" v/ ~& jreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
7 v( d+ n$ b, e2 Uautosomal dominant disorder that affects only5 E& ?, U7 R! b( ?" C
males; therefore, other male members of the family
  b! ~0 j& I9 @9 T, E& |$ Ymay have similar precocious puberty.36 j2 s$ P6 P; V5 t5 y- a; f
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
; Q2 X6 Y  I; X9 J3 jsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-1 J1 G/ a: V' o& H2 Y
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis: i  ~. T5 h( c6 Z% g
was in the differential diagnosis because his father" W, r, J1 ?( h5 g9 f6 M
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,3 t( j' o! ~' C# l" J& H
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
9 T. B' T' N( b- R9 i0 g9 Q. o5 Xbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-& Y9 }" c2 P: D0 R3 L# @
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our  D: c0 y$ S& |/ n3 [( M3 b$ S6 h
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,/ c6 {: V0 u+ E" r$ ^
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase5 Q! w4 Q9 U0 X" O
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
8 q% S. e2 W8 o7 u" @; c# ]ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.* F5 E7 e3 U' s9 G" O' t, g
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
2 f4 V" D* j$ t3 c! i& _" ysuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because' G, i! u& }) |( g/ K
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
7 Q( \0 \2 v3 s% n0 v$ Gpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and4 j9 e' g6 w( `6 E8 D
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
9 V% c& C. c( v. [, pterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was3 l3 c% x/ o% F( c1 q0 i0 {2 s
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’' z  r  p* D. p5 q9 ^
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or! y4 k( @& x) [6 i5 T. j2 N/ Z8 f
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to9 J) m. w  j+ v" \/ q
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.# n6 G2 z( @) j
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
" R9 X7 e$ q8 z% Ebaseline value in those females who were exposed to
  j& b+ M; X( S9 |2 t3 {( xeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male* x' Y: n; d% h6 ~
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-) V: R7 x: T- N0 r. s' c0 H
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
/ t: s9 P6 O% l4 N: ^4 I) [( ?5 MOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,2 @& |! ?5 L3 s) _) k1 x
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that( l& R8 d  r! g
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-9 i' f+ H6 q* o. V/ f6 J
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more: Y) r/ B: V/ l) T3 y/ X# }/ Q
active in young children exposed to testosterone
1 a: `5 e* a! k6 E5 nexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-3 k# H; K3 L( z1 h& y+ v' G
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
/ w6 t) W: o9 u7 D+ Vvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
. \  _$ Q) U: K" J% G- x( g1 Y* @children results in an increase in growth velocity and
& K* x) \) k4 N0 Y# F: H/ Xadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.; a. G& ~: T0 ^$ L2 l0 {2 ?
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
# J, I! u0 S2 P$ i: v9 {early childhood on pubertal development and final
% A1 |) H% {7 M2 h  C. }adult height are not fully known and always remain' ^$ l- _! G- L; Z5 v
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
; N) V+ h6 l- M3 j! gterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some/ E) e! W) _" U- V2 O+ C) A
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
' O" s" \1 E# N; z+ _/ _1 Vcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation5 `& ?- M$ n/ ~' |) Z9 N4 t5 ^
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9) V' z" K/ O: \& I" \4 ?
There are conflicting reports and controversy
* Y& C5 p% V) x3 wover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult. ^* h0 l1 }+ _2 K# G# W6 X
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal/ y) o. F# g- S
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-# u, Y8 s3 X4 _
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,9 w4 R1 K3 W- m) p+ M# d
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between1 j- o! V" w" e  o& D: Z
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult9 @7 O$ T4 w* ^
penile length in clinical studies.
6 ^& _. A6 j6 u. r7 c6 N* WNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
5 z/ @9 Z$ y# C7 _( rgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
! Y8 `6 J$ h- |2 A9 Y6 gtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
: p% E6 B; \! x* y, \the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time., B9 F3 V% I+ i7 s# m3 d
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of9 Q$ n; u( k# v4 g1 k8 o; c
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at% |# f( F  v; Y4 s$ i
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
' g6 ~# N$ c1 q1 dheight will not be affected.7 k9 n$ I% C. d% w" ?: u+ }# _
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
- c" c+ \+ i" K4 x' k. e( N7 wability of androgen products in our society may
$ w4 ~" v8 q! i$ q# F0 Jindeed cause more virilization in male or female
: [- N( z, d8 q+ `) n& r) Gchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-6 Z& ^2 y& a1 O6 ~% u5 h4 ?$ X/ {& u
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
1 O1 O  ?9 N* ]: Y1 `" `  ltioning about the use of a testosterone product or+ ]$ H1 Z" o6 p9 W) q8 z
gel should be asked of the family members during
# m" |& K/ ]0 I4 W% ]the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
# }# b2 k+ r4 ]* E, R# Vilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
; d" u, w# H  u. \( w) dnosis can be established by just a few tests and by  W& E0 ]  e* q! C( H
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a8 ~/ P% A( Z2 K( E# G0 O# ]4 j, l
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may7 @5 w! y/ A9 S* i2 p+ M
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive1 l% I- u5 x  j  i" k+ B; d! N
investigation. The primary care physician should be
  D* g; c3 B6 E/ n. ~1 k/ p9 }2 Baware of this fact, because most of these children6 s7 @6 J4 z* K1 ^4 q! t$ D+ B
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’7 |! ~+ {  N1 M! D# n8 ~
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
, I( M; C* l4 u# ~+ ?( z( @6 Ewarning about the virilizing effect on a male or" T! K2 a1 T2 Y: k# Q
female child who might come in contact with some-! E/ I- N& [- p! `6 v& I
one using any of these products.7 h) U- l1 [+ ?' @- J
References
' L8 |& o; j$ Y' T$ J( a. Q  `1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation& T! ]) l1 U( @4 ?' ~5 ~
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
* \4 I8 X. J6 n: eEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
9 O1 u0 t; h" P2 o  o2002: 565-628.1 K+ h1 k; ^& Y" b2 D, W6 f0 r; u
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious% l: A2 x4 E6 U1 @  p: A
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old- K! j) u% k& ^+ U
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical% Q- N, V" \' f
Exposure to Testosterone, a. @& R" M- M$ l) \. H% ~! O7 W* P
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2) t5 D( ~7 c& y7 G
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
: ]! i/ J8 h$ X. EClinical Pediatrics
% U- `# h' }  ?Volume 46 Number 6
, P5 J' c$ ]' H" BJuly 2007 540-543
( t) _/ e( _- G" w5 l: m. K© 2007 Sage Publications
# T4 ]5 l8 o7 W6 D10.1177/0009922806296651
& e" c- [7 g7 m( Z( ahttp://clp.sagepub.com
6 c( y/ a- L3 T' Hhosted at% ?" \) Y( X. G# C" z( t
http://online.sagepub.com
) A9 b& m; Z0 e4 w  e  ^" ZPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
2 J/ N) a& v3 Z3 V- F% s6 W& Uis a significant concern for physicians. Central: F. X  {2 n; z8 e+ R  x, e# |
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
9 a, U: S$ [* {0 D! ~$ c: D) xthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
' W7 s2 G* H' p' _9 _a higher incidence of organic central nervous system3 M! a' l% I* t, I9 S; k$ Q
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested0 _; T4 H5 g  P& G% S
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
. J% w# z" D( a1 ^  ihair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
) ~- r2 S8 }) e0 Q) kcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
& ]# @  ]+ l+ ^report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
& N; i8 @) k8 henlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-+ }+ n  W& H3 ]) W- s
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
+ q' d1 w) x6 d3 N' a! |to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
' x5 i9 q' ~. C; f0 K  {$ Kthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-. Y& k+ B  `/ y  R
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
% ?4 }% @2 \7 K8 f; V& Jchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
+ f  X3 G: a3 g/ v/ w' G3 ^9 b; @testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
" U- s1 l9 T' a  z. mbly more common than the rare case report in the3 ~4 N/ _' h* V- T  p6 b
literature.4# ]9 ]9 H1 Z  i7 {3 b+ d
Patient Report2 B* R8 C0 _, M, y" e) l
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the9 e# B) G7 F# v5 F
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern. ~; F: n4 L' N) h9 ?0 `
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
- W7 r  k& B5 h" |" _light colored pubic hair development when he was
$ g. e% y# }$ w5 WFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
; B& q: O7 w' s9 T$ [South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.2 D4 k8 W% u) J& T
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
9 r6 ?) l0 H; z) K; A" ^Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of7 H( E: V) l( F8 [2 e0 u
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
- |- O2 p; u$ X/ be-mail: [email protected].
8 F  O+ B. }5 R5 i: \0 nabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
' X5 `- u, u6 J& Adarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
8 a' \( I( K. |( _ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child! N/ z# P# M8 f6 h
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
  q0 ~. E" v0 B- Q# v& x- ha birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of* g3 s# p. C- e; r; P, n6 E% R
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year4 ~+ g; d$ c" q* S) ~. X
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with- i( K$ m- m; y
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,# ]- p. u4 H3 t( {2 a
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development# H8 F& }9 A3 F: }0 o, W
was age appropriate.* b# F0 H; c  ^8 u1 G' O+ O% i. Y
The family history was remarkable for the father,0 t* H. [# b6 K# R6 C! p2 \
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
% T  r5 V1 r0 U/ qwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
) S  C1 H9 G5 D7 H6 c. Y; _5 x5 zheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
4 H: W# l$ w7 u" s5 @early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
% K* i% @( L; c9 H, B! c* ?! c3 k2 ?The father denied taking any other medication. The
6 B7 s# D( l( Y; {8 m" j7 L0 Ochild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche9 j! t9 z. |. }' V- j( W4 P4 c3 x, S
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet; F. c& k  ~- j, s+ M: q
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
8 q0 [3 O$ `8 @cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
" w, ?# J/ @2 ?. s5 I; F3 [( ftives. There were no siblings.
4 e/ f$ W' y7 ~$ w  ^Physical Examination0 p4 A# |: d* U- [
The physical examination revealed a very active,
- Z, {9 d2 S% j  R( ~* s) q( c1 dplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
& s4 i' X$ O& J9 `1 Oa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was, T, \$ L" v5 A( a2 B
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
+ {  T6 X8 C6 q' U* w% H(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
" P& M, |- X0 t3 `velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
# [. i# ~; {5 q2 e* q" f- Athe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement./ v9 o) Q) r# }- X( ~% V3 g2 Y
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for1 V# e. \" y) `  O  C  n, l( _
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
/ r/ |7 H& ]4 x( W0 i2 n8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
, f2 G9 {- g+ \' |  g: zdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
* L: u* o* O4 X9 j; i- x- z540
5 E* A0 a$ M) _( ?- E* C+ Wat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
, b/ \9 \. W" _- y+ V4 H$ T. }% Hthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The5 u- D7 u4 r" c5 R! o
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each., L; U2 h, }& B- G* B% O
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
3 j( G/ i7 u9 Poily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
4 t( m0 P5 b0 g) z. Z4 z7 rabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots./ B* F; |) p" r
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+' y9 A* \% X8 E
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion) E! T3 a% p; Q) s0 S& i" z6 E
of papilledema.
& E" x- K# J& j; `. C$ T0 l3 h, PLaboratory Evaluation3 w, N; m5 H8 F) i
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by% R% C; t! {8 T; c/ G7 h% H
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-) v, E) c$ ?. U  V
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
1 B6 b$ ]: O6 V+ hkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test0 K/ T! U% c- w0 O% T* \5 O+ D$ A3 M  X
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
8 w+ I  Z+ J1 G3 ^2 n; Wlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).+ t) }- V7 A4 a9 E
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
  |1 [7 ^; Y& T; O* L- Burea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were2 P& G9 }  h& B4 R- _% _" P
within normal range for his age. The concentration$ u' M- P, f- y" g
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
2 f8 q% ^/ @  W(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
# i+ c: Y5 a+ s5 s. q$ `ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-4 Z& t% E9 V7 m( l0 z2 B
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
8 T# l" ~% N) |5 l7 ?desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
/ L6 X% A" o5 \1 D! i6 ?( j! ~' u- \49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
: }; C9 v& s  nwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-# X% K$ M" y2 s9 b  O! D, H* s
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total" V, }' D$ K; o! Y: n
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
8 U" `* x2 b' h8 Hand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than. Q# e5 ?5 j$ ?$ q( a
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular; w, p  X0 ]# j- Y: |6 S: c
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
8 A  l/ c$ ?$ q) _! bconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL! h7 ~( M( s/ r) v/ Z: R
(prepubertal).
* F' V3 s( v0 m6 pThe parents were notified about the laboratory6 [1 W# j2 O( R, O( ?4 f
results and were informed that all of the tests were
3 P; Y4 y4 ~. z( b& A; T7 c/ s9 hnormal except the testosterone level was high. The9 e9 N4 Z1 p8 X) z
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
& u  ?* J. R# ?  Zobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
! n. |2 x% [4 Q$ s6 L0 C2 {ever, the family did not return for 4 months.5 C( h" M( f; s1 U/ M
Physical examination at this time revealed that the% h6 ?$ ], B0 G6 J' l
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
9 A5 z; o6 W$ a% }$ c+ A/ t2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
0 d0 F. |. d5 V) A% ^! t5 n; S) Hunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
( B* x' w$ Q# @+ L4 [8 k8 tpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
/ B3 t0 U2 s+ I! Y, zthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2/ Z% I8 i' |0 f! `
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
, N4 u) d) X7 KThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
" [6 ]  d8 Q; W" w2 d5 ning frequent erections.
4 N4 o  H) e( TBoth parents were again questioned about use of
# p9 R5 y/ D8 [( p# Gany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
, [. X: c5 U9 ]/ ]! H3 @the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
8 e+ M! c  ^' D9 B6 O, xTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541, m& f2 G- S: k' F
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
, M) R. d5 k. n2 d4 b9 o4 w$ ring over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for& k" n' x* @+ G2 O/ c. ]) a+ A" Q
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
4 f8 y8 R. o/ Sto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
) t9 {5 Y8 g. @9 }' Nscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
7 h" W; @4 u/ x0 u; u" H% B2 ^  Isecondary to depression.
1 s9 V3 F. `& ^' V3 tThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
$ h" |+ v+ p& T4 u; JThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
" p6 {% m7 m2 A  ?chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-+ |* m$ b+ e, m: C0 k4 J; I/ W' M
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
; T9 F) x8 n# x2 K8 G6 j  rThe father also admitted that after the phone call,( f' r9 n& U  B4 g6 Y
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby5 L9 R4 I8 ], k. P
was high, he then read the product information
1 e0 z# Z# ~+ Z$ D1 ~packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
5 o  a8 J( F( j& q$ M, c. T$ ~  Tson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
# J$ l- d: m9 l# a/ gdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
: ?9 t7 z- P! S; E6 Y4 x. B0 j- l( `father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
+ Q) ~, L1 e& N: {6 w+ Gbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone- _  R, c, l( s& E2 X2 B6 |+ F
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
+ q& Q) k6 r, f9 m$ b: \laboratory to obtain the test.
8 S* |' ?, w- I( B, }& Y4 RDiscussion8 t/ h( n) N, K+ E* G; b( Y
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
& g( D, f% e2 z& m+ t5 n2 F# wsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
( E  n, L( @* w! X( E: rPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
2 i$ N8 i+ Z# o7 _5 `: Z2 eit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-6 R) ]& f5 F6 G/ w+ |$ M/ B$ T
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
+ T7 N) v) x# a5 U4 g- c, `mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
* H3 ^- ?, G5 n2 [0 Y  O! P5 gmay have a central nervous system lesion that is) I& D0 r" y5 S2 `. s& x+ ^
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-  j& W3 c, N: _$ ]! r* `
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-3 }/ ]8 _, J3 b; K: o! E) Y
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
9 w6 o3 e2 ^/ P( b( Cboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
" M2 L( j1 P+ W. @7 Qization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
$ l0 @& ^) d7 [/ K8 k; erical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
4 p& F9 J. f5 B( }gonadotropins.1,3
! H4 P* {% V' c$ b/ |) rGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
; U  C  {1 v) o$ n* j% k0 Rcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
' M0 m6 l% G+ y' `, nandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or+ w" G" ?1 P/ h& q3 a' T
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
6 W  ]# f0 R& j4 j$ |, Wulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
6 K$ ?6 P& J8 U! K6 fcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive* t1 p  X& v5 o. [9 v
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
/ b4 K1 r5 I$ ^; y  J: H, b9 mpuberty in boys.3,4
1 b# U+ }- U, b! [! cThe most common form of congenital adrenal3 Z( Y( u- i& b) ]; z2 o9 K6 ?( Q
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
" m1 ~0 J) t8 {9 [- z% wThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in% v' Q9 ]/ g6 x
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,5 T% W3 i9 }! b- t
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen$ }3 a4 u: b; z8 h/ J
excess.1,31 m: x: R1 |# j3 s, o. N( D% F
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from2 X6 O/ H: D& W" b3 S6 j+ y% M
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
- f# t$ P8 l6 o/ F5 Z* HA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
4 n4 l+ T6 m$ Y/ L- V! S+ uindependent precocious puberty, which is also known9 ?! v+ a8 y2 \  \2 d1 Y0 ^
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a$ u/ Q6 L, h- f" L" b/ E
very young age. The physical findings in these boys& g6 V- o7 Z# p2 @
with this disorder are full pubertal development,7 q; h) I0 `" ]( e% x3 F
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys6 \8 w9 E, h7 j% m& _" f' w( y
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder) w( A6 n$ l) ~: r
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show0 m, g# Y& F. B% F, y
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
' ?" S& D- p; C; G$ w( G: Ureleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
% w7 C2 h$ Q* Z- a$ q6 kautosomal dominant disorder that affects only# Y1 v' t/ c6 E/ F1 ]
males; therefore, other male members of the family
6 k& e: ^4 O) `9 ]may have similar precocious puberty.3
3 T, A; k9 p  P+ ?8 x6 kIn our patient, physical examination was incon-0 |8 \, Q6 J; ^* A0 w
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
9 E1 }/ Z" T+ K2 {cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis; Z% V# R* H% z* N4 A% \9 T
was in the differential diagnosis because his father) Z8 p2 P& B$ U
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,& j' l0 C  ?( ~3 n0 O5 f
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
, y; f8 h' y- X+ zbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-- i; G7 l  X3 W+ l7 C# \
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our, e$ H, e6 P9 h( u7 u: ~
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,0 P+ W  @2 x# ~& T' q4 ]
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
; a: \, D) I- k! |( fdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-+ G( j' u$ [( _& z3 F! ~" a
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
- x0 r4 g  j' x1 c8 }3 g8 aThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
5 r' `# a- I! Gsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because: U) P: z- }  e& b) Z- Y1 ~' E: c
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
6 z: L/ ]0 K8 S- M: c- Vpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and9 u0 L3 _1 M* ]( t3 v; }" g* f
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
! [& N5 D0 g" r( K5 pterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
3 V9 g. l5 C0 L) d& c/ Lusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
" o# g  S- j0 W9 UDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or8 V2 x4 n" A) Y0 m% f  O$ ~
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
; n+ u- L! ^& Eunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
  }( x% ]+ K; b. g7 C# wSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the+ d4 |" b8 `7 a' p6 M% ?  R
baseline value in those females who were exposed to/ }* K1 t5 r9 F, A$ T) I$ q( C
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
; O0 V4 f& F) T( z* opartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
/ A7 F* j) c$ {, e4 {* Gtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
4 e& h5 j( b; e6 Z. T( FOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
, W5 e9 _' J8 c) x3 o4 P; ?& rwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that  R2 y' B# Z0 B' `5 L
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
  ^, ?( C) }6 J) k8 t7 L. N* _terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more! Q8 R$ T: W6 F0 J
active in young children exposed to testosterone
4 C0 C# r3 c* E1 u& Z) iexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
9 i6 k( c$ L9 M, N/ k5 \drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to+ D# F. L  _% S! E! K1 K) F
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
1 m& |. n- z1 u, m- c/ lchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
' M: {7 M- M& o* v0 D* K0 Q7 G2 Hadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.8 ~7 i* H7 p! r) c3 [, O
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
. H  ]' [. [& T' ?. R4 hearly childhood on pubertal development and final. R( N: e/ j+ T' q
adult height are not fully known and always remain$ U4 U; |( ~  D+ @4 K
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
+ N: ^# l4 D  K8 e6 Aterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
9 P; a4 k" z6 Y/ J! ]* t, Jacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
7 E  W/ q3 J$ G6 ~0 r3 L6 q% e* Ecessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
1 A$ m1 R/ r$ D! N' y1 ]# ydecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
( i% v8 @, ~' X" ?There are conflicting reports and controversy( `& ]1 {/ k4 ]1 B, A% e) R
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult; @5 N) I5 z! ~+ F: j. V
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal6 u, o7 i0 [2 Y/ j' N# v
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
% ~8 p- l6 P4 w" I0 Tulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,7 K" ]. P, Z/ ^7 i7 @
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
/ l9 Y- d5 y8 m7 mchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult* k  d, }! [3 h# e
penile length in clinical studies.
: M( t$ y$ |. bNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is) Y+ i; J+ {2 S5 {( ]9 _8 A7 z
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
; W# L0 R* t* j9 g1 H  c6 `testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because5 y! h+ k9 _4 w' V' ?3 G
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.. t) t+ c2 M5 N
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
# u, U' x) T8 A7 @9 J) bdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at& A2 o" e; S6 m) x
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
( ~& {. o- h* b6 i4 f+ ~& Fheight will not be affected.) c# U3 {& p2 ~6 ^( J- @8 \
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
* [+ j( W  m. p/ rability of androgen products in our society may8 l+ F$ ]7 T* Y& ]/ E. k& W
indeed cause more virilization in male or female; L+ F1 j4 X' \( ?4 I6 h2 h
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-' q' Q6 Y1 g# _' I1 D) s" q
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
( r0 }8 J; ]7 B% u$ P, r+ T! u$ Htioning about the use of a testosterone product or
( x* z( g, w7 kgel should be asked of the family members during
5 `; t+ R( I% f* Ethe evaluation of any children who present with vir-0 k% W5 J) e( Q1 r! \4 Y- F2 G
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-8 S5 a' L1 O( u  ]% W( i
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
0 z7 U3 W; I1 f6 h" u3 ^appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
* P. h- E6 B' H8 g6 r! U9 }0 J  I- ~history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
3 t. O% n8 d9 O) I+ c  zresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive2 i7 {3 T5 ?/ `7 ~, C$ j
investigation. The primary care physician should be* |' A% M, u  B+ B$ |7 P; \
aware of this fact, because most of these children; m1 o' Y' K3 m  N* U6 h+ g
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
8 i9 A1 v( ]: C2 q! jDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
% f' k' e+ D3 Awarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
6 @+ N( T% _. Lfemale child who might come in contact with some-
. ?, F; y! ]  h4 t. bone using any of these products.
0 U; g( E/ P* k5 R. RReferences
( ?5 b7 t+ R8 Q' f0 v$ _1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation0 b8 {% e8 S8 c: B' D
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric$ k/ G: ~* ^; E( o1 T
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;. |. ]1 f! p: p" o
2002: 565-628.
+ w4 `9 F8 y2 Z& j; {2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
" {, W! m- o6 n% E6 Fpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
, ?7 ?3 w$ z* \5 e2 X" |* ~7 a
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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