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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old M! v7 ~# ?1 @9 N, c$ U
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical' k; ]) p) }) S% }) P8 b1 k
Exposure to Testosterone
( c" V7 Y5 n. o( P$ i( u% eSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2' b& [0 a f. g% t; R
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD15 b/ x* o0 R0 V7 O& W7 a+ p" r1 m7 g) ?
Clinical Pediatrics
, h3 w3 P/ E* xVolume 46 Number 6
! l6 \1 h+ }8 U% X$ fJuly 2007 540-543
. o9 k: Z1 c- ^! w' H& }5 ^© 2007 Sage Publications) ?; o0 ^' @# O* Y1 ]
10.1177/0009922806296651
* Q/ A% g( w6 u4 O* zhttp://clp.sagepub.com
! F6 j- {" _3 `! rhosted at* q% w% r- c* O" h
http://online.sagepub.com
: P, q) p- E5 KPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
- U5 S9 s. e$ H% ^: g. g1 g2 m( Ris a significant concern for physicians. Central
p9 Q7 f& u1 F+ h# mprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated9 k# {8 L9 M7 ]1 m3 ~
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has8 z( d y3 h9 E
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system8 Q5 L6 f$ B5 F; G1 g) u
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
5 s) p% _3 J, x; ~by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
i8 L3 ]# ~( R9 C( x, ]hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
$ `5 h9 V/ e0 ~+ Scles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We& Y0 O Y) A2 ^% d$ g0 M
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the- F9 T6 p9 a, w. {' S9 K
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-9 d7 B" X) Y$ z& A- q: j
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due% h* t; h3 F9 B) Y
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by( I# i( d4 l3 U- p& ^% i
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-/ D* |/ R2 Y# k
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this$ P* f' f" T( u$ G% b$ q
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
9 @) ^2 x/ }9 Ltestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
2 C% A: s; J5 dbly more common than the rare case report in the% b) F' r; D3 b
literature.4
% D7 z! y! q( t0 X/ m' jPatient Report; B" g; b: s7 F p7 n0 q0 I
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the; P4 b" x/ r4 \/ h/ ]3 i: d/ j0 n4 C
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
6 l2 `6 ~6 P8 wof early sexual development. His mother noticed2 |9 X, ?( I7 D/ J
light colored pubic hair development when he was; [9 O/ k3 |3 z" }
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
4 q4 f, v4 D: @South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
! d/ E, `: K+ [$ hAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
( E" O- g& \+ U S7 x# p# t; l( ZProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
% h; F2 y X, P' d/ iMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
. B* N) \$ @0 |0 [4 R; _e-mail: [email protected].
" V+ F# h6 m& |& n Kabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
$ M. ~4 ~4 K ~- K* u1 t' @9 Ydarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-/ [% U: c$ z) R' Z" P1 Q
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child$ j2 D. o4 e3 M7 K3 [. _$ @# x
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with' t3 v- r, }9 ]/ c$ t. x5 ^5 M/ Q
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of; J2 a" W+ @+ n
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year C6 _- V5 s8 j1 E" v
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
/ ^. G3 P; n* g5 y7 {/ J0 Isolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
! N0 a$ j b/ H% p' d, i) Yand his psychosocial and psychomotor development5 \9 a5 h3 e6 Q6 J3 ?7 `; w
was age appropriate.
' i0 l! D7 K) q a2 X8 A# |; d4 AThe family history was remarkable for the father,
: u5 J- M F7 q1 L/ e L' R* e. pwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,5 T0 b" M0 e2 K. u0 M- r
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s! j; D8 O+ ^8 I. a9 P% Y% d8 n
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
" n3 U9 F2 ^. a* T3 F1 S& q( X8 Xearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
. E/ |" k) H0 X2 _( ~9 i7 WThe father denied taking any other medication. The
" X; x2 q/ F: S ichild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche6 `& ^5 H# c1 r, Y6 F
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet% k9 v9 @2 \) q2 q
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-( x0 W e5 j0 ^# g+ X
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-6 _ W7 F1 `. D
tives. There were no siblings.3 Q1 I8 m" B* v& d+ h- }+ Q. I* S$ b
Physical Examination
6 z& a- W7 ~# ]- N( eThe physical examination revealed a very active,
% [0 c& U: w5 \' I- |) K1 Kplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented1 e R. [% j* b& L: i* ]- O C
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was, F5 A' W' P6 l+ p: Z6 u; ]2 G
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg* z. }8 e6 d- J1 X9 \9 j o
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
8 c, t$ s* m4 s- d/ cvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
[0 G3 m, w$ y' Othe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
+ k' O& X4 f, B2 PThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for8 L; M/ |0 x9 H9 y: V/ D0 T
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
* [8 N5 H4 O0 k K6 ]; b8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
: _. E! O( E3 @; P. d Pdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
: |& a' R: c- h2 [, R; V* ^540: W a: n% z3 Z) D6 g6 w7 `" u
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from# G) R7 n6 A- A, z
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
y6 E/ I. V0 h2 Rtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
1 D! e( C; I& @( I; QThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
3 Z5 n$ l+ t$ c; u) J; N9 xoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no9 D5 ~: d/ I9 a# U
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots./ l" E( v' e4 z5 N; o
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+( v* a7 r, c! }6 Y
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion, o8 `2 t7 ~* i3 [
of papilledema., r5 S0 ]# b3 }8 |
Laboratory Evaluation
4 k. P' i* S8 N" K, Z- H( e6 H k* yThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
4 Y: i3 T% y/ Y( K! _0 ?using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
. q! ^9 d2 a4 n) H5 @0 qlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
1 a* ~$ |; l, \9 E8 {; j' [karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
0 l8 s4 q! p- X1 Lshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-, j$ Z$ c5 G- P& ]4 `, F
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).$ C$ b; E6 z0 f. c7 Q6 v
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
X: o4 N- x& ?urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were, S3 e) v& }) B+ L1 t$ l
within normal range for his age. The concentration
b' b! e0 n/ E6 q7 i6 Qof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
% L$ h/ ~- e; W1 U' G(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
8 D6 \. a& T! p; ^5 zng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
7 h3 R% A$ S1 j# {" s# Mterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),$ }1 _& K- Q& s' W( C/ q% v
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to2 _2 f' ~8 d' ^1 z" C
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
2 p- }( x' K. U$ v+ ~* N# W7 Y# Jwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor- \* r/ S. G: ?. `' X( f
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
4 w9 y. c( {6 r) j3 ptestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
1 p* S" v) ]) A# k% k6 ]and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than/ m, V: z5 G) D, r5 X3 d
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular6 k6 T5 C+ h* I
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
5 C- d, C; Z: {9 l0 z. cconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
& R1 }$ ^( F9 |; A4 z(prepubertal).9 t" P; X) f7 \6 R. }
The parents were notified about the laboratory- D* o& I3 K$ q# O+ R
results and were informed that all of the tests were- ^2 D4 r. d [! v
normal except the testosterone level was high. The5 J* l& |0 @3 q* h
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
# X5 ]+ t1 b; ~: C* n1 D7 Yobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-0 W7 D% V# i# G9 G# W, b. I
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
$ u5 W! ]# \ [( M3 W1 R& tPhysical examination at this time revealed that the! s3 t1 T0 X& o* \7 E, k& P1 J: z
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
. O( _7 b* y! \1 N# S, D) U2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained6 t, x8 r" G- n& n
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
. R8 v1 a; D# g7 ]& `4 v$ C* ]pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
1 ]1 M. |. ]; e, P# wthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
( N5 ^0 E: p C0 b5 K; `: VmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
5 v" C5 g( Q5 j+ t+ f' N+ CThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-" M5 T" B% U1 _# U
ing frequent erections.: v5 c+ F6 d& @6 g
Both parents were again questioned about use of7 _( A, r. }5 ~+ J
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
! B$ }- D2 o/ b$ [1 R6 L+ {the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the' J1 Q2 w& X( s
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
$ q# _/ O, J2 A/ a0 B/ Ouse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
, ~- Q/ ~+ `" s3 ^" t5 ging over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
( V3 W' s* P# W$ b4 ^a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed; t& g: p# D* d7 Y* P+ L* k
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
6 n! F) L; _, K$ B" [" z ^scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
+ a3 R" f# N3 p; [2 m9 v+ tsecondary to depression.5 \* V i2 c! l3 w
The child slept in the same bed with parents.+ U5 N& P% m" {2 I9 e# E1 @/ ?% f
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
8 z% l( b- h, B- ]; ^2 Ochest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
$ F! N. N" A" z7 M8 a% inificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
( ]% P5 h1 i! C0 tThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
7 g- O* `: k' T) ~* [. I8 wwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
) M7 q, |" F! J: Mwas high, he then read the product information
& ^4 X# p; I: {, C% Hpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
3 H: D8 ~# F& Json for the child’s virilization. At that time, they' u \& u5 q) X: y
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
% L- H! X# f" V1 M7 S- C" `7 S. w2 Jfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had* p' k2 i" c4 x7 ?4 u! O4 _% w
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone7 _* Y' h3 P1 n' x, o
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
# z9 A( i/ A& n$ @# N llaboratory to obtain the test.
5 o( p, w' U/ n' [* Y4 t( F8 Y5 i }7 k: iDiscussion& `9 Q9 T, H8 k: R2 h% D, T- N
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
; Y1 j5 g4 E1 Q% ~sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
# |9 N1 a; A- XPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
: t/ k( Y: u' f5 Oit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-# f0 c" N5 U0 v, Y; w. c' d
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-9 f0 u2 n) [ a* K9 o
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP& x6 ^+ @* |/ x1 j! |1 h
may have a central nervous system lesion that is. Y- M& o0 p' ?; [, U' [- }
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-. Z, T/ |* b3 P" G7 D; J
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-: i0 P. E& s( n% @1 u4 g- C
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
! j8 n, r. n2 u: m) Sboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-8 m A3 }4 g; d' L9 j
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
! Q9 c% w) f. f( crical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by, I3 h9 D% S, N4 I
gonadotropins.1,3
- X* {$ S0 N# X1 u( X3 cGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-' l" U- _9 Z6 l
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
9 L; A1 h3 F1 y+ p& t: N4 L! }androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or9 q: I1 f' H: d: B
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-: e( x2 f2 g3 J( C" g/ Q
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing6 Q5 ]7 f& x# ]; d! u
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive, a: o4 c! L4 W U3 q$ \
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious: t+ Z9 o3 B% [! c. N
puberty in boys.3,4
7 E, [ j- x- s% M; L% V2 z! yThe most common form of congenital adrenal
; ?9 }% h; v9 o% F) h Yhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
) p+ i6 }; w: z6 |% x s) O" v& vThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
1 |5 s" x( }3 g0 B& p: Wexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
! A6 e6 R" Q( l6 Ran adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
+ ~8 P9 C* k& Uexcess.1,3
# Q) K. u/ s8 Y0 F/ M- l9 hat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" r- y3 T2 ^8 j& h542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20076 m; N4 ?9 b& M1 j, W
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
$ v3 `1 L" G4 F+ w1 T5 Vindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
. v& \ Y5 Z" Q" {8 das testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a& s6 r9 m7 A. W- n/ m- y
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
/ ~$ T0 V+ s, W3 xwith this disorder are full pubertal development,7 b$ N/ A- q; W
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys8 B9 z7 B8 g0 v: C( H* [% J
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
% V/ x; ?7 ?# Z# L" F( qare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
2 L$ Z6 I: e) S# F: @4 _pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
0 w7 A! \6 a M% t# K& Qreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
$ y5 t6 O' R# N' g7 pautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
% T4 K5 T" u* lmales; therefore, other male members of the family
- ^& W5 A2 @. Mmay have similar precocious puberty.3
! i. \: {( M7 CIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
. @9 f' h; C0 \7 vsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-4 W# W% y& p8 |
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis0 ?! B, q7 Y+ N/ g/ [. U
was in the differential diagnosis because his father5 I- h7 Z7 b/ o& J8 p
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,# ]; O! v, a; x' g0 _$ y5 W# h; o7 K
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
' a O# N, D% o) ybeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-2 |+ }2 m5 w# t- e5 |
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our6 S) I \- v! _" e) A6 k
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
) a- X& ^) G {& I9 ?either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase1 ?# }7 w' E9 @" |2 t
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-# o7 `* n8 l+ n2 P
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
$ |( p# l( K9 E# q: DThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
) h/ p' s6 |1 @3 O+ wsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because2 v9 c7 W6 j) @6 _ b! c3 k
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-) g! c& }. S8 I" }4 a
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
. T4 X& J) c' g6 S8 a* udecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-6 z/ v% ]- ^; ]. Q/ D
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
1 |- e/ L: n6 qusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
3 w8 ^; e& x! mDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
7 M; h9 w# _9 q* r: y2 B' vcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to1 ]. v3 q U- z9 U. f* B( y) X, [
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.! O, [0 ]) L% f& F/ [2 W
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the+ ]% X4 B% t& Y4 k* q1 P0 x
baseline value in those females who were exposed to# h1 t2 ~! N5 v) k; q! Q& O n
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male0 S0 ~1 b- M; Z& C& r6 w. C$ q5 @/ i
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
' J0 @ n J. c1 Mtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.2 _: k5 x7 n# a* _* y- z' |* d8 {5 I$ b
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,( K6 {1 ?% O- p9 O: @
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
* `8 l# e4 k8 b; F) V1 b" `4 Mdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
4 P6 J+ d, Z1 K) B9 F' y, \terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more9 }. U/ |% o4 g7 Y
active in young children exposed to testosterone+ @; m# D" k6 ]
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-9 h8 k9 U" A# v7 o: B, R
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to/ A' |1 i3 O4 e
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
; K+ ]0 ^+ h) ychildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
* T- j) w# w9 \advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
/ v' a' j- X! C3 u6 d2 SThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during1 ^; T5 u% C. \
early childhood on pubertal development and final
$ H9 D: Z: A( ~& Q) Eadult height are not fully known and always remain
" |& S1 V: B- b$ J1 da concern. Children treated with short-term testos-: u! S8 D. I( P( `% e% g
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some2 Y6 Q& I, U: k5 L+ n7 X
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after! F8 T8 M8 A9 Q$ I4 G# w
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation: Y8 t. g/ o+ L' z# b# H1 h# }
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9 t; l3 R+ s- w
There are conflicting reports and controversy+ ~( n, K5 c+ E, y9 u
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult2 M+ L3 j7 L# X& i% q4 o5 [
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
# N/ ?0 c/ i) Cadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-0 e6 h+ e4 c9 k k3 K
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
+ G, Q7 I Q! WSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between' P$ A# T y9 a% k6 ^
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
2 ]" C7 d, E* `8 Q+ S2 apenile length in clinical studies.
& h7 m" [: \' b# X$ H# P: Q- [Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is$ M0 k6 k, f1 r- q! a
going to experience any of the untoward effects from% y# @+ b' z- l6 d M" M5 h. D" |
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
" |) _8 R5 |) N8 {# P+ G1 p6 Wthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
7 c/ q. O- |# \( w% O5 K9 u7 ~Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
6 z |4 F5 `* J% z' P+ Adiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at; h' |2 c) F$ l* J3 M! s/ R& y6 Y+ f
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult0 q) Z* [; ]( b
height will not be affected.
4 `0 n2 f7 x0 d; ]8 g# u. d* YAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
/ ~- y# S, e! w6 S" ^' Oability of androgen products in our society may0 n3 P' S( n1 |3 D, o; a( v# c
indeed cause more virilization in male or female! F+ V& k7 }4 V1 }
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
1 `" [8 r- v1 n2 X5 J: Hgen products must be considered and specific ques-: N/ u$ h& V3 p8 K) k( i0 C0 `2 v: ?
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
/ s' j( X9 M) a f% h" m+ s. h" xgel should be asked of the family members during. S' Z% R- O! i( |/ e; a$ e5 I
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
1 }% R$ d- A# @( eilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-) M- I! h v& r+ U/ k6 J
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by3 U5 N+ f0 ^- ~! o6 n( E$ L+ w
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
, V+ z2 I: a' uhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
: V6 Q6 \' V8 ^; L) @result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
0 `$ S" M0 ?4 C3 P- R; C) finvestigation. The primary care physician should be
: R! e" L/ ~& y% Iaware of this fact, because most of these children% q2 g% R1 ~9 v: B
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’$ Y! p# _; n# g4 L
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a% ~+ e- i0 a7 ?. h
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
+ z6 \8 z2 q, Q$ x( ffemale child who might come in contact with some-
( R4 [" k- K7 y, }4 N, bone using any of these products.% M: L# S$ ]4 b4 n! n
References" R2 v1 q" Q0 u, i; f
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation/ G) R- U2 I4 l4 _7 _5 |9 ]3 d
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
$ k; g( N3 v% x8 jEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
" a; l% p9 C+ c8 F, r2002: 565-628.3 x2 `3 [6 T8 Y/ T' O. g
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
( l/ C! ~! m' c) ~% npuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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