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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old2 `- D8 @- p6 U: j
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical( [# W3 k: |1 s$ v
Exposure to Testosterone
8 ?% M( W% ^% `Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,23 J2 x- B$ B( z' E: D0 q0 q
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
- Z8 @& X) U. w+ r; `' [9 wClinical Pediatrics# c  L- C4 F* ]9 N
Volume 46 Number 6" C6 c+ y  ?2 ?$ u( D) Q
July 2007 540-543" d3 Z1 M4 i6 G+ N; Z' S& N
© 2007 Sage Publications
! [3 I1 g+ L/ s5 ^9 n$ ~" d+ B# u10.1177/0009922806296651
+ p) W, V+ x9 X0 nhttp://clp.sagepub.com
3 h, w/ `8 k! ?0 D% Q1 @- Uhosted at
) W$ e+ Q) y8 h0 [8 u5 Hhttp://online.sagepub.com
! k2 x( r5 v2 q: n9 OPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,2 [# g6 ~  b3 W' N
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
% L3 I; D  a+ K! Y! ?" \) Cprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated! V, m. m+ c8 r
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
% o3 L4 `$ ^6 z# y; g1 |7 ka higher incidence of organic central nervous system
5 J4 q6 D' y2 q/ P) j6 |/ clesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested5 Z+ J, [7 z0 W6 |, r' A6 p
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
8 J8 c0 S# V, ?hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
) E" G& G# x. F) y7 `& Ocles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
4 E2 \; q( J7 h* Y2 E+ ireport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the/ {" [$ C9 u. O1 F
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-* @+ d( S7 x9 n' v$ S
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due1 \; _# t/ {1 \$ N3 X' |- z
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
' J! a- p1 }0 K3 Dthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
( `/ Z/ f* O8 mmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this7 {7 g8 c$ I; p3 v: `. W
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of: e; ]% @- w# ^2 x- y; p. Q) m* ^% P
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
* z) ?& K. ]7 T7 R$ I- v$ fbly more common than the rare case report in the, {+ e& H8 F& [; @5 _
literature.4( i# ]* q+ ?, K
Patient Report
( w( c- }. l/ T1 S7 HA 16-month-old white child was referred to the$ ~9 Y! {! i5 X- \" K) B
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern5 e# e. P* |4 ?# s4 U/ v' ]
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
' U$ m( P% N2 y1 z! _' qlight colored pubic hair development when he was0 b6 d* \! M: t% F4 L* r' C
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
6 [0 w6 ~3 J" F( K! T7 BSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.- F1 O2 m/ I0 M3 F$ B
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
9 |+ d- S( _* K8 L6 O8 G0 ?2 z8 C, [2 N( bProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
+ E9 M/ z, J1 _9 u3 IMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
  s# A1 z6 I$ p0 We-mail: [email protected].9 Z/ Z! Q) n% C7 n; ?
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
: j! {# u( B- s2 E' s1 Y5 Ydarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
# @; |; C6 w$ [5 Ument of his penis and frequent erections. The child
; _/ K/ s4 a* t1 Ywas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
% W- B% u% L7 ~/ ~; L  Ja birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
) _6 j2 [- a; h# f  y) P20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
! B' U- x1 G2 M* \6 s8 B, kof life and was still receiving breast milk along with4 J8 s: m% S- c
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
4 t- P9 d+ K- @  K% s* u! ~and his psychosocial and psychomotor development, O5 S, i! {& t" k
was age appropriate.; P2 T+ [, y1 Z( ?
The family history was remarkable for the father,# S. W+ h8 Y7 K) ~6 u9 n. \/ s
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
- _8 D" P0 K# {- H: r7 {5 X( iwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s! n) z( h( {& b  T7 I3 S
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat; Z0 {( B- W) N$ C
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
( r) J( o  b7 H4 M3 ?The father denied taking any other medication. The+ k. O; j+ k- J" r. F* ?6 A  S" _9 z
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche7 ?3 R# B% B6 Q8 I5 f4 L" W# y. m
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
/ d6 A  X9 m* g5 e5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
3 j+ e0 t2 R0 C% s+ g) kcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
1 ^0 u8 n% n* Z* itives. There were no siblings.
$ d- U( b7 k9 j" s  D2 w/ U+ U1 q1 mPhysical Examination  a0 @! o4 f6 t: H# H4 X: C- B
The physical examination revealed a very active,
7 X# Z9 o+ e4 v7 I( V% a9 _playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
  h: l1 n2 J) a* xa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was2 f) T) {  c  \5 n' y! d
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg& L( \# h  B' ^' o" y/ L( l
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth2 D# t$ T+ k. R) k" L# y
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
1 ?% w5 g7 _5 Y5 ~2 m3 v& f4 Jthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.$ F3 |$ Z/ {# P" ?+ q5 W# M- z
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
2 R# C1 ]2 n. \5 w9 @enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of! M. ^  c4 T% @% y2 O
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well) I" ~# M1 Y/ j6 \7 N
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around5 H, G4 W6 }; Y8 {8 k5 Z
5402 C# O% I* l9 o) F
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from5 n, X9 P$ s7 Z+ f+ Y6 `, i
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
4 a( n, [, B4 T" itesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
7 d' J, e' j& l: M  YThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat. L, l. b$ Z' k' _
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no2 X2 r  L* B9 Z1 w7 D' h, v
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.: p: e( B7 N: w3 T. o+ [0 d" j( v
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
+ X/ c7 B  F- ^# ?' ^bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
3 `3 L% _( s* {8 rof papilledema." L' L, t8 N. N5 |1 t
Laboratory Evaluation
8 }0 H0 q# ?/ }0 }6 yThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
$ o; E0 _2 O% n) n8 h) vusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
3 F1 d% Q: {0 l6 A% Elogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal/ ]; y: ?0 ]$ d9 p6 M' G; q
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test3 u3 d; R, _3 x% \
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-! b- S" U8 \2 f, Z- K  K7 G, C4 Y
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).- x6 h$ C0 O2 w) z. Z" U7 n
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood% }# ^/ d* B: j5 _% R
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were( p. w8 ^- C8 q
within normal range for his age. The concentration
6 S* n# ?& G/ C! ?" J. a& s& X+ ^7 @of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL; }5 |( X) U  U8 `
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
: m0 N5 F5 Y. c. sng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-' Q; b0 f7 V, W& w$ @  |
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),3 X% N% t8 o9 s" C
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
7 W! I5 u& [0 b: L6 y% G49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)& p4 y5 E. i8 \$ O
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
; i1 q6 [. i) H2 U" N) Z/ X* Vtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total/ L0 \9 N5 Y# W2 f
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),) h0 P/ J  [7 M9 V9 |; t; E+ V
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
) X- u4 F: @: N9 x5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular" i& H0 U( }. Y! Q0 i" a" S
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
" |# r6 ?9 }, O" g$ qconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL' O; G' H. J: ~+ U# k5 _9 X
(prepubertal).+ H& `8 Y, N" _$ b: U5 h8 l
The parents were notified about the laboratory
8 x; h% f+ a: U* q2 B! G- }results and were informed that all of the tests were
$ V& |5 Q! X4 m; J# l* unormal except the testosterone level was high. The
) w2 w1 P/ O& s8 ]7 @* M* J+ Dfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
& d& ~: e- n1 Cobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
" l+ Z# I. q8 x% ~) z" L2 ?- Iever, the family did not return for 4 months.
: R$ q, D4 Q* B8 d0 Q5 BPhysical examination at this time revealed that the* b1 B4 X7 H# y: |, C7 ]4 L+ g
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained0 B0 I! e0 ]1 Q  T- ]; Y
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
0 @7 R3 r( M" Z9 `/ T  R" ~' H1 a4 nunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-& J3 a; C1 v2 d& E- _3 a
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at6 }) J0 q; Q6 Q# H* M8 w, C
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
- ]3 M% |! d0 a" {# SmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.2 R& V4 N9 M2 Z3 C: z0 A' c" ?
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-3 S; B0 N, i% }# }& F( m
ing frequent erections./ T! D) k2 D3 _$ I0 h
Both parents were again questioned about use of, A% n% l* u1 H6 W" w3 I" J
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
! Y- N8 V$ M- ~# kthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
  B  T  [9 j4 [' VTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
0 `7 F' `* I2 s% uuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-# v) B3 H- I1 \5 |& |, Q% X! T
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for% p2 f- L; L6 A! L
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed, j& b- E* ~: b
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
# N$ F1 z% J/ F/ G1 L' iscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
, e& G( ]5 \# M0 E  k3 c4 n: }7 g# ^9 Xsecondary to depression.
% B, y6 @4 N4 c5 e% ^3 G3 ?The child slept in the same bed with parents.3 b% V4 b# l3 Y, v4 k8 |& H
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his) V+ t* M4 K; j1 s7 e) J% \3 j* V
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
6 Y2 u+ @- ~7 o( }' ]- D5 Hnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
% V( e, w5 ~& Q' S, G+ ?  U1 {' _: tThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
. P" `4 x# S' x4 x4 Awhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby- m/ W7 v4 U. o( j, I) {- i( P( f
was high, he then read the product information- L; e5 K- ~3 o$ z) S) j8 z
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-5 m# a* E/ ?& K% G
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
; r8 w6 v; d9 c  M6 Jdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
7 t9 d- }& i' afather was not hugging him with bare skin and had% B8 O, s- P; y( t; x( h
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone1 R; r3 s1 i% Q. a+ r# j& Q1 K6 S
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the2 P' l2 ^: ]0 P
laboratory to obtain the test./ t% _% B) ]2 h/ M6 W
Discussion
, t6 d' Q: Y, Z! K' k! uPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
% q5 q5 _; k$ ]2 Y6 j9 G- u6 ksexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
5 ?0 m( o0 @+ |  PPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when: q& b6 ^9 s$ {, i3 y
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
5 q* i( w/ P- n4 Bthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-$ ^! o0 C6 s# {& s
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP  P; K" B8 P% M& }( D' f
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
  p. M# b# B# k2 W6 P4 P$ _! Z$ z9 nresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-4 {; D" S8 o- Z9 [
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
6 X" X8 `+ H/ n# @6 v0 @6 msis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in. p4 [' _- P. s# j5 t' V' h
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
4 ?! \  v4 n8 E( s2 fization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
( [! b$ v) q, v- f. E) M5 ]% {rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by7 A2 \  G6 [6 r0 P* O
gonadotropins.1,3
& o6 L- Q2 [7 `  X* t- \$ NGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
3 t0 _6 O- G6 N) c7 Ncious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
* D& a/ o/ l( w4 nandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
" @- K8 u( o0 I1 w' @7 x+ ^& kexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
0 e" L- M' ]) |' {ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
7 n' d* f" {3 p) d! b( Xcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
9 A2 y: R, b2 ]$ B2 D9 C  eadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
3 ]) ?3 E& w$ s& dpuberty in boys.3,4
( C1 t; L# M1 \The most common form of congenital adrenal- w( [% g" e5 D
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
$ Z1 M! w0 P% c' PThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
1 J) L5 V5 q' ]% ~( [+ sexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely," h; u! z1 y& g4 o
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen* F3 z# ]6 p+ l/ Y6 v
excess.1,3
& B: @4 O, Z  t7 g' D* qat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
! U9 C: Y7 o2 U2 A! `& \3 q5 C" F/ u542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007; s& p; O- k, E2 X5 i1 T
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-  J2 R: B$ r1 x9 V3 V
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
8 d& _. _* r4 [4 G3 G9 _as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
5 L6 x$ o0 c5 Q+ E, V  mvery young age. The physical findings in these boys# J& Y$ ~8 b. e9 G/ D/ x! f4 A
with this disorder are full pubertal development,+ \; S$ g- T: i( M( v/ y# ]* B& |
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
' M8 t# G2 X1 e4 R9 C# c9 bwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder2 p) @- x! I( z1 v" M/ M% X2 m
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show3 T/ E" l" k. [# \8 x' t- C1 ?
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-7 R) }1 m9 h3 U
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
2 Z. K: ^5 I4 ?/ ?* G6 ?6 b& ~autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
- F; l4 t) ~# ]# Imales; therefore, other male members of the family! W* G0 |6 |9 q* o* p$ j9 H
may have similar precocious puberty.3. ^8 y" z: h* \, c. T$ q
In our patient, physical examination was incon-/ _1 ]- F! K* V  K+ q4 L
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
4 T2 g) y6 A& y% F3 U" P4 o, L" ucles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
) l  B) {; h5 D( q: a+ [$ O7 f0 Vwas in the differential diagnosis because his father4 T, t, D1 k/ f: B9 s2 C
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally," I+ a& ]- l9 O
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
- L) y/ x$ r+ n( [0 w' h$ mbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
  n- M9 j8 I; yative initial history of androgen exposure, our3 Y( y2 ~% `6 G1 T) B! ~
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,: a7 n) y0 J' ]3 c3 e
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase: j& H. u# p0 K5 m9 }0 {$ ?/ V
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
2 d* B6 P4 s; g, @  }ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.& E- C# j* L  ^
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly4 ^& ~1 b' ~% c" I3 z7 h- @& b/ S
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
! T1 Z$ l5 c6 D' m0 `5 Z# ~  T- pthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-  ^$ ]1 L' Q( P  }9 \; N& u! [
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
; R2 {# ^( `9 l2 a3 P. sdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
3 @+ n' @0 F& G" [* sterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
2 w- r( N  n' h( w) r( G5 Uusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
4 U+ i5 b* }, h. fDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or7 h& k$ {, u# }
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
# F; b. Z$ X1 m* Funprotected females through direct skin exposure.
7 f( r: W. W, E7 }% v2 I: OSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
0 j" D' [3 h2 }* A7 y! \( [$ fbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
0 d/ B, n9 ?9 d9 @4 }even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
$ @4 E1 N7 O/ epartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-& R0 x# e4 m+ [
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
/ [9 _  s* v8 @, Z, l/ G# t! COur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,! m7 K- g- l; v: ]% Y2 |
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
' y0 A( q% M+ `( l, c# cdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
2 R7 C6 B( k& s* u: @# Oterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more# w# I) r) i& e7 p4 P
active in young children exposed to testosterone. V. d- J; e4 i" X! _1 r8 A
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
( f! ^6 z. h; y! O4 a; T7 @drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
" a. \" e$ T& `virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in" _5 L) X. n5 \' O) N/ d: [( o
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
( p6 |  J# S; _; h: L9 z9 E+ s2 wadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
) Y  E4 X6 r7 O; r0 tThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
9 W4 j9 G7 [* r0 Hearly childhood on pubertal development and final0 o  R; o+ Q1 o6 Q; V
adult height are not fully known and always remain
, X3 E5 o9 ?+ }+ t. Ba concern. Children treated with short-term testos-0 S; A7 R& Q/ V+ c9 |
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some) |! z: U% a- i' q% |9 ]3 O
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
; D. ~; K5 S9 [4 Ocessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation8 F1 C$ E3 p* _' l# l! \0 \2 B
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
" Q) y( c* f8 MThere are conflicting reports and controversy
- I. ]: T5 }- c& W8 V, u; \* Aover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult) R0 K  b( [6 w# l$ r( J/ r
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
1 k* [% {* m! z# c+ Uadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
8 C! }2 p# z3 H7 V7 H2 Culation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
6 Z5 F- c+ L8 ?+ d7 f$ f! u% n+ TSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
' z3 s- j+ T4 lchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
0 h3 }+ ~; H1 j# E# K' X$ Ipenile length in clinical studies., [% K' H% i; P
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is9 Y; p9 W% ~0 C- b  C9 O
going to experience any of the untoward effects from+ |7 B5 x' q+ N5 r
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
' Q! H* {" n! u! z& D3 D0 }the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.- H6 }5 E5 p* M
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of4 d( G: y# U  |& F
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
  ^+ s, O4 T: R( @" L& L" wthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
; X: W- G) G2 W& aheight will not be affected.4 p& v9 ^/ Z- a0 Z: `) j2 I( P. ~
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
( c0 m* ~3 M2 w7 l+ t0 X5 W* j$ Nability of androgen products in our society may" A! w9 ~4 s/ f, p( d$ N5 K$ L
indeed cause more virilization in male or female/ s+ u9 x3 v9 [
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
$ b# u7 w* M$ d) i$ E0 y7 m4 \% vgen products must be considered and specific ques-& x7 c' ]  m; q  v
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
7 [/ I$ S+ M* `! F! b7 `& sgel should be asked of the family members during
# W5 z) G+ L. o( S) t. hthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
3 V) _9 X2 {0 ^4 z- N2 D3 o, jilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
& @9 m, f# i3 b; s4 Y1 [nosis can be established by just a few tests and by3 V. K# o5 F* a' h6 y( d( c6 @
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a8 l/ M6 |7 O6 P% I
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
2 i% b% Q* Q5 K4 \, Rresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
* i4 m( v6 ~( u8 Einvestigation. The primary care physician should be
1 f( h) ~+ p  m4 ]  j! ~; f1 Laware of this fact, because most of these children! |% [2 i6 T, z- X0 C" M
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
: Z1 j8 r1 I! V* k% ~- c9 bDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
" ~9 p" M# {6 Y0 ]' m- Gwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
0 z! {1 j8 w2 Tfemale child who might come in contact with some-, }; D6 T3 A0 a1 C* x
one using any of these products.
8 A+ K9 B9 t! m+ pReferences( ~' d& t3 M4 |7 R; ?5 }* e" Y( P( @
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation9 f. |$ I' P. h! U4 f6 T  X
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
& d# k. d5 V9 S3 gEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
) T5 `" {4 c: M7 V2002: 565-628.# B8 r: j- y) j1 b( \+ C8 b/ s
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious$ ^& M* c* m# ?- y$ b4 g
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
: X+ Y' X3 W: UBoy Induced by Indirect Topical" P% ?3 P1 S$ e
Exposure to Testosterone+ T1 N' C( b2 C; W% B, I' V
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2- C, f* o; R' x- k" a4 {9 i: \
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
$ W  h: q* U' h2 z# F) ~& OClinical Pediatrics
' ]" i' b* v0 e! z& m; `Volume 46 Number 6
/ x, S+ _9 l) S: q" |% S1 p; o: P  O  WJuly 2007 540-5438 K, p( c- z$ H0 Q3 a: S
© 2007 Sage Publications
" T. C9 s/ b, I. I5 p/ @$ j+ t: }10.1177/0009922806296651
( c3 V8 R7 Z1 g3 |6 q6 ]http://clp.sagepub.com
/ m2 y" X0 g8 B" b% S6 Khosted at# x/ A! `% D2 g- E" f) Q
http://online.sagepub.com
, D. u7 s1 N1 `# V' g- h# VPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
5 n  G0 Y. W9 Tis a significant concern for physicians. Central
6 F& C8 T/ J1 f9 h# t% xprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
' @7 W9 f7 D1 y* O, f4 I7 fthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has5 d' I; j+ |6 B# ?: q- P3 Q
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system* Z# g  U! V) g) D0 ^0 \, u+ E" l
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested- A& [: l. s0 a2 A) T6 r
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
  H. `3 w" I  a! J, Xhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-* y3 r6 j( E8 H; T/ }4 h
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
1 B5 w* k; f& [9 `! \report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the, |/ }! \) j" ^( l7 g8 W
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
# U# `1 @8 {( |" k% y" o$ Q- G: yment without testicular enlargement, which was due
& c  g# ?1 [# L4 O' wto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
: h7 A( t' {! ^7 R4 o0 F, mthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-3 a+ l+ M7 a- @1 }
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
# s5 B& g+ c' [5 Y+ H' T; c4 Gchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of4 M& E9 x1 Y* E# N5 c5 g
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
0 |* Q* {% c# z% v3 T2 p6 `) ]* Kbly more common than the rare case report in the
6 e3 M" j/ U/ [, Wliterature.4
& ]+ Y( Y, X# k6 z/ B1 `7 NPatient Report
- G( I6 d$ w; p, R7 |, pA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
9 I9 p$ ^& V( Jendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
" x% M3 r( e5 e& i. ?of early sexual development. His mother noticed$ `: m$ L  p. I7 M" N
light colored pubic hair development when he was! l$ J1 ^) J: y( `+ E
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of  E! a- {+ V1 }/ s" _! Q, {* A
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
' P9 v" u/ w+ w0 J. PAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,8 h+ i3 U8 ^5 a1 ~1 w
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of) w  O, E9 a7 o6 w! s1 N3 f
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
4 X+ l: N9 L! Me-mail: [email protected].5 R. Q6 D9 B! H! S6 p; b) Z2 z! I
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became( D% k$ o5 O' l( s: O8 h: |0 F
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
8 l9 R$ P0 Z; jment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
2 y% m0 o/ }0 x+ F- C" b- [. d& zwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
$ w' z9 Z0 Q5 Ha birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of9 d' b( F# q' y7 ^* A$ l8 n
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year0 J% `8 q" A$ P* Z; v* ~
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with1 w' c" ?) y& H/ [$ t
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,) j( N* x5 g- B- ]! M9 Q$ T# M
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
- C' p# ?- S: b7 R: ^" l5 Dwas age appropriate.; e: N0 ^* B* K( i9 W
The family history was remarkable for the father,0 }8 d/ L0 }" @. z# E! o; G
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
! m3 O  J8 G0 V( Z8 ^9 i! iwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s; E+ v( u8 C8 @) X  ]; v5 `
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
4 v+ S6 B, `8 h* W# X6 t" Nearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.  @! G! l4 I) A; d
The father denied taking any other medication. The
$ k# S$ D# s. bchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
. u4 B! K/ X+ ^6 mwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
) [& X( Z+ s$ R5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
& o) u$ z# `4 o% j2 c) y; j% z" Fcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
% e. v" l  m$ I& ytives. There were no siblings.
" i, O9 o9 j- sPhysical Examination
' o) e& Y2 |- Q5 OThe physical examination revealed a very active,
! W6 b  m; H  A9 t- t5 ?8 \playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
5 W5 v& W4 b) T; k6 H3 J1 Pa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
( |$ r) F9 E( a90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg/ d# r7 B- t* g3 L
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth) v" B. S. B9 E; W3 t
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of6 r4 L, H: n: D8 l, b
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
; N" P" R$ ^% i9 }4 }5 Q5 m" tThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for: I# d' U9 N' V4 ~) G4 @$ A( H3 B
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of+ r6 b+ {, V) `& N5 ^
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
  x" R4 {; H$ N( Y9 n! ]+ b" Udeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around' E9 v0 w* [, X0 N
5405 J) [* |" ?8 O9 m5 b
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the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The- {0 H1 w' ^% N+ G  @
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
) o0 k: J. l* D- U. {" U& R* }The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
6 S3 ^. q/ _6 _% h6 c$ k* a1 goily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no; |& h" N7 Y& ]
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
  U. J; k, L3 X  @0 }Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
; _4 i+ q4 [- B8 k1 N5 \* R: N" {bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
1 P6 z, f" E' _3 p/ X5 _$ C- oof papilledema.
( h5 S! a' G" A2 l! b9 V4 @Laboratory Evaluation% b6 s* s% z: l  b# Q" a! r: P/ z
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
2 j7 ^, ^2 ^3 d( T3 ~using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-! u8 j  E, @! x7 ^) u
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
! r5 V( K& ~- xkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
$ Y( R7 F6 K; o; j3 S2 n9 T% eshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
6 \7 i7 L$ A5 v$ [. M, A7 ylating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
. p. g- p# B' `! OThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
  o( L8 D, E1 @4 N) Uurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
* B+ k8 j; i3 f3 ^* Y$ a* Q, vwithin normal range for his age. The concentration/ r9 H: i9 [) R0 c- k8 M
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
% t3 Z: [& K  t! {( z# q- ^(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20  v3 z6 x" e# y7 g2 B! s
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
( f5 c: K# G" K8 ^1 e. Oterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),& E; Q! C9 x) E. Q3 D9 e' Q
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to  w( h  e$ u. `
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)" U2 l, z2 j- S3 j: V+ i: A# i& d
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-5 r1 e7 p0 A4 ]- J
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total/ _8 j4 }( N. t# }5 ]0 t7 S0 X6 h
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
3 \+ t) A, r  d& m+ S) X5 Band β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
" [( r& V' j9 P# N% i3 D- r5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
# W4 B6 m7 N7 K; ]stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone. w$ C. Z0 H; E9 K: g
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL0 h! n# Z: ]! m/ g( j
(prepubertal).# c4 t+ \6 t0 B: M- ^
The parents were notified about the laboratory( T- W1 C: Q$ B9 c
results and were informed that all of the tests were2 L  w! z$ o8 J+ u8 \5 O1 }) T
normal except the testosterone level was high. The* v4 [5 @5 l3 r, X6 s" }
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
" ]8 w1 M8 d* _( I6 e$ g, n1 Y: ]! Mobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-+ }+ {3 F, e2 y9 m4 J
ever, the family did not return for 4 months./ ]3 u7 e& Y' e6 _1 x' X
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
! r' X/ ~% c0 P  G0 H* Hchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained4 x  g3 y1 _$ L0 S; l8 c9 w
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained/ @) a" ^6 v: [3 {' y  k
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
; ]- t  k8 Y& v6 f$ Wpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
# ]3 s8 ~6 f- w: C2 R7 athe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
4 j" Q7 w7 e$ y9 P3 _% Y5 x/ I" ?mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.! X; {$ D  G# b8 q& ?
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-$ E* V! u0 h; X: A& T7 D, q) Z0 C7 ~
ing frequent erections.
" g3 c# x  X/ [3 WBoth parents were again questioned about use of- h- w- }0 e6 C. B1 E
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
- I3 |5 p: H: b, E% Kthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
$ ]% e9 L  ~' cTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541. p  H; U4 H  h' g
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-4 L6 R. c9 v  j1 y% H% g2 l
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for! S9 U6 P- _6 D! ]# T- E2 r
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed. k' V4 P3 o$ c$ P8 _7 ^
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-; w$ j6 a" k& Q0 x' h
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido2 P/ n7 \0 a& f; u5 V- B. P
secondary to depression.) E$ O1 e2 L! ]5 s! k: N* l' W
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
" Q6 w9 v' A* |( _) D; e+ Q8 QThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his# \/ O5 k) q+ N5 U( G2 ^
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-( }1 H1 y2 y* ^
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.4 ?5 @( ~5 C/ P' _; d+ ^4 L
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
* m6 k, K/ j! d7 G& A/ i! Qwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby9 Y' S  T, \6 }6 ~7 G
was high, he then read the product information9 P: t( e: G% g
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-8 V# g: Y* }, m# i# `- F
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
, X* ~. Y3 f" m/ `5 {& bdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the' o9 j" j3 J6 P+ S) I9 q# q
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
7 r" I' S1 ?, Z6 ?* d) G) c" I0 pbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone1 Y' h  N  D7 b8 h
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the" [& l! {7 q6 _6 F& q1 ]$ F
laboratory to obtain the test.8 b5 S( ~$ r3 J; ~1 y$ `: F: }) {1 I
Discussion
/ m5 a3 a, R8 y% u0 ePrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary) j6 N: S$ D! a+ x+ l4 U
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,40 m" C1 E9 L$ W! W) [
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when, G  S" `; t, J
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
9 i1 j1 [" b2 V; a2 c* Ethalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
/ }1 T- b  U$ Rmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
- f+ D; F3 u0 i3 Vmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
/ `- ]/ k' q9 F3 ~3 U: ^0 sresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-+ o1 z; A$ q; R2 n
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
) d& T) i! S% Ysis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
* O" M; I" ^+ E% _" oboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
. H& S# N; P8 ^ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-; C& a) r- m, l: C* S
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by* r" W1 ?6 \4 n" D; R# c6 r
gonadotropins.1,3; h: p4 t% p0 c! m
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
. B9 D! r  U5 \" |# H( hcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate  D/ {. t' s' \$ z+ b) ?0 W1 H
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
9 [, B) S5 R, }exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-3 ]! \1 g, E' }5 x2 W5 X3 A, X
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
/ O. g1 M( j7 n" k3 A2 n$ \+ Pcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive, S$ D9 A8 I" B- j. v1 ]. `1 Z
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious( m- B! A+ J: `& w2 B& ?4 b
puberty in boys.3,4
* \4 c. U+ Y% m; g$ S' H* R. l5 V, yThe most common form of congenital adrenal+ T9 W/ M9 K. _$ y
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.* D' f6 l/ n' X* L
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
$ M! p; w6 o. W$ q# M( Vexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
! H* y8 l8 L& a- y/ u8 a  Jan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
4 T8 K, s/ d$ C  r/ Z' Lexcess.1,3
7 f8 r9 T* }' t; l+ U# gat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& \  O- a+ r& w4 z9 e' m) P, K
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007# k& @, X( N8 X
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
6 D9 h3 C" f$ K5 ?. `6 K' m& |independent precocious puberty, which is also known8 Q& W* a6 z5 S3 ]. Z4 v/ B
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a; T8 C& X; j3 C5 J6 g2 A4 O, O
very young age. The physical findings in these boys' V2 C+ T+ e8 L1 ^. o6 P
with this disorder are full pubertal development,* P* P" @5 K0 F' b
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
  E' O- i& b, s( [9 g+ N' Wwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
% \' y% w, a* N9 {) _$ v: _. Lare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show3 T2 X# E  E& l
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-  z. b; w, g9 j( ~4 a
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked: N/ M% Z5 n/ \; H& C
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
, h. ?. E9 Q- R+ S2 }males; therefore, other male members of the family
& v$ u; V( k+ }3 a$ Z' j; ~may have similar precocious puberty.3
& r  N! n' `2 ^In our patient, physical examination was incon-
# D8 ^' Q$ e( j8 ?* U3 t7 tsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
* H' ?- l% I& ?/ ucles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis2 L% E* V2 h! k5 A1 c$ ^1 \
was in the differential diagnosis because his father6 [- w4 s( ?6 F9 I3 f0 T
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,$ }4 L9 c. b3 v8 r5 p  p9 U+ @
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the: V+ Y- d+ A. o+ p8 O1 K( ]
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-4 Q) f* |: {7 @2 b. U) _
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
+ L6 t0 g" o  j: o! |2 Xbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,6 v5 v) j1 I8 Z. }5 V" J9 c" ]8 Q2 ?
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase+ M+ j- E) ~7 b8 D4 h3 ~% ?* D
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
2 u' {- P. S" I1 Ning the normal level of adrenal steroids.* r  E9 o- @- {$ ~) U
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly8 t1 y' Y* e1 N) w: T7 z  U: R
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because' M# m6 X+ e; }' F1 D8 F% o+ C
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
5 U( Z% e* ~% Q2 v' b0 Hpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and& |1 q, |! \  _: c0 u3 Q* s
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
2 L$ v8 z6 v! Q3 f. hterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was! O  ]3 l( m3 ?7 J
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’6 X* E+ X  X4 U! N
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or$ w# v* S- I: e: _% Z) G: s' }
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
2 i) j+ L% i4 i4 Cunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
% N% F7 W0 ?. `2 i+ nSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
$ R) x8 w/ |" wbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
: V; D4 b( o' o) w1 F; S7 g7 ]even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male5 p/ f* r0 f: Q: g
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-  Q! l% ]1 |! ]+ t2 T0 _+ N
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
# t* k; e8 e- a  FOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
5 p4 x, H/ a+ D3 b9 o& e$ ~which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that* y- |- B5 l+ a6 C, N7 x
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
6 M! j! ~4 g- Iterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more9 s/ P4 J3 {; \) g8 y' E  \" k
active in young children exposed to testosterone
# H8 a* ]+ t, Q0 ~" E# Q3 aexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-3 T# y' i5 Y; i4 i- k8 K6 Y6 h( }! `
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to* F) B& e- ~/ E5 H% M! O
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in( K6 P6 }7 [1 Q4 J4 h" w
children results in an increase in growth velocity and2 n4 q$ [/ H( S3 [
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
' \& U3 V, E2 Z! z* O" RThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during0 y( M. o; h  {" k1 h
early childhood on pubertal development and final
. z5 K7 g  X- n6 x1 r6 Q) Aadult height are not fully known and always remain
$ S0 U4 C* x1 h1 B/ \a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
/ M5 Z2 E7 Z0 J+ U9 [9 i+ o2 hterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some6 G$ P$ f" d0 W: _% V
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after; y9 R3 i# P) _, O* M8 \
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation% C  q+ V- j, C
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
1 S/ i; D% V% I/ \5 N* B% Y4 YThere are conflicting reports and controversy5 v9 `: J1 W4 r' a! u! H
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult4 }. _/ _) Z# K: T3 g1 ~
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal" u: b1 p; i! `( |9 \$ R/ Z
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
  s" i6 `! o& D: mulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
- _  V0 S' d7 T, \2 \- y( wSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between6 W$ Q2 T1 ~7 h  m. y: E% M- @
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
9 z/ J. ?; Y5 l: F" Kpenile length in clinical studies.0 W3 {. v) s, H2 [; V3 r
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
8 |) }, z' `# Ggoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
2 B8 j  k& {, qtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
. a) D" \2 {- ~, Y9 Othe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
% ]/ M1 c/ V! }5 v# c; c  O' ZAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of- i( @+ M( o  ]$ N& Z0 f
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at2 i6 i4 T$ q- L% h% M3 T, Q
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
2 a, j: w6 ]! _1 u+ Bheight will not be affected.
6 r: I2 V7 }1 `Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-/ \+ J9 N/ i# U0 Z  E' ~8 _  p; J
ability of androgen products in our society may! N% |" h1 H" c# W. I
indeed cause more virilization in male or female5 j9 L: }. a' J( @/ \+ d
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
6 N: z* h% e* e: mgen products must be considered and specific ques-1 j  B& s* V( {" o& f6 p6 x
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
6 e( ?  A; e  @7 U4 n: fgel should be asked of the family members during9 l; h- V& ?7 o/ t! J" T1 ^
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-! s% b7 U( k5 L! o, q: p1 `
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-' p# \& c6 |- i* Q# B
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by* f+ D; [, k1 M2 Z5 N
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a* ~# p" Y0 B2 K7 A
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may! u0 u( I; ?1 ~' t' z. j( e
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
" D. f( J0 J& X1 [+ {/ M) R. Sinvestigation. The primary care physician should be( r, E9 {/ `0 `6 m, p% P# K
aware of this fact, because most of these children9 `3 u, C" a, [4 v
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’' l6 r& m6 j; p( [: U
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a* v. r4 i4 o8 t- L  @5 D
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
' Q6 z9 s) c, }3 Sfemale child who might come in contact with some-
9 e* @6 z) a; A: j( a6 ~one using any of these products.
: e: v, d1 s( k/ m- i2 v2 DReferences% l+ B: Z- h9 f7 h( O
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
- L) H& }& ]' ]3 P1 L7 t' eand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
0 t2 v' T9 y3 z6 U" ~/ R' s6 _Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
; a1 M3 N8 E7 r7 S2002: 565-628.
2 O9 f. f4 P- a9 s: M2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious' i1 j, w- P6 i. s' _
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
& L) }: ?% k5 {4 L+ B6 Z4 G
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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