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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old/ ?- H( \5 g' w$ G3 y, Y/ \' u
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical4 d W2 t5 H' ?6 O2 B( M1 I
Exposure to Testosterone; N p' |/ j0 ^. C: s# o2 R
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2- H) u# J! G) }( v5 ?' [) }/ V
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD14 r8 T- V5 ~( Z' J& \
Clinical Pediatrics
# X0 w+ u- N2 l+ L A/ {5 T' q* pVolume 46 Number 6+ [5 M! M* ]9 h7 q ` z1 a
July 2007 540-543
/ S$ K" A# q6 z' T& v3 u© 2007 Sage Publications
! S! ]/ C+ O6 u, z; h, C! V( ]10.1177/0009922806296651. e$ c% Y1 A m5 H2 a
http://clp.sagepub.com9 Z1 F+ K. x( K
hosted at
9 |: f# V3 f) e) i" Lhttp://online.sagepub.com" C+ Y# w/ x: d; V4 L! m/ k N
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
* j& n* a8 p% X# dis a significant concern for physicians. Central
! p2 M5 Q1 L' Fprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
: H5 U+ N5 r& q" V, y9 Y& Hthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has" Y- R* C B, @+ y: l
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system' N- d, K& l1 }+ V8 B* |, N
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested4 I0 w8 A" l+ E. n+ @
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic+ Z: z. H6 h' ]! O
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-8 X2 j4 j# F1 t6 m( f
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
. {- ]4 W* n& H# v! ]; a* o' oreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the' f9 r: K6 u) }7 U
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-8 q& j' b' I4 F) r/ B M/ @" \. S, {7 d" O
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
! Y$ k3 Q! F' I5 ^! h! @5 T/ D* Uto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
8 C* Z' T. {" Y3 y: @the father. The family initially concealed this infor-3 K1 L5 l. D, X: B, d6 f9 ^
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
' p$ H, ^& }1 ?& ~) Ychild. Given the widespread and easy availability of$ y4 \0 M& A+ c
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
) V* u5 n, K- ]' _. x5 a a8 fbly more common than the rare case report in the
# n$ O ]' C$ z1 }literature.4. I9 L9 S) ^5 w9 z- @9 p) Z9 l
Patient Report9 q" k* h+ ^0 z" e0 c/ `
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the3 C0 e4 J4 Y) Y$ S
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern D+ `0 `& U# l) u# z% f1 i5 ?
of early sexual development. His mother noticed# H. ~1 O4 k, ^, l" S5 {
light colored pubic hair development when he was
' l ~. ?% j0 g( r( e YFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of! ~5 V; u$ C3 w: ]" {1 s. q
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
3 R* \* P$ B( q" ? A4 HAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
r0 }7 N) t/ jProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of/ ?8 X; `8 {$ ]1 n8 G0 e6 Y
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
" R; ^+ z6 k5 _- H/ E0 y: He-mail: [email protected].7 q+ S l8 N+ q5 ^
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became. n5 W! {: f# o( z0 O/ L/ O
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
4 E7 }7 K1 i& p( ement of his penis and frequent erections. The child
3 I$ _( R' w: ~6 {7 F' b+ _4 Mwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
/ n! l2 N$ V0 E: \+ o$ o" Qa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of7 b" v; A9 k9 C W2 |; e/ e8 R
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year- D9 D+ _4 L" [) t j1 E
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
# ? ?8 i: A$ V6 Qsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
3 K) x8 j' Z [. {3 D: b# mand his psychosocial and psychomotor development' p4 j8 ^7 g5 r5 D& {
was age appropriate.
% ], I* Z$ [4 h6 ^9 e0 dThe family history was remarkable for the father,
3 \/ m6 ^. {$ | Z8 s' J2 N, Owho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
; r$ C+ h0 H3 mwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
Z6 K: X# j+ O# z& g; ?; P9 K5 Jheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat d7 _* A# |+ N' N2 D6 Y4 [$ b
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
9 J( Y2 T- O, H* A5 v! ?The father denied taking any other medication. The6 Y) e$ b5 n. ]9 _3 k; F
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche" U( \$ }0 S% V! [9 w3 J$ z
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
, c7 S( b/ {( p8 A; W5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
7 G+ H. E4 B5 @- s# [: \4 ecocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
! r* R1 @! L9 P8 E7 J3 vtives. There were no siblings.+ Q+ p* x9 X# P
Physical Examination
9 H7 I$ E% I* G1 f: T/ V9 A* J2 bThe physical examination revealed a very active,: t1 Q& C3 z+ L" B3 X. _( r9 d
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented, x+ E# O. D# X" ~3 [
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
8 m1 e1 Y F+ v7 ]90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg: b* C m1 M+ _% M
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
+ @( U+ _9 u/ @& n' c& Rvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
$ |! |4 {3 E' s" a+ Pthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.% \3 B; s, H( E+ @) R
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for" |* k3 J `& J6 ]& O9 h; j
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
& I0 P, q$ m0 `8 v! ~5 f- Q8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well4 y( G6 d1 K. \9 p. e u
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
: |8 |( L9 z: l0 m9 G540
$ s* _7 ]# U4 ~at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 m) M D. N8 w
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The; `: U! T& v7 k3 u# o: {4 B
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
* b" M; _. F7 {8 IThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat7 e4 V. m( k* f
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no% Z- i% V$ \' F! Y' t6 g
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.; I) E: W9 p; a# ]6 l t% V0 M
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
2 a/ | ~. }! d& r: n$ ~1 I* [bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion3 O) [/ ~+ E2 u& w: e: S
of papilledema.1 c4 V8 R2 S; _' z$ A: {, x$ ]
Laboratory Evaluation7 g3 y' ? {" ~* M5 r
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by+ E) c0 G/ e( C3 }7 X7 j
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
: r5 h/ i C! Tlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
6 ]& Z/ x7 I# v9 P" y2 Hkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test+ ~1 Q' q7 s+ \$ w9 M
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-7 N/ E# E! E4 f
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).# v! G0 ?, A- W7 H: \- f
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
" }! A3 e/ m( i( U L- m h4 hurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
: z3 ^* Y$ O% @2 \- xwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
0 o8 A' p i2 ?! w) |* Rof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
7 u, N9 c# B% F8 S(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 209 B+ p0 T' z) r4 E e
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-" r4 g. B T% r0 P/ T$ i- R1 P: z8 p
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
) B& U% w& J: Q* sdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to8 h6 E; k" I8 D8 `! R1 N
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)! {% Z& W$ Q: R9 \
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
+ U. d2 X3 u& I' O3 u5 W" jtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
9 K" G4 f4 ?0 p4 @+ ytestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
- A: n4 z) P, C- R$ J% Rand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than* j) [6 U% M0 X, ?
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular5 h! r9 ?4 n( \* p
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
. |. |$ A8 q' B: a3 Q2 P- o# E6 jconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
" f9 V# q5 [: b& J; i Y: b4 y(prepubertal).) f+ g1 ~; Q9 e7 U$ Y8 n) e) O' Z
The parents were notified about the laboratory& f1 u. F$ a4 f' p5 y' h6 ?' ]
results and were informed that all of the tests were' H' C K, s0 ^/ ^4 n" n$ V7 E
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
$ b9 O4 w/ l6 a, n5 h, g; Ffollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to" N* o9 A6 B# C8 \* L9 w; A; `
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
/ D# n0 M& a8 m+ p" a7 Sever, the family did not return for 4 months.0 y+ d1 G2 t* p3 {9 U1 E7 s3 s Q" B
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
: t6 ^5 f, x* F) k9 ochild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
2 x1 F& r' F5 ~ ^- {2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
* X9 S5 q6 N2 j w# dunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-* U2 Z- F, p" R, t6 p1 M
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at. i2 N9 r5 ~- H) q/ }
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 28 _+ {- ?" s( m, f1 ^
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.: I! ?, [$ a; B' L4 H! l
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
9 m! \) J( F L( [6 z; } cing frequent erections.
" F- Q$ r+ r) qBoth parents were again questioned about use of
S+ G' b O$ F0 fany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
. R/ R2 M) i) ~ H ethe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
, t$ J2 P' w q! a+ N6 g9 ^1 s- c* bTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
( @, {+ N! M5 l8 yuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
; m) f6 R1 y0 y8 X* G! ]ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for; o8 @; Q& Q- b0 |
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
7 \+ G7 N: r r; V; |to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-( f! s3 \, }" r, j/ I
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido. J4 f- d: ~8 f) b, [9 M9 M! X
secondary to depression.6 O; C6 e* T' P# n
The child slept in the same bed with parents.$ @5 g( v3 B& G* ^- k
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
2 E! ?! m/ t7 C7 w, K: H* Ichest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
! M g* ^, o6 `) x7 nnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
' y( i! P. [/ W8 AThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
( V4 |, h& j- n4 Qwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby) F. D, }/ k6 P- x
was high, he then read the product information
8 E' [$ S T0 p# n. |4 h( @packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-" b2 J% f2 B+ o( Y6 P
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they2 `* y/ r% O# k
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
% {% `, a( I8 X: {3 afather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
, W" ?9 ?: C Y- \* w, Qbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone0 K: k+ L0 v: h6 V5 ?2 B$ M& O4 T
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
) s: R! k& f S! M. k m" alaboratory to obtain the test.5 S9 D4 { i* L" H$ X1 w3 Q' J9 V
Discussion
! P( E. g! i/ BPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary+ V8 f, N, M; r2 c, ?5 o
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4, q% q. A! g% A; ~9 X: A& n$ J
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when8 C3 ]6 C5 u; h+ I
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( v2 z% a( x( C/ C2 O% vthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-) k1 L8 [* c1 }( F9 e$ G6 X/ _
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
6 Q$ n \5 _5 x" ^ Wmay have a central nervous system lesion that is: L7 b; e( Z9 U6 d( K7 T; D' X& k1 ]
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
9 ~ Z. z) c% k' t7 X8 _0 u' C. Uamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-# w/ k$ f" w. }* @( ^+ o4 u7 c
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in, k' {& Y- g0 {. C2 u: y. v; _5 G o
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-' f0 e0 |* e. ^( L
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
, U* ?/ x8 S- ~- @rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
3 M# X: S Y, u+ g# r3 q" M) V8 Dgonadotropins.1,3
7 @" w' q. W; v6 O4 O! y# fGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
3 U1 ^! c2 a. _3 h7 e) ?: Ucious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate% J0 h$ Z6 h- ^; a1 D N
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or6 z0 k( g$ j8 i4 M& v/ E6 s
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-4 \" k9 s! R, `" @0 }# A; R
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
0 l9 K7 `! j6 {' fcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive" _" S7 V% C% z$ @, }
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious V1 k/ Z: v; N; N
puberty in boys.3,4. t( L6 m/ v6 H$ L+ W3 w: i
The most common form of congenital adrenal
& |9 V: t& e0 O' W1 p6 l1 ahyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
" {5 O' A0 ]; E FThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in" J5 E! r8 t9 u, @, J* q7 P
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,0 y0 J% P* ^7 v2 g5 Q
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen3 v# A7 C r6 i! W9 D5 K. N
excess.1,3
3 g& _7 r6 Q7 ^( J% l2 d6 rat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
# N6 c5 \! t! V% u542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
% [ }0 `, E5 J# N0 k% KA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-2 I8 O! j1 F; X6 m, u9 L c
independent precocious puberty, which is also known0 H( }6 f, z2 O
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a( @, F1 q+ L7 U( P
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
2 |6 H5 x6 Z' X6 N% H) k, K* awith this disorder are full pubertal development,. ^% u/ I6 y, G1 M ^# _
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys& R! j8 R% g1 `
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
9 u/ B h0 v# K- d$ s& W5 Qare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
6 g% C/ r- P! b2 G% Gpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-- I [& O9 ]3 a" A( D' k
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked- h2 W! h) l' h. x: i5 c/ s
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
2 x5 }* I/ p) x/ O/ l/ v5 \) ~males; therefore, other male members of the family* y, q- K2 M# @) g# Y
may have similar precocious puberty.3
' }6 Q" P5 `& TIn our patient, physical examination was incon-. A" Z% `/ p3 W0 b& m& ]) P Y* H
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
' Z7 G0 I" p+ k/ g0 k5 s7 s0 |, o/ ccles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
; f, d& [% r* o: P4 I4 |was in the differential diagnosis because his father
( q/ P& u" g5 c7 G: _started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,! o: R" Q d) |; U
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the* @" m, f0 Y! k Y
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-/ Q& p/ b3 b- a. p7 i& j- ?- u" q* N4 R
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our' ^! o3 e% O: o0 W% T" O. U
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
& W' n& m+ z% }either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase w w: F' V8 K1 K% d0 g; T& A
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
6 N6 {% w8 _% v* K: S/ wing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
3 ]3 W" `8 V! M4 p- v( |The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
* n2 s5 o, H+ @+ I6 fsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because/ X/ |9 g- C3 P, n
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
0 m. U$ Y2 {! w+ j0 `& F1 x% H0 x. T) Zpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and( f) H+ D1 h) R* ]
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-9 ^! P6 U- Z) ^ |4 B& \
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was* U2 x- Q8 A/ ~9 M( C9 m" U
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’( G: L/ o) P! T
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or$ t0 W9 ^. P* K; A
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
) a5 \! P; |$ k, |1 cunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
! m! O' \; A2 u6 x# X4 b X" U. o+ \/ JSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
9 l4 o0 j0 ]+ f0 B$ ?9 s- z6 C% _baseline value in those females who were exposed to
) g4 h7 F4 f9 H* }even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
: Z5 o+ h, v; k+ J: P1 ~partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
7 F; n/ }2 h0 {6 G+ A4 Wtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.4 }0 }5 H2 h5 t: a8 G9 J2 x
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
# H4 _. G# `; a$ ~& Q" Ewhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that7 R$ a$ A4 s$ r4 J
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
% U* e* t& D$ L2 Dterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more. ?, x+ H: R T/ |3 Z4 F* B& v
active in young children exposed to testosterone
4 S' I! q: `9 W0 texogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-* h b. }3 A p1 W2 F/ K# G
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
7 k% K$ Y% `3 [5 D5 D$ ~virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in3 f' ^4 Q" j- z7 W
children results in an increase in growth velocity and) h. O0 n* d- [8 R4 Q l
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient." B f1 r1 {) A8 P
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during2 C P( ^' l3 q
early childhood on pubertal development and final) L5 p5 W8 n, X
adult height are not fully known and always remain
3 s/ i$ B. D; N Ea concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
- i4 ?" Z6 I6 R9 U' S8 qterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
, f( R0 G: y" H; L8 xacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after9 t. U2 [) Z! U2 D1 G
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation' p: P( y {; _# g1 Z
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9. I p' J3 L' l* O0 w" Q; \
There are conflicting reports and controversy4 h; I$ l: N* }9 J4 I' }' p9 Y
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult' @5 @0 f# B+ o+ f, n& i$ o
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
, ]! a0 x6 P( }* A; ]adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
2 @- r( n& h2 }5 j9 Rulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
$ C3 n+ v6 i# d0 A0 s: ? jSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between7 P1 C5 ^8 S: ?5 H( l
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
5 e! M, y# @" j3 {- ?1 a* d! l% Apenile length in clinical studies.
* g5 E3 V; J1 x8 l, FNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is2 n1 R' O8 n+ w* `8 x, r8 f
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
3 C# c4 t: X2 ^: L! f& ^testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
* ~) x5 H. [' }the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.2 \/ Y& ]! t( D
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
G( |) ?) ^, Mdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at; t" \0 c: }4 u! R9 O
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult0 m- m6 K* g b! ~. t" {. \
height will not be affected.% ~- \ u( T& K' { }
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-! J, ^4 l, ^8 O$ `, @5 C3 z
ability of androgen products in our society may
$ X5 E$ S4 u, Y" _* w. |+ n4 rindeed cause more virilization in male or female( N- f7 r1 S/ d7 P
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
- e1 D% g$ |& W0 R& Mgen products must be considered and specific ques-) f# r7 } J! U3 J9 D$ y% P' U' _
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
5 y& [1 N; Q3 }( {gel should be asked of the family members during
8 g+ @. K5 b( M" xthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
0 h: r! y* d8 h7 vilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-* }, j7 P$ e* a! p! O* `' m" A' F
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
, V y6 V$ v+ X* d5 H, x) {appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a. [1 L2 U1 y" g! v
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may! J. Q4 B: I$ l! X
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
4 V. {; z+ u% m- e% k/ oinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
9 U S4 |) q& M* ]+ O3 X8 R: i5 Faware of this fact, because most of these children
8 b+ N) D5 R' R% l1 zmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’0 I9 X9 r. z- j5 |) w
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
; J/ y0 m+ {8 q; W( N6 ], Qwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or" V l# ]( s2 o }/ F- P( f8 |/ [+ B9 Z
female child who might come in contact with some-' v: U9 X& v8 p! |
one using any of these products.
& K' }) n4 O- s( `; U, fReferences) j' J# M+ E0 E* ]
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
& l( n) T1 e% K9 i/ O6 {and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric; m3 }! G% Z: V0 V
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
4 u" Q/ J; ], ^0 W2 p% ?; V" s2002: 565-628.
/ N4 \" Q6 X9 U% E2 u% s2 U2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
* M) X( B S: ~/ `7 T8 Jpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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