WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old' k- |$ z- m! ]" O
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical9 s1 q6 t( [( S' k* W
Exposure to Testosterone
1 [' j& M* z3 D/ `, U* sSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2: H: e- z9 v/ Z5 m6 q5 L
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
2 h6 h0 Q/ w" {1 z" j6 X* DClinical Pediatrics
- O3 `) d' q" ?Volume 46 Number 68 n6 a: G) X" ~. r1 R+ [( }
July 2007 540-543
, ^+ a- x/ A( H  Z© 2007 Sage Publications) L! `8 R( c1 R. C
10.1177/00099228062966513 L( o5 v' Y, }' @4 l7 v. v
http://clp.sagepub.com/ E3 J5 ?" M( Y$ D
hosted at: S5 t# S) }* J
http://online.sagepub.com
7 }3 B: I; x$ O' z& L5 V2 U5 i. gPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,' u5 g" g' R  l
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
1 P) p- d- g4 t4 rprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated! a$ Q6 g5 K# D7 U; t. N, ^
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
& m, g1 q6 w2 p% b: ma higher incidence of organic central nervous system" A1 p2 }/ n2 q
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
" p0 v( _  r. x* o; a: m  b! Tby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic* V( H) J& P. i1 C7 F) y
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
! O% ]/ l3 W; g4 g1 Ucles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We- n& L: j% C( B* }$ I' d
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the/ _- |% j( d$ P# S' {% |2 f
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
) z' Q+ _# A; m: hment without testicular enlargement, which was due- L$ V# C) r+ ^: a) Z5 B
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by4 \4 g2 r- v, f6 G
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
0 }9 S8 m+ }. x/ V% {! \" xmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
: [# R% P7 K( y: T% ?7 zchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of% Y9 o# W  L8 M( G
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-9 @3 ^, I* S5 k
bly more common than the rare case report in the: |; l  ~4 t8 `4 L- v) O% g
literature.4
" [9 w" {2 u0 e$ D  @8 ^4 e* F3 QPatient Report- i1 f1 ]! o0 C. q5 W  ~  s& E- z
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the3 E& @  ?. `/ H9 Z! X
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
) J/ s$ o. W2 B4 @3 e. \of early sexual development. His mother noticed# f) r( G7 T/ c* t* {! F0 O: H4 G
light colored pubic hair development when he was( D" t" w" P+ A" A8 ]
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
: w$ O/ u$ W2 Z! Q" |South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
$ j+ G- R9 n; T' Z9 U- yAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
  {# c5 y. m3 P2 C% U9 _  WProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
0 p$ k' B# \# R- d; @Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
' J! ]. I" N- N# be-mail: [email protected].
5 O2 Q* W1 F7 R$ B7 |* B# pabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became( U9 @% u( U' ~6 q) x# `
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
, V5 R4 O1 I; X2 n( hment of his penis and frequent erections. The child7 N; y" w) d. o+ v- P! m3 X3 c# R
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
" c2 e- v6 v* {a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of" e6 j7 P' j( k
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year2 X( A$ b+ O+ i9 i; [9 e
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with% d' h$ Q& g3 N4 G$ ^" c
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,( p* H& `8 O, B5 v2 [
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development) E; {& H! ]2 Q% v. k& Z% i
was age appropriate.
6 A6 S/ Z9 i# KThe family history was remarkable for the father,
) T+ A+ V$ y4 d2 ]$ [0 M  Ewho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,: D5 J& A9 G, X7 y
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s7 o  z) l( l+ ]
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
& e3 Q8 g% e, P. G  uearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.9 X( y% k& H/ S3 ^6 v4 u, G# m- R
The father denied taking any other medication. The
6 O6 c2 _* s. Y9 ?- k, }child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche8 T0 P  T4 K/ B5 Q# X* F
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
) I8 N( S3 ^- k: b2 x0 p! D, E5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-2 [* K! ^6 i9 l. [* K
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
& {% W% v4 o" ?9 Xtives. There were no siblings.
$ ?& C. E/ f+ P1 ?5 YPhysical Examination
: K  a9 G4 n0 y* }The physical examination revealed a very active,$ K2 b! y8 x7 G" N1 s2 l& ?
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented7 y$ f3 h9 ]4 L- @# m( s! V# A) b
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
! k; o& B* \5 X3 s90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
) D# s3 u% P  f8 y(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
! G- L  \' ]  u$ R8 l, g4 p' I* Qvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of/ g3 }( O+ @7 u! F# `: v( Y
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.4 q. ^: m) p9 i, S4 n" T+ V; a
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
1 K& P& X) Q2 R; v# Y1 \" p" L3 _enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
0 W0 s7 b# f* T8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
, U  S8 \# s+ E  jdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around4 Y2 P4 ~; Z4 Z
540
% J" @5 h2 V5 `8 a  p) Fat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from3 k/ d; k5 b8 r1 A0 H
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
0 C) t5 Z6 o1 @) c$ Htesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
' k, }# Z8 ?6 _; q$ ^/ ]The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
) }/ Z1 \) C; Z+ ]' {oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
1 {: _; ^3 g/ q+ [0 C" \abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
" i! ~1 R. ]4 E8 n( `Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
% a8 q& l1 R0 L& K! m& Qbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion" U& D8 _2 \/ [! D+ R5 ?1 j
of papilledema." h8 e% Y1 `( d1 F3 P2 e
Laboratory Evaluation( N# e- R! b  o. V$ N& O4 ?. _8 t- b
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
. l" [* q, D+ P8 Y6 H/ dusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
" q( G" C' C! C2 xlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal0 F2 H3 _, }0 k
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test: M$ J3 B9 y3 v! X  q
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-0 [6 @4 l$ F+ Y
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
5 ?3 H0 H; p$ T/ _' P8 uThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
% U# D/ R' C0 [& n( N& [urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were1 F5 C5 U0 T, w" {( b. H
within normal range for his age. The concentration
$ s/ L. P' M4 O5 q( C8 Qof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL  o' q. k" _6 P/ m7 Q* e3 d: }
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20: }7 x" y7 w" S  y
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-3 t* P) F7 l( P& c0 p  X3 I
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),. C) {8 f; y" L/ m! ?
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to/ T5 J& O' }0 n
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S), F  V% p  O) s( K+ l9 s
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
; E4 p( o+ O- U$ m2 atisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
/ h& D7 A4 U0 ]testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),( F5 K+ V8 p- E; D4 }# {. j
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
+ B; r3 ~9 A; k$ }5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular  G# R3 Z  E7 h/ N2 d
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone5 }; _! }( S# _* _# ~
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL% S# l7 M( O9 x
(prepubertal).; w+ B+ I- X8 J! C+ X6 P7 Y! p6 V
The parents were notified about the laboratory, c7 |  k9 W9 \+ X* u; |" G- _
results and were informed that all of the tests were
! h$ ~8 C3 G, z3 mnormal except the testosterone level was high. The" [* u5 H$ x/ t. a1 h0 @
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
9 y% Y5 D6 c* @9 nobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-( a, g3 }$ i+ B3 q
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.$ O% t. c/ ]) m7 m
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
% z4 \( ?" Y, e; i' j) ichild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained8 B% v2 @9 ~3 r% b: p
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained  ]& X0 Q  v1 C3 A7 r3 O" i& H
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-4 a  {1 Q' Y3 L! p; E
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at$ h4 i& _: k% f$ n
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 23 D6 n/ _% J2 \7 j5 N) Q
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.7 d+ Q. {0 H% q' ?
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
4 c( w+ b6 a$ J" I  Q  y7 H1 p  ming frequent erections.3 j4 I" K, Z9 h3 O9 b
Both parents were again questioned about use of
1 D: }; f( b: Q; A' Hany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
4 f; ]' l9 B4 nthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the. Q2 }1 X. p" B+ A4 q, I" H& K0 e
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
  @9 f% q( }: A* B' s* }use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
. _3 Z  j  V3 ^0 P( R7 h& {3 a* Hing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for! \; u' n( m+ Y$ t( a3 S( a, `
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
4 R. i* w) x  _to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-) B8 `" L. S) P5 A8 Z- {
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido9 s7 P  s9 C9 u5 H1 {3 r7 ~
secondary to depression.% N+ K! S; i5 k, {4 x
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
6 c# c' S2 w; W7 {0 w8 b' n0 hThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his1 P- g, c0 l# r1 @% f' @' g
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-/ ^$ S! d0 S1 r# w/ v9 X! q
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
) G7 Q' P. t$ m: YThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
" l: J1 l& a, c5 @+ k- F. Vwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby" Y: Z$ L! M+ g, g; I
was high, he then read the product information
/ g  X0 h, }) l- a1 w; x; n( hpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
8 w' l) j7 _% a% w# Z! V3 [son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
+ a& x4 Y8 F  a* {. [decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the7 y  f4 I( m7 `4 ?
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
/ m) [* V" ^5 Hbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
) p$ d$ A/ S8 L, ]- wtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
+ z" V, ^% q7 A: R4 R+ h& ?# P( mlaboratory to obtain the test.
# n+ x" g7 l+ N4 g$ cDiscussion- w& M+ E8 N) o! f
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
( N& L3 r/ c0 Y  tsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
% g+ U! a. d5 VPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
3 h1 y) v) {  l, n1 Oit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
+ }2 b% e" {6 K. Z! {7 d5 ithalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
4 @' q% F8 d4 y2 q3 d' \mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP  j  ]$ E( J  Z/ N1 }* f( {7 _  z
may have a central nervous system lesion that is( b  d& H9 k6 G5 d+ ]' d
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
/ Y) Z) q* A# R* Z8 c. |amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
4 H8 a- _5 R( x# ^* M$ osis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
: S- Q' l7 y* M" \# Wboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-4 [' o9 q; N: g- x
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-$ K6 D; G. f6 `, N$ s; H6 R. {
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by! n) P4 W1 A$ N+ R4 u  M5 R& r" \
gonadotropins.1,3
9 X$ m$ q" i+ C$ B& Y! U# UGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-* t& C* Z+ m/ ~8 f8 E0 t
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
+ G& d6 P9 |, {& t) zandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
% m, r, |2 L; }: `; q% Nexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
0 |3 k6 B. k2 dulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing" x' K- V! x9 L6 `; {* @
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive% ^+ n4 T4 M' a# F
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious: [4 H1 G5 @9 v6 x5 |6 V  b8 g
puberty in boys.3,4/ m: K+ w- V% x" h" _
The most common form of congenital adrenal4 A1 ]- d3 W  S. _9 u
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
  ^: {( l: M/ t8 H0 l/ X4 i, f6 [- L  `The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in5 ?+ G; v$ O' F0 S( {
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
; q- J0 q- g; X& h' }! U* p* Aan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen$ U4 R# X' W0 T/ f* K
excess.1,3( h# a% V4 D3 n
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from" c5 U' c% B3 Y- d
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
6 r$ o2 l: ?* d0 c* e$ l+ S8 nA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-5 q+ I% k0 V$ `7 |
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
! ?9 G! ], k$ ?: \* r/ N  sas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a- A* d# A) `$ j
very young age. The physical findings in these boys7 s$ {0 \( h1 S4 ]+ k
with this disorder are full pubertal development,! I# Q, i; i4 }
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
/ s7 X' Y' F: D/ a4 Bwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder$ ^9 d0 V) @6 S  n" J
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show0 O" P* U$ m9 o, t
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
4 o" H" Q' z) q8 S/ y$ hreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
. {; G4 K% H  A, ~% I: T& ?7 dautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
" N6 C& C1 _. {2 t/ e. Gmales; therefore, other male members of the family3 `0 N4 i0 Y' O# A6 k" g+ [
may have similar precocious puberty.3: S2 L3 Y# q3 S4 A4 A& `
In our patient, physical examination was incon-3 O5 q0 O* p4 c! Q+ w9 J
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-5 U+ @! F6 k8 r0 U) p, e
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
' P/ s* L6 Y! z( A5 Cwas in the differential diagnosis because his father( Q3 u- N6 E; `/ ]: _- K
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,8 m8 l1 p/ r7 _  w! o' ~
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the+ m5 x# Q5 J( p) c1 C
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
2 y$ u6 K0 z: @7 k5 S8 p7 jative initial history of androgen exposure, our: X5 l7 v+ u3 j" ?' E  I" @
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia," [" a% j: u% k# V1 p& d
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
5 H0 R# d, H$ `) o. f2 Fdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
5 B9 N# m) {& ?# a# Y$ ?ing the normal level of adrenal steroids." \  ]. ~( _: T
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly9 Y7 @- B: f9 Q- W  t
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because+ r8 Y. b/ F& c
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-1 e6 f3 s7 B5 M. t
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
" `  N. c" h9 N( d) v) b5 idecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
, [3 K! o" X4 a) J" e; Y- E& uterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was( t. W3 u% V5 D6 X  k
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
9 `: e+ I  u$ JDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
5 L5 i! j- u6 w6 i8 q/ `cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
, w( i$ J2 S; A% U2 o: bunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
' Y- O! }- j( L* l7 X. R8 nSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
( ^5 v: D4 h3 V* T7 c0 V8 Xbaseline value in those females who were exposed to, [  S. e9 q3 Z  b3 e' i
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male7 B- p# c  j& t0 m' P! X9 n
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
) i1 v* e  E, L! N! jtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
/ n6 G; o9 n1 o9 E( zOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
: _5 J. Q" l/ R+ M4 bwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that% J. M( B' U; z) ?* M
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
% _3 P2 Z6 `: Z9 Y7 G5 _( {terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more; g- y7 n+ V. \1 o. F/ o
active in young children exposed to testosterone
, k, k4 n( i% z6 `, Cexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
& X' e& @$ F# R6 |+ L# P; sdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to8 S5 }2 _6 L/ [1 s0 M! w
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in, I# t+ e0 {  ^  K, a. h4 w% U3 o
children results in an increase in growth velocity and& P* s; z) Q3 R0 |& H
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.6 H9 ?1 S6 u- M- _* O
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
$ q* \! C, U. M0 Bearly childhood on pubertal development and final: N6 f0 T- r1 ?# R8 \0 z1 r
adult height are not fully known and always remain9 X0 I* e, ^/ Q8 u
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-5 `% G( ?7 l8 l$ m& d6 m$ p; E
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some, M3 g8 T8 ^5 a5 n2 |9 K( d  U
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
) L2 W$ }% O* a, M" Ccessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation# |5 K3 U  a1 F3 A* b
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
7 t7 Q0 h$ X) AThere are conflicting reports and controversy
: ^: c* q3 C% Q- tover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
9 H. |+ h) S/ b, E" A1 \4 @; J) a: [2 Ppenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal& o2 W7 p/ @/ H9 W" |1 e8 N
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-7 |- t6 K' B+ F& n
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
% i9 n7 c- _) J0 x+ jSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between  ^5 O$ c" [# H8 c+ D
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
3 a" L7 B; b# K* O& T0 C1 y+ fpenile length in clinical studies.
* g  i5 W: ~6 ~6 B5 k, gNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
( F2 J0 x4 q. T& b- @% lgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from7 L5 n3 j/ C0 O/ n7 a0 h0 g
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
; Z$ C" e5 d; P: [- A0 wthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
- g/ x8 G) `, a) kAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
5 }# ]* i( G5 }diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
" w) n0 t* Y/ `6 Dthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
5 l+ V* H. Z  W! D7 ~) a5 f- gheight will not be affected.
( f: O3 r) D& L/ l6 zAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-2 D3 T9 v6 [1 L8 v4 N
ability of androgen products in our society may
1 W& L" ?5 l/ Z- I# _3 \indeed cause more virilization in male or female9 n9 [# H1 i$ k0 n" W/ n
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
% t, Q' y! I. H* t$ y4 z( Qgen products must be considered and specific ques-
: _: I- [% C$ B9 L# |; m8 J( R+ F: jtioning about the use of a testosterone product or( I! P# s! ?" L  |* a
gel should be asked of the family members during, L( I2 U1 [- _; x6 _3 A( c" r+ R
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
' q. k' ~, C  ]) u! Cilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
6 z1 Y# O6 o! l: }% o! a8 fnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
; @  Y9 {! ?' n7 A( J- rappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
* y$ i% `; E- ~6 ^/ Qhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
. ?5 h7 @: R4 N4 X8 J, lresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
0 O7 J8 c# B0 m  d4 einvestigation. The primary care physician should be9 i" v2 R" A0 f3 b; n. G
aware of this fact, because most of these children
1 p2 R% G' t1 x. l% Dmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
1 G5 b7 f% z4 P4 ]Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
0 `: G4 g3 w5 hwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
% A  U* f5 g  U* D" s  b9 sfemale child who might come in contact with some-
, }" n5 h- Y) W6 d& c) P' n1 uone using any of these products.
# y6 E5 j, O  ?3 KReferences
3 A- v: M: w/ i' H1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
; o! V" l+ G) n6 h$ J/ x! sand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric9 W' |% Q: K8 {8 |% H
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
$ Y9 v' l7 X2 U; b% P2002: 565-628.
& d8 A$ F3 R& e2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
- j8 q  Y% X) s+ e' Dpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
2 u9 {+ `0 O& k6 C: S! DBoy Induced by Indirect Topical- w% R% B8 S- i
Exposure to Testosterone
# H$ R. L9 S  c% I  y0 USamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,26 X0 k% O4 J' Y; j5 K. [' b
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
8 [, R9 k; U! }2 ^& }  B/ U. h$ q* X8 QClinical Pediatrics* ~9 m1 ?) ?& t1 ?; A2 b  C. r3 g
Volume 46 Number 6
! @$ w- I# {5 v( l5 z, d$ Y! D+ OJuly 2007 540-543
9 \; O; q- y# }/ J0 J© 2007 Sage Publications
& f- M$ p! X6 Q0 n- j$ q. \10.1177/0009922806296651
1 E* V/ V4 I5 `- @3 Thttp://clp.sagepub.com
0 f. c+ Y8 E1 e$ ^1 W! Mhosted at
" ?& t$ _9 r$ k& w2 i6 _. Whttp://online.sagepub.com
4 t# [( c' C5 t# EPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,0 }; r. H8 e9 t) X+ V( H
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
( {" e7 _6 [# eprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
- U9 Y* v& C+ `9 E: i  ]through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has2 T3 N' S" S. y
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
3 l, `) p$ r8 Glesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
1 ~* [& l5 E. l& r/ oby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic/ ]6 M$ p* _. R& E* J8 A
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-. R& @  l, u( \" n/ f
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We' T, k( V5 z! t- O! u* v# H' w
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
% m8 b1 B* a+ F2 s3 henlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-: r4 B! s& L. S. r+ p4 S
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
4 f' v- f& `4 x0 J6 q0 c/ Ito the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by7 f* x7 K. j+ j0 d/ v7 n7 j8 e
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-# [3 Q* W$ i3 y- B  }7 C3 p& j
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
& u! m) C! Z) G# g3 |5 U& h! _; _child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
" j" q+ s% X' ltestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-8 r( y. n$ q7 A: u5 G( E
bly more common than the rare case report in the7 \3 D% w4 M3 v! l# z8 c9 d
literature.4
$ {$ `( b! T7 l, o- G/ o& ePatient Report4 K! E5 r. K3 `- N
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the# M- {2 C+ @. F/ ]* S+ t* O
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
+ b8 g* f( m5 ^# i" lof early sexual development. His mother noticed
$ v9 e- @0 V7 m/ R; k8 Llight colored pubic hair development when he was
$ {( L0 _) i9 M# bFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of% a) p* c5 y7 R- k/ \
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
/ N5 V, l  x9 c. JAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
' Y* A# p: c' {: s( D, N9 ^Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
4 C4 f9 ?5 k1 {# U$ }" o( E2 Q4 w$ lMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;. t( I2 h9 V, @$ }: f. j
e-mail: [email protected].. a" P  w  V2 R8 G
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
; S& B6 H$ J1 u6 o6 H4 Xdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
* I" p) y2 [! S2 p5 r6 Vment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
" ], S5 X/ [; N5 owas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with6 G/ N  B1 F5 Z- Q% d7 O0 l9 T4 m
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
9 `7 w0 Q- m9 m" }$ b20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
: g$ a6 d. P  q& a. xof life and was still receiving breast milk along with' x1 ]: l/ N1 X% g
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
; j$ y% [5 W( O: ~( Wand his psychosocial and psychomotor development' T- y, w& p( `8 X$ ~
was age appropriate.
8 e3 Y, q. V  }' _The family history was remarkable for the father,
- i. N& E- P6 ~" Xwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,9 G) L& C4 Q' ], ~; X) d6 i; q. F
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
/ l& q+ ?3 W  m4 Iheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
4 q0 _, \! n% _( ^early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
, I! ]( ?4 l4 c" V# @5 V3 @The father denied taking any other medication. The
$ d0 f* n5 x3 x: y1 x) k$ `3 \0 ]child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
- A4 M, S: `% R: Cwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
& ?# O- u8 _8 G' l5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
9 c1 v# ^% |( _2 l$ ?0 Zcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-+ T( W3 c& E% }
tives. There were no siblings.
3 j; q$ p6 ~, E! S. [Physical Examination
. j* M8 H, N% yThe physical examination revealed a very active,
  b3 X* l4 p5 H5 a6 o/ D& Iplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented, Y( w5 P6 _( e0 `4 ]3 m  M  z
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
2 ]" l% u6 G+ N7 _' G- K9 A90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
. S* d. u8 I. g+ z(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
( q$ b: E& y1 A9 T/ Evelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
4 B; f  V  n  z% O4 w* X4 G6 w/ Ithe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
1 C! I) ~) `( a8 t$ p3 L2 WThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for6 a' b9 L2 p0 C. {7 x
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
3 H, A- w, `) N: Z! H8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
3 y) E2 T" F! A$ P4 {( bdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
8 z* x- b& n$ c. I* `  O, N5 ~5404 s: ~* j( Y1 B9 S" N* I6 @
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
& k. O0 A+ B, E9 q0 ~- Y0 ~3 zthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The/ E& D  X4 g" @/ l5 p) K# \8 m) A
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.. r( _  k+ Y: k" v
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
$ h. F/ U4 [( ^, t0 moily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no1 }+ R2 l; b* H
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.8 ^$ W* U4 ^0 g  E1 ?
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
; C( T3 u" }8 r# O! lbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
7 p- ?: b  d- s& B0 fof papilledema.
1 M9 ?' b9 R0 Y# K2 D$ i# zLaboratory Evaluation2 f2 h" E. h2 n3 u4 s+ _
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by# f2 l/ S6 V* L; E' m* Y  G
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-5 F; P$ @( l; n9 r+ I7 ?
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal% P, r+ `* O6 x6 L9 o
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
% ^: Y( B7 G' B$ f2 r" P. C( pshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
2 `& [/ F0 r6 c; wlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).( e2 O6 _$ [/ v. K. ?& H
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
' A+ H! i+ Y+ x% Z& y' ~urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
( T/ b- Z! E8 X- ^' x" H4 V" [within normal range for his age. The concentration* i  o( d) V. D' W/ ?4 v
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL# F( f: j: T- I* F! O9 H7 n
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
2 K% y0 {+ h! b, r" q7 l) ?  Zng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-0 `4 J6 e0 G8 q1 @; \  f
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),% M0 w* O# A: Z# C5 L
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to* A# T1 v: P0 S1 j
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)* k* \' E0 k7 f* v
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
* Q0 u$ n9 ^8 K' i. btisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total# t- l5 T3 y2 P6 `. [) B( S5 M
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),$ N" i; R0 z$ j2 b  ^
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than% o+ M: w$ Z- Q9 g5 F8 x
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
2 }: ]3 V% C% f9 d1 @& P; S$ Tstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone8 o2 n  h) L# Z3 e* X
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
6 V$ r" S) G3 W! l; G(prepubertal).
' X6 Z) ?8 ]  g  FThe parents were notified about the laboratory
/ C: l7 w9 w. X+ p# a) b: B4 k  presults and were informed that all of the tests were( F. O% B9 X! y+ `$ u
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
, S8 u% v7 M7 I! q# Hfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to- r/ C' E1 G4 M+ ]' o
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-# v9 D5 [3 P2 [* t* ~
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
: |4 m) X. C* x. ?; b& v- @. bPhysical examination at this time revealed that the. O. x$ n# S' V6 q
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained  q- e; o0 N8 \1 d
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained, x& P) J0 Z/ m4 x2 V/ A0 _
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
4 _' @9 u. D5 K+ Jpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at6 ]6 s" ^( F. m3 ]
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
3 v4 @* Z0 q. ~4 F+ L" c1 smL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.. y7 ?; n+ W4 A$ @: b
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-+ g* O1 r5 v" g6 f
ing frequent erections.  E; }, ?$ ~# {9 J
Both parents were again questioned about use of9 B+ w7 i( a% z; x2 q+ G
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to2 Y) Y8 C, T/ G6 `
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
  a2 R& r1 T" I/ r6 H% @Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541. q7 n2 e  A& _& D; S( W
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-& D2 Q5 d5 V8 t: }4 A
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for. B% }9 C1 g4 c7 }
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
3 g* p& ^4 R' E. g* ?1 b0 d  nto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-' M. o1 L* U# w  W  W! Y; o- t" u0 s
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
4 I7 {" @1 y. F, R7 v9 Isecondary to depression.
: D" B& ^$ Q- J) Q0 g2 ^The child slept in the same bed with parents.# E( F5 s6 U$ \, c/ v% d8 V7 p
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his  I8 j: J1 @- N6 t1 s
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-3 g8 O+ \9 R8 F) A0 E$ z
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.* I$ o' Z  V! H3 O/ K1 C) a5 r$ `
The father also admitted that after the phone call,% q0 F: ~) K" f4 k
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
  W, ^/ g- D/ f0 I6 _: L, zwas high, he then read the product information! g, \% C& b( A/ i* c' g$ N1 {
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-9 x* F4 E) I; G) m# Y, i
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they( m2 p4 C3 L+ T6 J* M4 m
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the7 N3 `4 L. L% i' r8 ?; O
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
* D4 ~; [# [0 d+ C2 F1 Y6 T) hbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
+ j% ~2 Z: a7 ]5 [test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
# Q1 o- |6 n% }" h: S6 flaboratory to obtain the test.0 E! w5 g! z+ w- a
Discussion
& E( W( m2 V+ T; K) K3 APrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
% W0 @. J& F; {9 ?$ ^sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4$ T/ j' g# ~( O  l/ w( J2 C
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when  C: Z0 e5 e1 V( \+ U% o; G( {
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( R- [* [1 ]/ pthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
) y2 `2 c' m) g- jmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP- d" l) f* U3 u" e1 l! d
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
! j8 k5 ?7 i# B& ~6 |9 u3 Tresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
0 k, `+ b/ E' b* }4 Q. Samic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-. L4 b7 [6 V( q0 A( _% G, V" r/ d; `
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in7 g: ^5 N  T7 V2 S: i0 |
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
) h, \  T% L0 [( |. G, q8 _ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-( |! d( [( Z! f
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by" A( [9 p$ K/ V* \2 |
gonadotropins.1,37 A; X8 w1 N$ ]% U" X
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
4 e9 l6 N% o+ Q& i6 d6 W/ E/ @* Z/ [cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
- G7 B% t1 J: K- p5 r7 [androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
  q  I7 l; X# Z% Y: ?% Hexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
, P" \, w, v0 a% k$ p5 R' b2 U3 Kulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
* Q$ S) a4 q! A$ C3 Ocongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive9 f1 o; r7 }5 o" m
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
4 S! j# y$ ^* R) xpuberty in boys.3,4; S- z1 ^# f9 ^" n  B
The most common form of congenital adrenal
( t7 `" R+ B' E) G, Y+ Ahyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.1 Q" Y6 \9 C! p6 A1 H/ D, r& _
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in/ z+ h; `' a- W2 ~" D
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
' h4 e+ P& C+ t4 `8 U" z  ~7 jan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen0 k7 [0 ]! U! U2 L
excess.1,3
  e# K9 l: v2 Y  Pat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from. ]+ P8 \  p* p% ]; H1 r' o3 }3 T
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
8 H$ T( f+ E$ V" a+ RA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
' I$ b/ M# |; M" U- D7 [independent precocious puberty, which is also known/ [) t8 ~6 u1 ^8 i" o* F0 W+ }
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
1 M# `7 ]  @+ avery young age. The physical findings in these boys
9 q6 z% |. S- S# ~" _, mwith this disorder are full pubertal development,. z3 P) R1 \$ h2 Y8 N1 @- ^5 A/ B
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
$ z) E$ e$ x5 y) a7 ^$ p5 fwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder1 Q. s1 I1 g4 q% l1 s/ C% [/ m6 f. ~4 y
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show7 Y8 n7 w+ w% h& w2 [1 {& E3 A
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
- I) Q, P1 d: y8 Oreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked2 ~0 P1 I, k/ X& H0 a
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
/ u8 C( y2 Z* m. W. jmales; therefore, other male members of the family6 m9 }( i1 \: u1 G. h4 K
may have similar precocious puberty.3
7 A- Z. J/ m" H2 WIn our patient, physical examination was incon-4 o2 @/ Z( `% ?
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
9 ^9 I  c8 H, @: d8 k* pcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis6 i5 x% |6 j! D4 e0 }' R
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
6 q! Z0 ^" b2 E  x: d5 J# ustarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,+ K3 c, l9 E  @
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the* v8 ?6 o7 z# ]9 [2 c
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
* y- o. L# X1 P3 Iative initial history of androgen exposure, our* b1 ~. H) X2 f' b& F" I
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
1 L3 Q: T, R7 |either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase; T& J* [9 F: w& b/ |, E  d
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
. x' M. Y, ~0 o, Bing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
4 b+ i8 E& T" o6 _3 }9 F2 `- zThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly% E2 R1 o+ Y) X6 I6 R& t0 _1 [
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because5 S4 f6 o( O4 C4 A' p) I  r; S
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-; ], i) ]" g7 ?! L
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
9 j5 \8 o% w' e( C& L$ ~decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-+ r, w" d+ Y, u6 {1 W$ b+ Q
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
. Z* X0 a: o4 Z* \& @+ a7 Y) Lusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’6 Z+ j+ {: ]1 J  Q
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or9 z% k3 a" Y; U  M0 a: R: N! X
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to3 g/ s2 Y3 x# T! t; _& @/ J* W1 }  ?
unprotected females through direct skin exposure./ D) L: V4 s" z( X
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
, a0 Z4 A- Z! q' j: E) `baseline value in those females who were exposed to
/ A; ]" J% b* N+ J0 B3 \/ u9 W4 w+ q; ~4 Geven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male0 {+ m2 m6 I( e& d) o, d' s" r
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
  z; i) j" g9 ?6 |# ytion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
$ ~- r" @- Y/ M! }Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
3 M( e  p% ~7 fwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that* A8 W* u% C) l2 |2 C' s
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
; z* E, Q8 `. G' q6 x3 S+ yterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more, J( A+ [: R0 a8 N
active in young children exposed to testosterone
; S5 n* E5 ?7 ^, r& y5 q, S8 D* Lexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
" `: V* O/ s/ Y' T; W- R. [drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
* ?, Y* t7 v4 T1 _- @7 e6 zvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in0 B+ D7 F3 x. C* H
children results in an increase in growth velocity and& n2 j1 A- {6 N
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
3 T. Q  j1 o$ y; V! r7 }The long-term effect of androgen exposure during" r& C$ H0 z% T+ e1 _3 e  o
early childhood on pubertal development and final
9 ]1 ~  f. D: Q1 F/ M3 x5 ~3 eadult height are not fully known and always remain& f( B$ m$ o+ S% Y; K8 F: U
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
) |; k" {' @, `5 J  T1 g$ sterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some: Y. a/ _( K% U) L/ ?1 a) l7 m6 n3 D
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after% R/ ^& J- ?0 ]4 ?
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation' i/ x: k) p% C+ H
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
7 @7 F- [$ W4 B% GThere are conflicting reports and controversy% n, @7 B" i4 V
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
; @! ~4 n+ H% n1 t& F1 j. q/ spenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
- \5 Z% ~* z+ g; vadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-! j% v. T$ o. F
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,/ L# y/ d; o- V
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
7 U9 Y; i; y7 A" gchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult" F+ N  E  C/ I1 b# c/ J
penile length in clinical studies.7 R; v6 C- |! @% H
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
' k4 N; I- a7 s  B7 ^2 R. p/ m% [going to experience any of the untoward effects from: n9 S. M) y, B* F/ Y1 h
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
( s* X/ Y; X9 D; [( Qthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.$ A: j* \( B+ |7 g0 u# E1 p
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of8 ^% {' d, s% _1 ^: B+ l
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
5 D. r7 h$ F! n! B+ E- w: G* Gthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult3 N4 _  _% u, W' ?1 S; ^- Z' j
height will not be affected.
' z3 \4 h6 J. n4 T6 i2 c" TAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
0 ^& B! A3 B. S" c5 ?9 Mability of androgen products in our society may# [$ Z, i& z4 b/ B$ V' s, c, O
indeed cause more virilization in male or female/ |, \( Y9 e$ w: p8 c+ [1 B! b
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-6 F) x- K. W2 K" P( C5 T
gen products must be considered and specific ques-& l* W9 ~  o/ N" \% `
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or! u: h% q% m! g* X0 V$ r. u
gel should be asked of the family members during8 u1 q( j! E& w/ x
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-- c) ~- z' U3 V3 q# N7 _+ Q
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-* y) i2 J+ @0 m5 Y! S! E  j
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by& j) t, a6 t: j. S) P
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a% Y1 r' s% S/ V; o, i
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may7 I9 F* H0 h7 O
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive+ d( s$ e9 g0 J% a  ^& X
investigation. The primary care physician should be( p0 I; S" p' u3 y0 D2 y
aware of this fact, because most of these children! ], t1 W% N: s% x- f5 T
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’1 n1 K, Z8 Q* }  P
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
- O/ K! m4 Q" b/ ~0 ywarning about the virilizing effect on a male or1 V/ q$ z/ ^" b: V5 }
female child who might come in contact with some-
9 ]9 [8 l+ ?4 k0 gone using any of these products.
* {9 |9 Y. v% KReferences
$ g5 m$ Q) k# ]( G8 L" G+ |" {1 g; R1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation& \# |. p' ?, V0 w. j1 K  ~5 O
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
3 r" r. J: |9 }) O* ?2 Z* Y3 o# uEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
" T# w  p8 P8 P4 R2002: 565-628.) G4 B9 o! O' k5 ~' \! Y+ ^( ]
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
" h9 B7 M& D! Y. Jpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

! ?$ ^- M9 ]* g) i. E( T精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表