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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old7 F7 i# j8 B6 u" A* [4 `
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical0 q# V- v7 U9 G" p. c
Exposure to Testosterone( M; G3 o& c0 ?
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
, n2 J  ~; T7 |2 l* iand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD15 }$ O3 @& U  m  a/ r/ o
Clinical Pediatrics
! D# W) J/ k% b# m$ f( |6 F2 EVolume 46 Number 6/ s4 w) ~! ^7 ]" D' f
July 2007 540-5438 d1 j# c: c& _/ p  K5 H
© 2007 Sage Publications3 H% N8 C, N* c
10.1177/0009922806296651
+ |+ X& S! D' w; G( `http://clp.sagepub.com
; n4 r+ R: K6 H( ghosted at
& L! F. e) F. B) \1 w, Lhttp://online.sagepub.com( `2 z4 P) B& c9 [
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,- O+ s7 h5 t) C, S! j
is a significant concern for physicians. Central# s1 {9 N. ]" m3 r, P. c
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
# o# v* d: h  l5 rthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has" s: G5 K2 e0 O. a5 C+ u) k
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system- x) G6 T( d$ R
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested; u3 ^  d9 M$ r; ?( v& L
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic, G7 s0 D7 F+ d
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-# v3 Z  n5 Y2 s# M3 Y$ I
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We9 S' `9 ?2 ~: X4 J  \8 T
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the& O* Z9 K- c; q7 a* a0 R. J0 |
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
  \1 B  O7 B2 v  R" s2 Y( Nment without testicular enlargement, which was due
; ^  [: \( J  V; _to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by6 c8 M. |  n- L2 g  T
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
; {6 g9 X; m0 C+ q$ h* T7 U& F/ |mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this* f7 D$ J8 j( W/ C
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of2 G9 D$ D1 Z$ S- F8 N
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-/ \! a( y+ {8 P7 G6 p8 L
bly more common than the rare case report in the
, Y0 W: i! [$ Wliterature.44 H* p: F' v6 Z* e, c
Patient Report4 g$ j4 _# S; E& Q% G+ p0 P5 X
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the: s9 Q( b7 X6 _# o2 H+ c/ Z0 L
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
3 r/ P+ b4 o  H7 }! y, [4 H$ r7 ~of early sexual development. His mother noticed) F# _) v- Y  P  q
light colored pubic hair development when he was& b' o! }& Z/ u5 X+ T& C1 G
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
! x% c1 r: }0 m" R/ c1 Y3 f& kSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
- C7 W3 M* m, Q9 }Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,4 e( z8 E! H! X# S) y% G3 x
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
. A3 P5 v  c4 y( OMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
: S# Y9 O9 j- D- ~" v3 ue-mail: [email protected].
" X$ C- K; B4 }- s7 E. ?8 w' R8 tabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
. S- ?9 ]1 W3 B  x8 q8 hdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-! U- {/ Z4 x& b7 E, P7 M: M9 i
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
- s8 U. v0 c. B- bwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
* s6 K, T- L. a* u/ x: R8 fa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of& p. Q% @% m4 M9 w# E% b1 K4 Z; ^
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
3 H" L+ r" j8 R. Jof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
9 R  Z' P  z' F6 [solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,: l5 A; G" P- S" d
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development4 k  u/ K& p5 e. K$ N, ?+ m  G
was age appropriate.
! m) ^! q* Y) \- KThe family history was remarkable for the father,0 C7 u7 [* x! m
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
1 c: M) r8 m1 C/ K$ _# G/ L+ j3 m* Qwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s: p+ B% D0 `4 ^+ ~- c$ U2 R. A: J
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
" b1 Z! S+ P/ a2 J2 Uearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
' x3 i  N# X9 t& ~0 \The father denied taking any other medication. The
; {( c' Q+ r0 c. H4 _3 Xchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche4 s" a+ d9 J- L, p) I! T# K
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
0 o# q0 C; P" K8 f2 E% U( _5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
. b  E# D. p: z% i& S, z6 t4 A" }cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
$ P1 C' t* f# J# ^3 Otives. There were no siblings.
$ h! l1 J( c) f: z/ ?& LPhysical Examination" m* ~  G4 n( `2 Q  R% T
The physical examination revealed a very active,
* O1 v, @* X3 s: Q6 f* n5 qplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
3 |$ V9 P6 r0 {1 L# Ka blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
" }# C- \- |2 g# J( E8 B90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg& ^, b1 n7 @9 L8 _; M! L. H2 [7 u
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth6 F8 A- n5 P+ u! h2 M: n
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of" w8 n! |5 l% @+ D3 A9 q/ r' B) Y
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement." u+ E, d  W) ]! q$ |0 B# O  z
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for& t  f# }1 X8 c* e9 q& i! w- ~3 W" a
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of( v* j# @" `6 B- f
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well' h5 e* B$ f  @0 B" L
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
* e( ^" [, B; a& X+ o: `* X540
* h& x0 F' {5 W  o2 d; x& v# ^$ ]$ iat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from, G! @$ t  Q) e# f$ M+ _
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
" s$ B; Y" F1 R+ ltesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.6 f: w5 @/ z7 }# ]
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat' I3 c# K3 R1 G" ?8 g: K. J3 H
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
$ O9 f. _1 t7 x  c5 m! Q8 Kabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
% r- T# Y1 E9 G: XNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
* s) K, Y7 v+ P5 \bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion  l; h4 [0 Y8 E7 q5 Y- F  [( Q
of papilledema.
0 B3 @# ~' j) t! w; e; CLaboratory Evaluation
$ T- w' ~* t8 m# NThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
$ G. {/ E4 _& @using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-" y" }& `- g* a( P, [1 d2 a
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal+ n  X; ]: b$ f- S
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test' S5 B/ O) @: o2 U
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
$ c4 C4 S5 u/ o: C& Plating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)., C* ^8 f3 u  }; u) |
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
. d& x$ y  p6 gurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were" H! F0 j- T* X8 H- s7 [
within normal range for his age. The concentration
/ q& t& h/ ~7 u! O, c; H# oof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
" ?( ^8 v9 H2 l  s& D(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
( |3 v# Z$ Z; w" Mng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
$ f3 N- W8 o( }3 D( ^terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
+ u" n+ M/ `+ J8 w' Z: zdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
! G8 Q9 |6 X0 d2 w49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)8 q* m! Z% J+ Z- F, I& Q+ M
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-% @$ P/ M& b, y. B
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total8 I9 d9 E& U8 J6 G. }) L
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
$ g" l# O& S2 ~* `and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
2 m: }7 b4 F) Z  p/ Z' m5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
7 \+ g& B  R/ N4 c" i) c+ nstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone% H3 T; t& Y+ V: R/ k8 E7 M
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
$ |  I+ G! q0 j3 Z" Y0 h. Z(prepubertal).* @1 {  e- t- b; a
The parents were notified about the laboratory
* @5 w- w$ Y& [1 V4 Y% {% Sresults and were informed that all of the tests were
- P  n7 v4 a" N1 g$ p2 A! Z# Xnormal except the testosterone level was high. The$ h) G: [! X1 O
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to: _: C. w1 ^- V& g) K+ R- u
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-- }8 X6 \2 N6 E  y+ v  F9 @
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
6 V5 \0 V/ ?" L, U$ v9 x+ FPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
* z$ ~* p( m: _, Y8 {$ o2 n5 }child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
9 n4 |$ S- j$ i7 j* f* \: Q6 v/ L2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained4 _5 t- ^5 C3 i6 R4 G
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-2 e: L, M! ~: n
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
$ l" n) C8 ]. |0 ], qthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2/ r: D9 P) ?( i5 s( c& \! B5 h
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
) k: F# `5 U. S; q$ W% W% RThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
. J( z( Q1 l1 i0 x) ~0 O* ^& ling frequent erections.  ^: J+ e- w8 v7 g9 [. r, y2 u) U- H
Both parents were again questioned about use of
: p5 t9 Y, S5 R, Z' pany ointment/creams that they may have applied to3 b" O, t' z, m1 _" ]# l6 P
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the6 N0 E  v6 l' q
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541$ V6 a/ |4 T- l5 ^
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
' M2 C! ~' s; z) g" h6 King over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
  @2 e# S; k1 o- `$ x* I0 Ga year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed2 T6 V% f( G& o  }
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
# f: p! x9 i! w- i4 d6 N$ nscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
; A* }* {1 E5 X% xsecondary to depression.1 A- M" o2 ?. x: l: H( K- h  X
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
9 a9 t) A" h" Z) A* {; YThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
& V' X" j7 b6 \% u3 N* g- {chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-- n/ M% W# [# M2 g# ^. p, `' u
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
) {2 n: Q% P7 q! X! j* AThe father also admitted that after the phone call,4 i3 s" ]4 x+ W& o' X- T$ p
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby& w0 Q- {- Y; P: m# Q/ X% \8 a* s
was high, he then read the product information
0 M5 s2 R2 j! O8 S# qpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
7 d, |, g* e2 [son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
( X! c/ l& \1 s- l4 @2 [: Qdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the6 j' W. `6 B! O: h' N9 f
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had2 A- t. V4 _6 D' C$ q; r- S3 B* a" b
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
* f+ w! p5 M* a/ o7 }test was ordered, but the family did not go to the0 \3 H8 e+ b, ~. F
laboratory to obtain the test.
+ K+ p( L' z- p7 FDiscussion0 |4 v' t% @5 r' }. F* a3 w
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary: @) Z' C) T1 _
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
; s/ I% O% R; F* O+ S1 X! |/ qPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when* N7 I. c& y& }. [; m
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-* y/ \! m3 Z6 U$ k2 h! \# c
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-5 ?1 z3 d7 Q3 g+ ]
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
* t  ~& E( T0 E+ L1 e$ Gmay have a central nervous system lesion that is( @8 U+ }* y9 f1 z: G! g
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-3 A4 J3 W2 m( U) ?: y
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-  I2 d/ B1 Z( h% D/ d2 V4 K1 i
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in' a4 _) O4 }( P: m( {3 M0 X
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-. q4 `$ N* f5 ~6 O. `5 E
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-# N: i9 Y' @+ \3 ~
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by7 G7 k4 ]+ y/ P; ]9 y
gonadotropins.1,33 L- k! h$ _3 Q0 O
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
' `$ w' p8 Y% D  V! Vcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate) e' l5 Q& N1 q6 Z
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or( j  `3 q+ F; `' X' N$ r% ~* G& A
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-4 ^  F0 x6 X' Z! I, g% H
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing% J0 s4 W3 m& @; z
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
- U' n0 x7 |! f; A* S7 D8 ~adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious0 f7 v2 F4 p6 n" M* T6 M' P% H
puberty in boys.3,4
& M: D5 M9 h; B4 r8 LThe most common form of congenital adrenal
# W( O* N& ~! o0 H$ V: t' qhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.( Z  ^& u6 m; v$ @
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in# v+ w7 n+ p; B  s7 ]; }" \  ^
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
) ], r0 S* g+ i; x1 F5 pan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen' j8 p' K% m  H/ H7 a
excess.1,3+ w& L' W: e5 z  l# f
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 x. ?& O$ R3 H. w0 B
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007  q' `* M+ L5 `: G# z! }" S
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-! b7 |  ]. f8 m+ N; x% i
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
9 Y3 F3 U6 o* B) Y) c" J: v. Fas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a  q5 l  ?- R- |  b& K
very young age. The physical findings in these boys" [' r3 y. w& X2 k* K
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
- A, L% n# N; L3 g6 `3 uincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys0 V5 e4 x# W# n7 N7 X5 S
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder# k# l4 C4 S5 f) e3 P
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show4 j+ I1 f( E) o+ _2 v. W( A
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-+ E% x# |/ _* W
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
4 J) N, q" l8 q$ lautosomal dominant disorder that affects only( C& l' J( Q. N1 T+ @0 N
males; therefore, other male members of the family
, O- ^1 y% u& T9 T" D( mmay have similar precocious puberty.3
+ u! ~9 y! G6 v6 e) }7 L2 }In our patient, physical examination was incon-
% C' l% ^9 t& v( b1 csistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
2 W9 l7 q- E* Z3 pcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis4 c9 S. ^- M2 `  E! l& j
was in the differential diagnosis because his father; p3 C9 y9 i  g$ H& f
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
* p. x0 \2 c  o$ N" H5 O& m- Ktesticular enlargement is not that evident in the* f% }) d9 A7 N8 h( m7 \
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
4 l2 x9 K0 a: pative initial history of androgen exposure, our
$ C6 V  H7 [. ^" y+ Lbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,0 n, z$ ?% J0 w8 U9 Z
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase  I& A: _& t1 k& @, r; D9 m0 d
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
' m- f3 ?6 U% f' F" m: E3 i  B4 Ying the normal level of adrenal steroids.
* J+ g& \. i. b7 I2 i2 K" wThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly$ t. @9 A! p  F* ]
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
" A+ z! x' R0 e) ~* jthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
( O" G# F& S, s5 r# f6 X. [pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and( h3 U/ G# ~, f, j) D) }
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-1 ^" P& v. ~$ B/ K8 \
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
- x0 T8 `" B: z  \$ P% J5 p/ \1 r4 wusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
# u+ d, t6 n5 C/ [0 L8 sDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or! h" Z5 u* S4 n, ^
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to- L- _3 y) \0 i* a; t# g7 H
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.7 m+ i& w. j% Z  I$ K" @
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
3 B. ~- S) q. g6 T  Ebaseline value in those females who were exposed to
8 O2 T+ _. q- b9 O4 Y8 v9 t' keven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
+ v5 q/ F7 q/ E2 L2 u2 v1 @9 ]partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
) d7 X0 R6 G3 `! _tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
+ f4 {5 C; a# a5 ]0 q1 DOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
. x( P" k' Y& fwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that+ t' U+ x3 v6 \8 B# d# S+ O0 z
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-, t8 L( V0 t; D
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
. U) ?1 ]2 V5 ]: M! C. cactive in young children exposed to testosterone
* V, g4 M$ x! X4 Gexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
9 w! K+ b, Z" I* J5 i) g, P6 y" Adrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to) _6 o& N, W, x% ?! q
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
4 C4 I( J, b2 W7 I5 bchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
) c$ a# I" {; g  t4 U6 \advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.+ W; A& M0 D5 @; m& W3 h
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
* ?! ]  ^$ y" K. x1 O" D) eearly childhood on pubertal development and final
+ z) N1 P- X' X1 Qadult height are not fully known and always remain4 l$ l" G; ^& m9 s2 M9 T" u
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
2 T& W! b# K" Q1 j: uterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some$ [+ x. v; u5 l' c  D' p
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
* f) [% g6 X8 G& {0 Acessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
, L' l6 S* R* ?$ ydecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,93 e- k8 c  |. z3 Z$ w
There are conflicting reports and controversy
5 H3 |$ ?" Y$ O  M4 g8 Uover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
2 t0 W  w9 ?* E8 I/ g$ l. {penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal# L6 m1 k* y# S! }* f3 {4 T
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
8 Q' I4 t1 a  v& s9 P: Y  }! Hulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,/ l7 h' h# I' z/ l' K4 b1 k
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
* t5 r' n7 o/ W/ J6 L7 {8 N: F" V+ Wchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
1 N* a) F6 u( gpenile length in clinical studies.
+ Q! \8 F7 u$ M+ PNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
9 M: j3 g3 A/ S4 Q0 Jgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
: U" ?- m, y; W. m+ D! P' a  i4 Ytestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
3 C# h7 p1 O0 h5 d. n! r+ qthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time." s3 \3 G/ ?! D/ x
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of7 e9 ?' C$ i! K+ n
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at& O2 }3 Z; q" e' e
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult- J3 ~4 |) v7 ]4 F6 I- w  X
height will not be affected./ p; t  p! \& Y* N3 R: L: {
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
; L! s  w6 u+ |% ]7 u6 `ability of androgen products in our society may& s1 N% b' ^  o: i; {
indeed cause more virilization in male or female# P% X: b( I7 |) I
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
- G, E+ ~7 ^! Q) t2 wgen products must be considered and specific ques-
; e, k' O2 O& {9 {2 ~+ Xtioning about the use of a testosterone product or$ {' d3 y  ^" b& z5 M2 Q! z0 t: @
gel should be asked of the family members during
# M2 t7 |2 Y, a& k; n5 f1 x, rthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-2 r; E) \/ K! Q2 [9 j6 `
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
; M6 `! s# |2 ]# _- @& X2 tnosis can be established by just a few tests and by. n0 M9 f% C1 e9 w9 e' |
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
5 V1 H! Z  R4 W+ b8 J+ G( Bhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may4 z( z' z2 `* R! S
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive/ q6 E* B' u; H
investigation. The primary care physician should be, w7 q6 p7 H3 R) w. P3 G# V
aware of this fact, because most of these children
- U  c9 H* V+ u* y+ v2 i$ Lmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
" a$ r0 M/ d' [% e* d* BDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
, ^' C1 Z5 h/ j# \. `" P8 h8 \) Jwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
; B7 L3 L5 e0 v% O' L$ S; lfemale child who might come in contact with some-
/ S6 F0 F; w/ o9 y# G1 ?; D$ Cone using any of these products.$ K2 ^) k6 k, N+ g/ O
References& F9 _" R) o! f4 N( s5 u6 Q
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation, z' ^2 O  z' p% H; S( L4 H" Q
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric5 W9 R4 `5 w& q
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;) O8 h: c- \! _. K# w
2002: 565-628.1 F! j* a/ F- p) V1 s' I, U9 ~& N6 w
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
4 h. c' ]5 {+ c1 d, Y, o: \puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
5 h3 B& C0 L- S3 q( W5 S+ QBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
% g7 Z3 o/ y/ d0 {# |Exposure to Testosterone* W4 ~( u, R& r1 C+ ~2 ~
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
- x5 L5 }( f* mand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD18 c# i5 \1 X/ m: i3 G1 J8 P$ o
Clinical Pediatrics
" w# B- P0 L& f; MVolume 46 Number 6. Z5 x9 u% A  q* K- @
July 2007 540-543
: Z, C# g* j9 }; f% x. U: Z( g& V3 F© 2007 Sage Publications
5 F: p. x$ [6 B! Z% D10.1177/0009922806296651
0 ?" U/ r( S) \' Ghttp://clp.sagepub.com
$ K9 Y, x8 V3 {6 s* k+ hhosted at! g6 T, Z9 F/ R) T% C  Q4 l  h
http://online.sagepub.com/ z2 s" L9 S% _: R* d
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
3 L4 U7 D) z$ Qis a significant concern for physicians. Central
3 P+ S7 ]3 o4 a4 G# \4 D% C& Yprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated( c/ `0 W4 ]3 M- ^8 v6 @% m
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has  I8 X3 E4 x. F2 I1 x
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
3 l6 `/ S! V$ U, C7 q6 q6 vlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested4 H; I  f+ ^) a) h" o+ F
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
2 s0 s  u2 S2 i: B: _: ~hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
/ ~0 a9 o2 n, i4 f$ wcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We/ a$ D- B1 Z9 d0 k
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
$ y7 b2 z/ @5 c) \% cenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
3 D) h! l9 l2 F3 yment without testicular enlargement, which was due# _% G8 Z) e- O% w' w
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by1 L- v0 A0 b6 m2 t- R
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
+ |' z5 E* N) Y% k$ C7 omation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this  e3 `5 V& V! W1 k, a
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of; ~+ q4 R) v  z! J. r
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-2 ^3 N( o$ [- C/ Q' K+ C5 B( m
bly more common than the rare case report in the
. h0 X8 f: }& k- Gliterature.4% W  x% }( t4 O; X: \. |" z
Patient Report- Y: g) [( E- G8 Y! a
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
3 p# D0 H# v: q1 ^8 P# uendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern# T, E2 c, F6 r
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
3 ~7 y0 i# X6 ]5 _/ g* Rlight colored pubic hair development when he was) G; M0 Q0 ]9 }! W& z2 Q) C
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of3 B1 K7 i: h( k0 {8 y2 }
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
# s+ p4 N- X! V9 _* f" v- DAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,& X0 m$ L: A' h! {5 g3 D
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of& H; l" x8 ~. p3 `$ Q
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;3 c- B1 w0 [2 w, }5 X+ p, O
e-mail: [email protected].4 @" Z# d' Z2 C  W
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
6 s$ R2 o1 Y7 {) z# Sdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-2 j' i( X9 r+ j) d% Q7 [9 Q. r
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
8 L- h+ A9 K* J9 C6 zwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with# N+ U- }' T0 z) m8 _0 k! v
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of. L9 b0 j  J: D& f' Y+ i* g6 _
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year" X: J) @( Y/ E, L# D
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with0 o7 c7 f7 S$ w+ x5 ~
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,  w0 ^) M  W: S" {
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development& x- A5 l2 l& k7 a0 j6 o
was age appropriate.! [0 U. `$ y3 }9 C
The family history was remarkable for the father,
1 R8 U) h% k/ O" t0 `who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,1 Z9 R+ V+ h/ `! J' _0 `9 Z% m
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
0 ?3 A# X% i, r& ?' c3 h4 P  xheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat; ~2 C1 Z2 Y( f! q, m6 `
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14., @- G$ V' p5 B( ?! D
The father denied taking any other medication. The. o8 u2 e8 ~: x5 x4 ]
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
0 _; {1 v& b3 ~was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
! d# _% i: u1 @5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-! P; u) R9 b/ L/ L6 F" ?8 Y; Q
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-+ b8 h5 t) \2 q4 i; v; D
tives. There were no siblings.
3 P6 h, ]- J- X. u- l* }Physical Examination9 t: V* }+ Q3 C  ?% W
The physical examination revealed a very active,2 F6 ^% p  r0 r" y8 V- c( _
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented$ v4 b6 a( S' j# {6 ?& T) W
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was% I4 y- G$ E3 ~$ ]9 N: r' d
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
" G7 i) X" ?, A- u1 o7 n8 j6 Z& L(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth, T3 P0 \2 ]+ K- h1 L# ]& T
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of# O4 H# X& Y. @4 e1 T8 a/ I3 \
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
# A* s6 q. p4 T, I( A9 _, rThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
7 p$ P; e8 f7 g# benlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of3 ~* g7 m8 r; f/ G% @
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
3 @) ?- U* l* c) v9 b- ]# fdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around# Q& R: ]/ d# |/ g% Y+ h
540. B& a/ a/ u. V' m
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
: e$ p9 N& u% Fthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
2 n3 z1 \3 x0 x; Ytesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.) ~/ ^6 O. l. @6 S+ }. M
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat) p  i. s2 _* f+ E
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
8 u+ @5 q2 x; O  S/ [abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
2 h$ q( J) Q0 |# UNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
. V3 F. {- ^- Mbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion  S6 F3 Z# r* o
of papilledema.) W4 q7 J; J. Q% i8 m: g4 y
Laboratory Evaluation
8 l% v6 d/ o8 i) v3 _: A$ pThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
' O1 h0 P# e) N. Nusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
* F1 _0 t+ g  J; u  c! Ulogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
+ [' ?$ S, F. okaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
& _: B& Q; N: @showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
7 k. `( L6 n( S5 d( U8 i; A9 X6 B# ^lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).: A) s1 z6 T7 Y: G
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
5 Z6 C/ A: e: C) w: w8 @5 s9 |urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were- ~" J. i0 w! s
within normal range for his age. The concentration* M4 H& b% s7 k& v/ \* j# }
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL" l& K7 y; ?* q$ u' U
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 205 u' h: M9 l6 u! }
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
/ N8 A/ ^6 D1 _6 lterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),7 z/ C! z7 Q! O! o+ P
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
' N" U8 N  Y( |# p49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)5 D# f1 y: X% e. N9 D/ P
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-( R1 A6 W% t$ Z5 q
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
0 ?: {( r, q) I' V2 x5 Ktestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),/ Q7 T5 b% l8 F4 r' F6 k$ S
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
8 E- Z0 v" Q" U5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular. P- K$ v5 l5 P5 ]: }/ O
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone4 S" i2 a) s6 Y
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL: `  V9 T' m% [5 v- C; i3 p. t$ [
(prepubertal).  k* S" G9 Y& J/ `
The parents were notified about the laboratory
6 b# `, L9 \6 Z& Bresults and were informed that all of the tests were9 r) ?0 G8 Z3 H4 j' C: O0 |# a
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
+ D, }' y* X% o* g+ cfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to- y" |- f3 W* S& Z3 c; u# R
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
* A! y4 x2 U0 F9 _- {0 O! F% qever, the family did not return for 4 months.9 \) p6 z7 m1 b* V/ y( R
Physical examination at this time revealed that the/ A# _1 U$ X7 n2 C- L" Z! \% B0 ?6 w
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
+ c" l9 o2 I8 M7 U& k+ J: C2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained* T7 R8 n; p3 T  A9 g
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
4 a5 m. |8 J4 m* |pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
. O+ o4 h* L: |' tthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
! X" s6 a% l$ DmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
& m) D. U0 L& E2 Y  zThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-2 \- h4 @( _. A& O; s; i) g* ^8 G
ing frequent erections.1 m8 J+ L, }" _/ C9 C$ G4 p
Both parents were again questioned about use of
# o" ]0 L+ [* T# {, \any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
3 N! q9 P; u* G8 x  k$ D" f* v# X" Nthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the; h' @% [1 e& [) s6 e5 p, `7 Y+ C& V
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
- K2 {# Z0 \! o1 q5 R; d& O$ Z9 k; Quse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
/ o1 g% |" [2 H& a7 Xing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for' ~! U& L0 s" q' q
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed4 h8 s$ j0 ]" g% l4 N; b+ ^# u
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
! ]7 @* s/ s8 k/ tscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
7 b8 b; A: G, `/ a6 `# rsecondary to depression.5 y! I5 `6 k7 `: Z3 j9 v: S
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
6 y0 O9 ?, f0 v9 d# S0 n: h, WThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his% j1 `+ U1 E4 a" f% B  D! P; L
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-# M! ?# b. i8 w8 G
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.9 s+ ?. w4 q* A, X, u  F: _" \& ?  o
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
9 g& e1 N7 M3 ]& T) e: zwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby& A7 A& b2 E. I. H* i2 E. @, P1 M6 ^
was high, he then read the product information7 a: r  _% s- \  e! G) L$ P" B/ C+ m
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
' h7 g& x2 f; M0 W, tson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
0 X+ b) p+ g9 n/ p' }  f! gdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the3 ~; J% N. {4 ^4 N
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had7 T/ K7 t* G+ {8 V& r9 n
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone' K5 b; K; R% W. {5 c
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the8 D) `" m; I' W7 k
laboratory to obtain the test.
6 W6 R# r2 ?2 p5 X8 I0 S: b9 MDiscussion
! w8 q2 _$ r/ T# Z  YPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
$ J  w4 I  l6 W0 |# b  Bsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4" V- f& R3 }& V: {. M: [
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when/ ^6 T+ `! x; V1 X
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
$ q. O/ q5 q2 f7 M# [thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
* p8 Q& q5 E* k+ F5 N9 ]* amon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
8 f- X( |6 S+ a( ymay have a central nervous system lesion that is% s8 a% C6 u# }( k, C" R
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-* M+ J( g' j% j$ a4 N6 ^
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-! C' P6 a  H% a" ~
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in, e  S8 U0 x" [& }
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-$ [6 k- a3 x5 p1 N4 u6 [2 p. T
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-9 S/ [* B0 p# [& n( ?7 B
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by$ b" T( N# S0 B- J) Y
gonadotropins.1,3
& i; E2 p! ^' P: _/ }Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
) X& v4 U6 B/ f$ K- D* ecious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate3 @! j+ C( Q3 Q, D# _: _
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or# j/ O: ?' b8 m1 t
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
- Y2 O8 S9 r$ s: G3 ^: iulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing8 A( v. t( W3 d" r
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive# r0 [3 }4 M  S4 s
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious0 C' o: }- |2 `
puberty in boys.3,4; s/ `$ k% e% q1 \. p( b" I
The most common form of congenital adrenal/ Q* @, p. V* j  F+ w/ W, \% ?
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.: g& z2 T( K& A
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
) Z9 W/ x- T9 L1 Kexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,4 T2 n$ r8 {, @4 k  V0 W
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen. i3 _" s. s; h9 i% U- y% N9 o6 E2 S
excess.1,3
4 c4 s$ G, l% i, M4 ^at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
% Q5 u0 ]: ]1 k9 X542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007' q) d# C* z+ n5 ~" i
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
; _2 i  i. p: u. f* D9 V8 M. Xindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
1 y1 }- V- F5 N/ Yas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
1 v0 Z7 Y9 T  i4 z+ pvery young age. The physical findings in these boys) n% u. ~' s/ m4 `  C% g# _5 `  _
with this disorder are full pubertal development,! w) h6 z2 z+ A1 g, b/ F& G
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
# B: ?- e" ^7 x. _with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
2 Z( w# I6 F6 fare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
- o& }9 _* q6 N0 ^6 hpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-. z3 S  i9 U0 H5 U, S4 v
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
4 y- U: Z2 x' X$ f& Jautosomal dominant disorder that affects only' \; T" r$ J$ y: b
males; therefore, other male members of the family
2 i4 g% C+ O" v; Kmay have similar precocious puberty.3
% t: }: }1 A- c" aIn our patient, physical examination was incon-; G8 I, E6 k& g7 J
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
: T: B  c9 y% lcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
3 D# G) s: o3 |3 b$ t) O) \; V$ kwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
+ [$ J: b( p1 l8 Dstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
* w# w0 e% R9 L. i2 mtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
. Z. K$ I) o$ w; P! S* q8 c6 dbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
* Q) S! R$ i1 n8 c4 ^/ }7 B: Q) |ative initial history of androgen exposure, our" `8 W- [" z' E* _
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
2 l3 U$ T! d. ueither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
5 f3 C' x3 O0 Fdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
" m3 }- I( r% @4 n7 F: D+ [ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.7 d) z$ h3 W9 N7 Y$ ?) m
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly* `1 }2 g4 `2 s1 O
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because% e+ }; D; O4 Y+ l; i
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
3 a# S7 c$ c# _0 l1 Gpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and: a9 C( I' I7 z# f7 b! ]: f/ A
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-: `( ~9 b- ~3 O% X: B7 y) M
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was( Z) J: J% Y! O  l" N3 ~: U. t
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
  s) r0 q8 k% ~' tDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
) w3 y; ?8 A9 J# h+ v! r- u- Y; kcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to8 k5 [: P% [' z1 ]$ I8 ?
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
5 H8 s; \) ?8 T# lSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
5 r8 G! a) @( Xbaseline value in those females who were exposed to$ Z' v! C- |2 I; D. X/ w
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
+ q; r" n% ~* o+ cpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
* p+ f( `0 E0 A0 C5 Otion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.% r; N7 v" l& J
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,- E) z' t! ?% `! E
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
- H+ ^9 V) s: u' N# \% d9 vdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
4 l5 R& U* c  v- g& E, v. `! Wterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more& I5 [. l1 T3 |3 O. @6 D8 I
active in young children exposed to testosterone6 N, k0 Q2 G7 B# `
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-1 Z9 g/ K4 I. O& f$ D3 ~
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
$ c( |1 q: k. T' l" d+ ~% Lvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in/ }- G  C6 G( V5 ?5 s
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
0 }4 K0 U% y5 ?& }  t6 a  I3 d7 }1 qadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
$ g: C, \$ ^; \- AThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
& f5 p. K" b) `+ x' r) k: O( ~early childhood on pubertal development and final
- @/ \/ q- b$ e6 E( X. {: gadult height are not fully known and always remain
! R/ D9 b! W3 K" Oa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
7 j4 A. b+ p/ X4 B9 Kterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some) H; W# J+ C- @. P, i# i
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
/ h* |, v1 u! t' {cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
. |/ ^3 t" e* G- i5 Sdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,94 V: z/ f+ Z0 B2 [4 X
There are conflicting reports and controversy/ ~% i; G) {$ N' r; ~" t6 C7 H
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
& \, j' y9 _# `2 k+ j  i4 cpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal2 Y4 q/ E. }( g& i. a. u' a% A
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-- V* r9 h# @% M/ S4 \/ u0 d. S5 l7 t
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,; b' |% O/ o0 E% t% j4 C- R- y
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
8 k- z/ `. d$ d+ Vchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
" d# i, Q) _; E5 a% s- p  M* l3 U7 npenile length in clinical studies.  G& W/ u+ h9 H' @. w5 L
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is/ ]1 R% z! d$ h) K1 t
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
4 ^) u+ o! V; ]/ z" A, u6 O& ^testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
) W* {# H  ^: Athe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
; Z3 A1 v8 X5 Y: B: A1 JAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
, D$ U/ |8 T6 t& C, i( d/ wdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
8 q1 L" C* T$ ]( U3 mthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
1 b# o# g! L+ N8 M+ E5 t: ]9 }7 uheight will not be affected.
( d/ h# O) u8 N5 e) }Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-4 z$ ?2 I7 N% e3 T+ i$ L
ability of androgen products in our society may; I2 ^5 E6 n0 a! U( R0 H4 e2 n
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
9 N, X+ {% p# O4 t5 Schildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-2 i( L- s8 y* L7 o
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
4 s$ Q# R4 J3 ktioning about the use of a testosterone product or
! C" U7 L- t* g: |, G' T; H9 Igel should be asked of the family members during0 B' R  N1 D/ F5 v! S" X/ q+ V
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-% r# ~* {- Z+ L; f! v- @1 }
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-( S, F: l/ M0 H1 ^& E
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
) r& [' R: }7 K5 g6 Z% f  y6 e6 w! nappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
2 J; O% \& D2 F2 d) C, Hhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may  ~, u1 |) r& k9 |3 Y# o+ Y
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
5 G9 V! k6 h) w# Y/ Ginvestigation. The primary care physician should be1 Z' N5 V$ y: U& J' f  i" s
aware of this fact, because most of these children
6 \; o* X: u# d2 pmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’' M6 w1 n: [% I  ?5 ?& L! w
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a+ f+ [" ~' }# g
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or5 w( D1 ?6 g7 C# ]
female child who might come in contact with some-$ C  E2 E, j$ B( |/ U
one using any of these products.
5 L* c% t8 i4 D/ U" E; @$ `% M3 i1 UReferences
" g! t6 P' s2 o" V3 A, S0 w4 p1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
) m; V2 \( N% V. K9 X* S1 n! `( Gand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric( o: \4 N; x! e8 ?. g
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
, g! t& `; [) b$ X9 |2002: 565-628./ C! V, K$ t' J7 Q4 m) L) S, p
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
3 ?% ]0 w! b; m& L$ a+ wpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

% T" `) P7 B+ K8 ~2 Q/ s5 W精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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