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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old7 F7 i# j8 B6 u" A* [4 `
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical0 q# V- v7 U9 G" p. c
Exposure to Testosterone( M; G3 o& c0 ?
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
, n2 J ~; T7 |2 l* iand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD15 }$ O3 @& U m a/ r/ o
Clinical Pediatrics
! D# W) J/ k% b# m$ f( |6 F2 EVolume 46 Number 6/ s4 w) ~! ^7 ]" D' f
July 2007 540-5438 d1 j# c: c& _/ p K5 H
© 2007 Sage Publications3 H% N8 C, N* c
10.1177/0009922806296651
+ |+ X& S! D' w; G( `http://clp.sagepub.com
; n4 r+ R: K6 H( ghosted at
& L! F. e) F. B) \1 w, Lhttp://online.sagepub.com( `2 z4 P) B& c9 [
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,- O+ s7 h5 t) C, S! j
is a significant concern for physicians. Central# s1 {9 N. ]" m3 r, P. c
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
# o# v* d: h l5 rthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has" s: G5 K2 e0 O. a5 C+ u) k
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system- x) G6 T( d$ R
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested; u3 ^ d9 M$ r; ?( v& L
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic, G7 s0 D7 F+ d
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-# v3 Z n5 Y2 s# M3 Y$ I
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We9 S' `9 ?2 ~: X4 J \8 T
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the& O* Z9 K- c; q7 a* a0 R. J0 |
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
\1 B O7 B2 v R" s2 Y( Nment without testicular enlargement, which was due
; ^ [: \( J V; _to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by6 c8 M. | n- L2 g T
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
; {6 g9 X; m0 C+ q$ h* T7 U& F/ |mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this* f7 D$ J8 j( W/ C
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of2 G9 D$ D1 Z$ S- F8 N
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-/ \! a( y+ {8 P7 G6 p8 L
bly more common than the rare case report in the
, Y0 W: i! [$ Wliterature.44 H* p: F' v6 Z* e, c
Patient Report4 g$ j4 _# S; E& Q% G+ p0 P5 X
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the: s9 Q( b7 X6 _# o2 H+ c/ Z0 L
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
3 r/ P+ b4 o H7 }! y, [4 H$ r7 ~of early sexual development. His mother noticed) F# _) v- Y P q
light colored pubic hair development when he was& b' o! }& Z/ u5 X+ T& C1 G
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
! x% c1 r: }0 m" R/ c1 Y3 f& kSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
- C7 W3 M* m, Q9 }Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,4 e( z8 E! H! X# S) y% G3 x
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
. A3 P5 v c4 y( OMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
: S# Y9 O9 j- D- ~" v3 ue-mail: [email protected].
" X$ C- K; B4 }- s7 E. ?8 w' R8 tabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
. S- ?9 ]1 W3 B x8 q8 hdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-! U- {/ Z4 x& b7 E, P7 M: M9 i
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
- s8 U. v0 c. B- bwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
* s6 K, T- L. a* u/ x: R8 fa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of& p. Q% @% m4 M9 w# E% b1 K4 Z; ^
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
3 H" L+ r" j8 R. Jof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
9 R Z' P z' F6 [solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,: l5 A; G" P- S" d
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development4 k u/ K& p5 e. K$ N, ?+ m G
was age appropriate.
! m) ^! q* Y) \- KThe family history was remarkable for the father,0 C7 u7 [* x! m
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
1 c: M) r8 m1 C/ K$ _# G/ L+ j3 m* Qwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s: p+ B% D0 `4 ^+ ~- c$ U2 R. A: J
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
" b1 Z! S+ P/ a2 J2 Uearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
' x3 i N# X9 t& ~0 \The father denied taking any other medication. The
; {( c' Q+ r0 c. H4 _3 Xchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche4 s" a+ d9 J- L, p) I! T# K
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
0 o# q0 C; P" K8 f2 E% U( _5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
. b E# D. p: z% i& S, z6 t4 A" }cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
$ P1 C' t* f# J# ^3 Otives. There were no siblings.
$ h! l1 J( c) f: z/ ?& LPhysical Examination" m* ~ G4 n( `2 Q R% T
The physical examination revealed a very active,
* O1 v, @* X3 s: Q6 f* n5 qplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
3 |$ V9 P6 r0 {1 L# Ka blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
" }# C- \- |2 g# J( E8 B90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg& ^, b1 n7 @9 L8 _; M! L. H2 [7 u
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth6 F8 A- n5 P+ u! h2 M: n
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of" w8 n! |5 l% @+ D3 A9 q/ r' B) Y
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement." u+ E, d W) ]! q$ |0 B# O z
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for& t f# }1 X8 c* e9 q& i! w- ~3 W" a
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of( v* j# @" `6 B- f
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well' h5 e* B$ f @0 B" L
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
* e( ^" [, B; a& X+ o: `* X540
* h& x0 F' {5 W o2 d; x& v# ^$ ]$ iat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from, G! @$ t Q) e# f$ M+ _
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
" s$ B; Y" F1 R+ ltesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.6 f: w5 @/ z7 }# ]
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat' I3 c# K3 R1 G" ?8 g: K. J3 H
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
$ O9 f. _1 t7 x c5 m! Q8 Kabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
% r- T# Y1 E9 G: XNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
* s) K, Y7 v+ P5 \bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion l; h4 [0 Y8 E7 q5 Y- F [( Q
of papilledema.
0 B3 @# ~' j) t! w; e; CLaboratory Evaluation
$ T- w' ~* t8 m# NThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
$ G. {/ E4 _& @using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-" y" }& `- g* a( P, [1 d2 a
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal+ n X; ]: b$ f- S
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test' S5 B/ O) @: o2 U
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
$ c4 C4 S5 u/ o: C& Plating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)., C* ^8 f3 u }; u) |
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
. d& x$ y p6 gurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were" H! F0 j- T* X8 H- s7 [
within normal range for his age. The concentration
/ q& t& h/ ~7 u! O, c; H# oof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
" ?( ^8 v9 H2 l s& D(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
( |3 v# Z$ Z; w" Mng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
$ f3 N- W8 o( }3 D( ^terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
+ u" n+ M/ `+ J8 w' Z: zdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
! G8 Q9 |6 X0 d2 w49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)8 q* m! Z% J+ Z- F, I& Q+ M
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-% @$ P/ M& b, y. B
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total8 I9 d9 E& U8 J6 G. }) L
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
$ g" l# O& S2 ~* `and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
2 m: }7 b4 F) Z p/ Z' m5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
7 \+ g& B R/ N4 c" i) c+ nstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone% H3 T; t& Y+ V: R/ k8 E7 M
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
$ | I+ G! q0 j3 Z" Y0 h. Z(prepubertal).* @1 { e- t- b; a
The parents were notified about the laboratory
* @5 w- w$ Y& [1 V4 Y% {% Sresults and were informed that all of the tests were
- P n7 v4 a" N1 g$ p2 A! Z# Xnormal except the testosterone level was high. The$ h) G: [! X1 O
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to: _: C. w1 ^- V& g) K+ R- u
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-- }8 X6 \2 N6 E y+ v F9 @
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
6 V5 \0 V/ ?" L, U$ v9 x+ FPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
* z$ ~* p( m: _, Y8 {$ o2 n5 }child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
9 n4 |$ S- j$ i7 j* f* \: Q6 v/ L2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained4 _5 t- ^5 C3 i6 R4 G
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-2 e: L, M! ~: n
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
$ l" n) C8 ]. |0 ], qthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2/ r: D9 P) ?( i5 s( c& \! B5 h
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
) k: F# `5 U. S; q$ W% W% RThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
. J( z( Q1 l1 i0 x) ~0 O* ^& ling frequent erections. ^: J+ e- w8 v7 g9 [. r, y2 u) U- H
Both parents were again questioned about use of
: p5 t9 Y, S5 R, Z' pany ointment/creams that they may have applied to3 b" O, t' z, m1 _" ]# l6 P
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the6 N0 E v6 l' q
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541$ V6 a/ |4 T- l5 ^
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
' M2 C! ~' s; z) g" h6 King over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
@2 e# S; k1 o- `$ x* I0 Ga year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed2 T6 V% f( G& o }
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
# f: p! x9 i! w- i4 d6 N$ nscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
; A* }* {1 E5 X% xsecondary to depression.1 A- M" o2 ?. x: l: H( K- h X
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
9 a9 t) A" h" Z) A* {; YThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
& V' X" j7 b6 \% u3 N* g- {chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-- n/ M% W# [# M2 g# ^. p, `' u
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
) {2 n: Q% P7 q! X! j* AThe father also admitted that after the phone call,4 i3 s" ]4 x+ W& o' X- T$ p
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby& w0 Q- {- Y; P: m# Q/ X% \8 a* s
was high, he then read the product information
0 M5 s2 R2 j! O8 S# qpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
7 d, |, g* e2 [son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
( X! c/ l& \1 s- l4 @2 [: Qdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the6 j' W. `6 B! O: h' N9 f
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had2 A- t. V4 _6 D' C$ q; r- S3 B* a" b
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
* f+ w! p5 M* a/ o7 }test was ordered, but the family did not go to the0 \3 H8 e+ b, ~. F
laboratory to obtain the test.
+ K+ p( L' z- p7 FDiscussion0 |4 v' t% @5 r' }. F* a3 w
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary: @) Z' C) T1 _
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
; s/ I% O% R; F* O+ S1 X! |/ qPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when* N7 I. c& y& }. [; m
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-* y/ \! m3 Z6 U$ k2 h! \# c
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-5 ?1 z3 d7 Q3 g+ ]
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
* t ~& E( T0 E+ L1 e$ Gmay have a central nervous system lesion that is( @8 U+ }* y9 f1 z: G! g
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-3 A4 J3 W2 m( U) ?: y
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha- I2 d/ B1 Z( h% D/ d2 V4 K1 i
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in' a4 _) O4 }( P: m( {3 M0 X
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-. q4 `$ N* f5 ~6 O. `5 E
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-# N: i9 Y' @+ \3 ~
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by7 G7 k4 ]+ y/ P; ]9 y
gonadotropins.1,33 L- k! h$ _3 Q0 O
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
' `$ w' p8 Y% D V! Vcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate) e' l5 Q& N1 q6 Z
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or( j `3 q+ F; `' X' N$ r% ~* G& A
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-4 ^ F0 x6 X' Z! I, g% H
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing% J0 s4 W3 m& @; z
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
- U' n0 x7 |! f; A* S7 D8 ~adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious0 f7 v2 F4 p6 n" M* T6 M' P% H
puberty in boys.3,4
& M: D5 M9 h; B4 r8 LThe most common form of congenital adrenal
# W( O* N& ~! o0 H$ V: t' qhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.( Z ^& u6 m; v$ @
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in# v+ w7 n+ p; B s7 ]; }" \ ^
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
) ], r0 S* g+ i; x1 F5 pan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen' j8 p' K% m H/ H7 a
excess.1,3+ w& L' W: e5 z l# f
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 x. ?& O$ R3 H. w0 B
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007 q' `* M+ L5 `: G# z! }" S
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-! b7 | ]. f8 m+ N; x% i
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
9 Y3 F3 U6 o* B) Y) c" J: v. Fas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a q5 l ?- R- | b& K
very young age. The physical findings in these boys" [' r3 y. w& X2 k* K
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
- A, L% n# N; L3 g6 `3 uincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys0 V5 e4 x# W# n7 N7 X5 S
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder# k# l4 C4 S5 f) e3 P
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show4 j+ I1 f( E) o+ _2 v. W( A
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-+ E% x# |/ _* W
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
4 J) N, q" l8 q$ lautosomal dominant disorder that affects only( C& l' J( Q. N1 T+ @0 N
males; therefore, other male members of the family
, O- ^1 y% u& T9 T" D( mmay have similar precocious puberty.3
+ u! ~9 y! G6 v6 e) }7 L2 }In our patient, physical examination was incon-
% C' l% ^9 t& v( b1 csistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
2 W9 l7 q- E* Z3 pcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis4 c9 S. ^- M2 ` E! l& j
was in the differential diagnosis because his father; p3 C9 y9 i g$ H& f
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
* p. x0 \2 c o$ N" H5 O& m- Ktesticular enlargement is not that evident in the* f% }) d9 A7 N8 h( m7 \
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
4 l2 x9 K0 a: pative initial history of androgen exposure, our
$ C6 V H7 [. ^" y+ Lbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,0 n, z$ ?% J0 w8 U9 Z
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase I& A: _& t1 k& @, r; D9 m0 d
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
' m- f3 ?6 U% f' F" m: E3 i B4 Ying the normal level of adrenal steroids.
* J+ g& \. i. b7 I2 i2 K" wThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly$ t. @9 A! p F* ]
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
" A+ z! x' R0 e) ~* jthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
( O" G# F& S, s5 r# f6 X. [pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and( h3 U/ G# ~, f, j) D) }
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-1 ^" P& v. ~$ B/ K8 \
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
- x0 T8 `" B: z \$ P% J5 p/ \1 r4 wusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
# u+ d, t6 n5 C/ [0 L8 sDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or! h" Z5 u* S4 n, ^
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to- L- _3 y) \0 i* a; t# g7 H
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.7 m+ i& w. j% Z I$ K" @
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
3 B. ~- S) q. g6 T Ebaseline value in those females who were exposed to
8 O2 T+ _. q- b9 O4 Y8 v9 t' keven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
+ v5 q/ F7 q/ E2 L2 u2 v1 @9 ]partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
) d7 X0 R6 G3 `! _tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
+ f4 {5 C; a# a5 ]0 q1 DOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
. x( P" k' Y& fwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that+ t' U+ x3 v6 \8 B# d# S+ O0 z
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-, t8 L( V0 t; D
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
. U) ?1 ]2 V5 ]: M! C. cactive in young children exposed to testosterone
* V, g4 M$ x! X4 Gexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
9 w! K+ b, Z" I* J5 i) g, P6 y" Adrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to) _6 o& N, W, x% ?! q
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
4 C4 I( J, b2 W7 I5 bchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
) c$ a# I" {; g t4 U6 \advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.+ W; A& M0 D5 @; m& W3 h
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
* ?! ] ^$ y" K. x1 O" D) eearly childhood on pubertal development and final
+ z) N1 P- X' X1 Qadult height are not fully known and always remain4 l$ l" G; ^& m9 s2 M9 T" u
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
2 T& W! b# K" Q1 j: uterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some$ [+ x. v; u5 l' c D' p
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
* f) [% g6 X8 G& {0 Acessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
, L' l6 S* R* ?$ ydecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,93 e- k8 c |. z3 Z$ w
There are conflicting reports and controversy
5 H3 |$ ?" Y$ O M4 g8 Uover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
2 t0 W w9 ?* E8 I/ g$ l. {penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal# L6 m1 k* y# S! }* f3 {4 T
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
8 Q' I4 t1 a v& s9 P: Y }! Hulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,/ l7 h' h# I' z/ l' K4 b1 k
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
* t5 r' n7 o/ W/ J6 L7 {8 N: F" V+ Wchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
1 N* a) F6 u( gpenile length in clinical studies.
+ Q! \8 F7 u$ M+ PNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
9 M: j3 g3 A/ S4 Q0 Jgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
: U" ?- m, y; W. m+ D! P' a i4 Ytestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
3 C# h7 p1 O0 h5 d. n! r+ qthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time." s3 \3 G/ ?! D/ x
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of7 e9 ?' C$ i! K+ n
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at& O2 }3 Z; q" e' e
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult- J3 ~4 |) v7 ]4 F6 I- w X
height will not be affected./ p; t p! \& Y* N3 R: L: {
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
; L! s w6 u+ |% ]7 u6 `ability of androgen products in our society may& s1 N% b' ^ o: i; {
indeed cause more virilization in male or female# P% X: b( I7 |) I
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
- G, E+ ~7 ^! Q) t2 wgen products must be considered and specific ques-
; e, k' O2 O& {9 {2 ~+ Xtioning about the use of a testosterone product or$ {' d3 y ^" b& z5 M2 Q! z0 t: @
gel should be asked of the family members during
# M2 t7 |2 Y, a& k; n5 f1 x, rthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-2 r; E) \/ K! Q2 [9 j6 `
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
; M6 `! s# |2 ]# _- @& X2 tnosis can be established by just a few tests and by. n0 M9 f% C1 e9 w9 e' |
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
5 V1 H! Z R4 W+ b8 J+ G( Bhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may4 z( z' z2 `* R! S
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive/ q6 E* B' u; H
investigation. The primary care physician should be, w7 q6 p7 H3 R) w. P3 G# V
aware of this fact, because most of these children
- U c9 H* V+ u* y+ v2 i$ Lmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
" a$ r0 M/ d' [% e* d* BDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
, ^' C1 Z5 h/ j# \. `" P8 h8 \) Jwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
; B7 L3 L5 e0 v% O' L$ S; lfemale child who might come in contact with some-
/ S6 F0 F; w/ o9 y# G1 ?; D$ Cone using any of these products.$ K2 ^) k6 k, N+ g/ O
References& F9 _" R) o! f4 N( s5 u6 Q
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation, z' ^2 O z' p% H; S( L4 H" Q
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric5 W9 R4 `5 w& q
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;) O8 h: c- \! _. K# w
2002: 565-628.1 F! j* a/ F- p) V1 s' I, U9 ~& N6 w
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
4 h. c' ]5 {+ c1 d, Y, o: \puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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