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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
2 j$ I" g6 h( r. SBoy Induced by Indirect Topical& j; u m& }3 t9 c9 y
Exposure to Testosterone- |# ~6 W8 S ^1 Z @7 A
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
& @ \( G3 {* R9 land Kenneth R. Rettig, MD14 H8 ~0 a+ D! O H0 g" d
Clinical Pediatrics
- u4 w: i+ }$ M' S! {Volume 46 Number 6
# v U2 a6 k+ t6 r- |: DJuly 2007 540-543
) F, j; Q$ N, a3 z) f© 2007 Sage Publications
2 ? H9 t( w) H3 `10.1177/0009922806296651
( F" I2 l- y+ r# |http://clp.sagepub.com
9 @( H3 Z% V) K* c& U1 xhosted at
% A) k1 ^' ~: t$ G; [. E& Ehttp://online.sagepub.com
* a4 |5 z2 }% v5 TPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,* a4 |3 q9 V8 U
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
: z& | c6 ?# O3 mprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
& Q" F; n! H+ E$ O) l4 p' @through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has: Z9 {1 J, j5 h- M8 T$ A/ `
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
. h% M4 G% D1 c1 n0 l$ Q6 ?1 Vlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested( j. k: w$ H% E' K0 B; j6 R9 Y
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
, {0 C4 q1 {" W2 V; Vhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
! D- y7 F1 O; q1 }( ^cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
5 V, ], d( U; z( [ Jreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the4 J' p! X( q8 j- y5 @
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-& b* Q* ]( b( D# j
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
) y* r9 s+ f. \, \( ito the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by# a0 w& w( m" T) R& M! D
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
8 z' @* M& D1 o- G! a9 n9 M! Smation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
# `. d, _8 ]8 y7 bchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of8 S `" R- a2 D, Q
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-7 v8 W2 G6 @9 X! S
bly more common than the rare case report in the
8 l+ J0 k0 s8 i# H* X% n) W1 Qliterature.4
: [0 }0 @, M0 ^9 f8 B: a8 H: D% BPatient Report
. b; {: u9 G$ Q/ Y6 x8 A; RA 16-month-old white child was referred to the. A: l1 Y* \& A' U
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
" h( R6 ^1 \ c5 [2 ~( n- bof early sexual development. His mother noticed/ E" b0 ~% w) [1 E& S2 E
light colored pubic hair development when he was' N. [/ v* l$ w- S4 L- x1 q% e
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
" A( D/ w# M: o3 k! `South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
/ l6 h: w+ r3 NAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
z! f# k: S% C( d( f9 O, ZProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of& z0 S, M$ f: i1 g
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
3 c7 R) r& s* [6 T/ n# ?2 ve-mail: [email protected].
" ~& U F b. o" t/ S$ d" sabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
$ X8 | s: D' ]1 h( e/ P! Edarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
l9 v( D" w. [4 X; tment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
: k" V/ d' D/ J' n1 b$ P$ Pwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
9 j9 l6 M5 @ N+ O/ Q( {a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of1 l% `1 g4 c: ?% p& s8 z$ |
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
: W& z' @7 K6 h, `8 _ Aof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
$ ]3 Q3 x, `) i$ w( ~solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,9 ^& R' v& P: F0 A
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
: v0 p5 W5 r% z2 m! s6 ^2 lwas age appropriate.+ _4 N G! |& x
The family history was remarkable for the father,
2 o. V& M9 b& ?# c* Jwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
/ B% Q; X3 X' p( ], e l+ Rwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s1 U. s% g; j0 a& U* g- G
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
) \3 v! y# H' v0 ^* h) R8 p- t* ?early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.! }. U) Y4 c4 D, r: |* S
The father denied taking any other medication. The
( ^# z @8 R$ fchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
/ {. b$ ^; Z* g# d N0 lwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
. x0 C# Z# V# X1 w# d1 B3 \5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
* B5 j* w: P5 ecocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-: A- V# U7 a7 @! ?8 x
tives. There were no siblings.
" D1 j, Y7 S! M9 [Physical Examination
6 e6 g! [8 P* ? X' ~) |& bThe physical examination revealed a very active,
1 x% R/ a( ]+ Y% o! a* [playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented$ b0 k) n5 Y# N8 Q: D. @2 j0 M1 R
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was' F# [6 M- H! Q$ n4 P9 B
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg3 ]! l. B0 ]0 p7 S$ F$ B2 D
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
5 O6 i# _3 t0 [% t I2 Kvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
8 e6 T+ V' o4 @. y: Ithe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.5 p' U& Z) Y ^1 W
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
; g' H1 B1 H; zenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
3 t7 l1 U2 F6 B' |2 L* Y4 Y! X8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well4 b4 f& Y9 r/ _( m5 N
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
- i. \2 z" N4 G; A5409 A8 m' C# z& M2 y% O2 B
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from! S/ K( W2 O# n2 ~3 ^
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
% ~* H& {0 ?% t' N2 w$ W2 Ntesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
; K3 }/ x% L+ OThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat1 X% Z5 H0 O, e% h0 D: g! n( y1 g7 X
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
9 ]) e1 X- k! k. C& F& h0 Babnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.3 q+ n! E- I" w" N$ D
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
3 ]; M- c3 W" w# Abilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion. d$ P* i# j# V$ }& E0 ~& k& C0 s
of papilledema.
4 |* r, V: ]9 f% A0 T: `Laboratory Evaluation
* _: D5 R( I. Z% d: _1 UThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by' r7 K5 I& m/ X
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-4 j8 a" I7 I7 V' I
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
' C$ d1 t9 b6 Y/ ]) j: {5 ckaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test5 k7 `; c% G% I$ |5 i& x& ?6 k
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
) I: {/ }' T7 Dlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).6 J q% e; G7 }; J
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood. Q' |0 D [# L- E
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
0 n. K- }! H4 J( h5 j( h$ Owithin normal range for his age. The concentration+ G9 I1 u3 h" `7 c3 r, f3 W
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL2 ?$ y, `+ g# g0 q) D' q
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
+ f/ j9 @0 ~* Y0 } hng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-5 Y9 d( X( d. [& T
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
( M& E6 J) H6 l6 |, ^; D# Cdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to: l$ |$ x$ m* ]
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)1 Y# z( N5 L* \2 Y# f( I" m( c
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
9 D( S' x& \: C! M1 Ytisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total9 ?8 m$ i/ V0 `$ W( f: S' {
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),: a5 N" m# f, N3 P L
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than) X7 X( M# P, X
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
% G6 e$ P9 ^8 p& |% D, sstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone" O9 z' U6 [5 d1 y: @
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL$ n, Y+ N) w) W& [# ~
(prepubertal).
, V+ Z- o' j2 m- IThe parents were notified about the laboratory+ |- J0 |- k7 B' `& z
results and were informed that all of the tests were
' Z3 j T% F8 S) P! rnormal except the testosterone level was high. The; \6 o& f0 x) a6 u& C. t
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to Z6 n; k% j; z T# [4 F" F" Y
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
! M% K" C( D3 \' _& y( E Jever, the family did not return for 4 months.5 w; L, ^! \; R9 d; U% H
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
& { h2 E: J1 F3 E) s0 p2 W, `8 o+ c0 zchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained0 m; k( \. A, \* e
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
! H; q7 c( Z0 A+ }5 ^4 runchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-! f1 D1 O0 s5 K% I
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at7 e; R3 w6 w" H" {. D% c
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
2 A7 v! j, h" r7 E' \mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.' X, [4 L: R2 y Y1 ^- m7 T- P
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-' h3 d/ p0 ` w4 j& A
ing frequent erections.& I; d9 T2 Z$ ^
Both parents were again questioned about use of
6 ]6 m$ u; V+ G8 @% Gany ointment/creams that they may have applied to% b" b5 k$ }4 W _, c
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the. M5 C8 Q( n; ], n' U0 g
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
- O6 |; U: d, Q& Z% n4 b( Ruse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-' b$ Q1 J, @- L: i6 D" m5 a2 `
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for8 t- H2 j/ [. [/ f6 O% F% j: {
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
% M3 y* E7 v2 ato disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-) e5 z/ e- X' q! W6 z5 ?) E
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
' ]8 c- i2 W" ]9 Z% z( ?8 [secondary to depression.: n L0 p4 `7 H2 W
The child slept in the same bed with parents.5 w6 |, z% n8 p' E E1 D, T
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
. ?& @3 ?1 C; B6 Dchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
3 n& ^1 Z8 n; f3 G: E6 S) jnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
P3 U* k1 [) Q, i2 P, u6 KThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
4 l+ S6 u) u% U7 c. Z: L6 ewhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
' I x6 A, ?; f) _2 B) Ywas high, he then read the product information, T6 L0 j9 ]$ d5 d) t+ Y V l
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-6 c/ g$ r8 j9 m s
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they# K6 `) i5 L# U3 m7 J& V
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
) A* {2 j0 j2 ~% Q- D' nfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
" x6 v; X" v, x |( ^/ {3 [) Fbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone J3 `: a) l5 k1 i+ x9 M0 ]
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
0 b- n8 d& U9 {9 qlaboratory to obtain the test.
# s; {+ }0 r0 z xDiscussion2 T' M/ X* [" ]* S
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary0 c/ k& Q( j3 _0 Z1 Y( [& u
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
1 \) c$ \$ h$ F' s8 wPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when' v% W3 `0 H1 h) P" y4 R
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
3 A9 T$ O5 J& G6 k) mthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-, }, v5 {/ A z6 j8 p( Y+ K( X& q* i
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP2 h( r8 l* x- N; x( X6 G: }
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
0 x* ] m/ G' B% j l0 d* d! O7 Rresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
. V% L* v. O" t6 x! Y @5 Tamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
. @% _4 {2 ?8 b& H( D% y+ v6 ]sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in5 ?; a `- e' M' {/ }; D, v5 e
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-: Z9 L6 [: b1 c
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-* K$ I* R* _% J- o" O
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by* T7 X! H- @% {, J6 Z; C
gonadotropins.1,3
k9 \9 L1 s% `" R/ UGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-6 {6 U% Y0 I. A5 K- y" a
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate: L9 b2 R1 E8 o' v
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or' g N% Q) b. j' i
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
$ D* ~$ k! F+ M7 C+ Mulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing( s( ` M% m& v D. ?4 E& [, b" s; D
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive# ~% X" H2 d, E; B3 @
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious! P, M: S2 m, q7 c2 d/ v9 j
puberty in boys.3,4
5 }6 L, A6 R2 D9 O5 u9 V* v) V' s& WThe most common form of congenital adrenal
q" T+ y) q2 s1 J; c3 J5 ihyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.& m8 p, Y9 n7 W/ T$ N
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in' W) R$ q9 C3 Z ?
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
9 F* Y7 I2 j3 b6 W1 jan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
3 j+ f' N+ C& @! |: _& Nexcess.1,3; B2 q4 X/ ]; I* q, T* @$ E
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from/ i+ o X: I' i) M( l* S8 L( w
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
/ m. J0 [& j' Q' I* c4 YA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
& T" ]2 h5 Z! h( B4 }' F nindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
9 r- T3 ^8 C/ R3 M1 M" cas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a, T3 R7 ]' j( e# `# U
very young age. The physical findings in these boys# E' l- Z) L* Y: _1 w
with this disorder are full pubertal development,! Y2 W5 Q q$ ]; f7 t( a
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys: |, ?5 U: p3 Z+ n4 x. Y
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
- `- @6 P5 s" N$ M+ w$ dare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show; |3 ]9 Z; w& l
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
* J7 o9 N# Q" O, n* f6 a% _7 ]releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
8 E. C* I, e p8 V; e/ ?autosomal dominant disorder that affects only9 h& v) \) {; Z- S+ N+ t0 `8 K! ]
males; therefore, other male members of the family
0 J# ~! y0 v9 p8 Ymay have similar precocious puberty.32 j+ W( a% \( `8 ], A4 M
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
5 S; ]; x, G9 A2 Csistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
1 r( R; F6 N; H# A X! hcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis4 q" \7 ~% T- t( D$ l9 J, W
was in the differential diagnosis because his father; p" Y1 ?6 }' q7 F# x X; ], c/ p
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
- X* j- U, x5 J+ f. J+ U5 f9 wtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the$ V+ s) }/ R% W$ Z. N
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-' u$ I" {* w+ M5 Z
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
( Z* D! D1 E( |2 b9 I: z1 ^" gbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
) v( @3 r s$ ], y! }; Aeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase' ~1 W" @+ f- c6 \
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-* J4 Q: u9 }7 L2 {4 d
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.4 F& b5 A4 S2 _& `: B+ f3 |
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly& V. `; x* P' u* o
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
! }; T: o5 B2 a" ?/ N; Q u7 ]2 rthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
% P6 J: J% v& i: c0 \pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and; H" z5 B: x5 h( l: {/ ~ n! D2 k+ N4 L
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
$ r/ d9 @8 ~/ wterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was& e- m9 a2 W+ e. e& i7 }) O m$ j. d
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’! B0 b! N- r6 U3 q- k( h
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or! l. \7 W: }5 u$ o! [: [
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to3 T: D$ Q# u# [, H& k
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.+ C* J/ W. Z$ Y9 Z+ V& v- l w
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
. a2 V4 K& j- G3 a8 f) _5 I9 p+ }baseline value in those females who were exposed to% Y3 r8 ?7 l% s f( N
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
1 l5 D; `1 p* R6 Hpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-0 Y5 U) g3 R, w+ h' ^0 W: ?
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
0 {) X3 {! Y4 k2 ZOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL," Z; x0 H0 E) ~% q' W
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that- E7 b8 e- G& x' n! P
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-- s }4 ]3 m- n' l
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more3 p9 J, i! ~" d, B& F
active in young children exposed to testosterone6 W7 D) {) [6 |% L1 u
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-' |9 G3 x, A" d6 k
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to) ?! F! M1 Q% f( L; d' [
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in; B! O% i) C' r7 t2 s9 K0 \
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
, Z- G: ]) c0 sadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.9 Q, p* z- {/ _( G: \0 g, G3 S
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during9 i% }. @# f+ K9 ^' Q
early childhood on pubertal development and final) G2 U1 l. S& H) \6 e( B# R( W
adult height are not fully known and always remain- P- B% U* x; r7 V0 E
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-& e4 }' a5 _6 C1 y& B1 q
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some% N( S7 \; o0 \
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
! x' O/ N) |. \: m( y) d9 [( ncessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation }% Z2 K8 G9 Y* w
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9. Z: H2 m9 b6 A
There are conflicting reports and controversy
) y M+ H4 c9 ^+ sover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult+ u' f! f: @( ^& g
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal' V7 w6 r& W) Y* D" [
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-# a w2 ^& G' f. K
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,& O: x+ ?0 T4 U* @
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
" Y! e: M7 }; E* Y+ e2 r1 Lchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
' E# d2 g/ E+ ~7 Y1 `, G! mpenile length in clinical studies.
' e9 | @& L" r+ S$ g% f2 e, H" M! xNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is8 r& G7 U- y; f ?% z2 V
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
( b( T: H$ Z- ?* G' l+ y+ Otestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because0 w0 y& O! [& t+ Q; J0 S
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
8 B6 U! \* Y* \# ]5 N% B% \Although the bone age was advanced at the time of) k4 U% r% V7 J; d+ f1 B' L
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at# E+ `$ f+ H# K; o' ]9 t, _
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult3 g5 A3 U- o5 O4 [+ K3 O' c
height will not be affected., e9 q: r8 Y& e. c2 V3 ~& I) X
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
/ W1 B7 b. l, u; I! \. L7 `ability of androgen products in our society may2 }) K4 C1 ] |8 g
indeed cause more virilization in male or female" {2 M1 A5 v2 v+ M$ ?
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
4 e) p& e7 M x6 T+ `1 P& Ngen products must be considered and specific ques-2 w; v: e% L: [( V0 H& t$ \
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or& l. v) R' o0 j# l$ s
gel should be asked of the family members during
; y3 X) | ?7 Sthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-$ l: W0 q" |9 E! T, d
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
" u+ O! f! j( ^5 a4 `0 Anosis can be established by just a few tests and by3 ?" h7 G# x& ?4 k _: R( e9 n( T/ z
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
1 d4 a8 ~9 d% ^( X4 j# k# Rhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
- z! l( X8 O$ a/ Nresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive1 ]5 j& m0 v3 |: z% Q. y8 D
investigation. The primary care physician should be' }5 Z8 t' x3 L7 `* }5 D5 R" v; s" m
aware of this fact, because most of these children
$ W) p6 S. \0 g4 Vmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’! |( t" b7 ?. m8 h
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a {- u5 J7 H5 j+ h3 U) ]* g( g
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
7 b6 Y8 Z% R: Vfemale child who might come in contact with some-2 @/ d. L/ M u w" {' {
one using any of these products.
( z; X* b$ t3 uReferences, c, W& N4 `& h1 F% C6 y7 }
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
" W$ g+ d+ [1 U, t4 g9 D! C$ _and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric. w0 H* n. |1 a6 I+ v
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;( l0 n3 ?% ~* [ n+ y+ r( N
2002: 565-628.5 G3 r& z6 S$ b" Q" e8 i
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
4 D( }% G, m7 {$ V% V2 Epuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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