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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
, G! [0 p3 {0 }% a1 s4 @' VBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
$ c+ ~1 X) _+ y' H, g2 A9 _Exposure to Testosterone, r& R+ R+ M1 R$ M0 N4 I) y- M) n
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
. d/ m, D) {$ r( R2 Wand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
4 X# O) ]2 `5 M' j8 S: MClinical Pediatrics, m, A) F) X( h
Volume 46 Number 6
/ U& a" f6 f% e  z- Z- S' D% UJuly 2007 540-543
& `) d$ v% G2 E4 G, U. C' Y© 2007 Sage Publications- ~" N" H  j* m
10.1177/0009922806296651
) T% {  w/ z9 Mhttp://clp.sagepub.com
3 B5 ?5 D/ K1 A9 z' bhosted at
  Z7 h6 e  I- d9 c6 C6 u2 Lhttp://online.sagepub.com
4 V0 y" a$ f$ PPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,0 o& |2 U/ c2 m. j
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
5 {$ U: j: f  j3 |precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
  }" Z  r  }; [0 ethrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
" m! `) Y& C0 E: v3 za higher incidence of organic central nervous system
% R% p$ m8 a0 H: `+ @& I: ~lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
, \$ u$ r) _4 M- D; g0 aby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic& N$ }1 ?7 Y( o; X/ W& w
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-' d; H6 W0 w. [, ?% F* O  R4 |
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We" ~5 J- r1 T& @% n' e: z
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the+ @+ t% K# W6 K) T" M
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-' X* c" M9 E) O! Z' ~; X7 N
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
% B9 E. R* Q  y, l. F. G4 `to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
7 K+ t* y6 q! N6 C) Nthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-: B) @5 i3 {) ?" \& `. u
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this9 N  u8 x$ Z8 C9 O
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
9 x4 J4 }7 ]- g( Y$ _testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
" y/ q) V5 J" `! I4 [- n2 G9 F# \: Pbly more common than the rare case report in the/ x2 r! ^6 Z7 _5 x
literature.41 b* E; u$ s9 t4 y& z6 ]
Patient Report' o5 }3 h2 f0 [5 e9 ^6 C5 u: R
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
; `% R0 ^4 \) j, L7 p1 Sendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern1 u, Z) f1 |0 {: D
of early sexual development. His mother noticed4 }4 N- K! N- }* Z8 V
light colored pubic hair development when he was
( K( m7 z9 F+ K( N2 QFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of7 L' b0 N" h% M" N, j
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama./ ], m- `" A5 v' A  j) _' s
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
2 t, N+ v9 D! c1 D! {) iProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
* [6 E7 _$ \7 R/ L3 TMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;) W/ i5 m6 F1 h9 q
e-mail: [email protected].
* U0 K8 @' u7 W# B: j! cabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became+ [/ {/ s# E/ r. |0 t
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
, T" q( e& B% o3 ^) G, nment of his penis and frequent erections. The child5 ~$ \& K' w, C2 @* o
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
1 r5 F" [0 x% u  z4 p: O# ha birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
& M/ K, {' @# s1 x3 W20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year* A1 V4 `* z, }% N
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with; [5 S1 }3 X. X3 b( N5 J- l
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery," q  f) _& b! E/ F/ Z) q
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
9 H; x8 j) D5 ]* E, S! H1 A/ `was age appropriate.5 W7 K; \* R$ P9 D# x; O5 v6 \. A
The family history was remarkable for the father,
5 K& d6 y, U' i: Swho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,- I9 ?6 K5 b2 W+ s/ M& ^% Z" \
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
9 Y# W1 [1 M% d0 c; xheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
; x: x1 X0 s8 {& N9 r; qearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.' \/ R9 L$ k5 N- W* F2 M
The father denied taking any other medication. The
3 l: r' i! n* d1 b9 C* Vchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche7 G, J' ?( M( u7 m2 |6 M
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet2 G) |' u( I- |' r# l
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
! ?! E0 I  s3 b& ucocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
: J. _1 h* j) Y. otives. There were no siblings.- g" @' {2 V+ x. r6 c0 V( k
Physical Examination
( r3 k2 f' M* [The physical examination revealed a very active,+ \9 T8 e4 c# A; Q8 ^" `6 z1 v
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
5 T  J' F/ I+ G# H- i3 w( N0 S* va blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
+ l0 h" ?% G% i6 F3 Z. j90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
* C" q) y# P9 U! B& ?(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
5 I' G3 J7 w8 j# J# f- y) evelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of% L" U9 a* x$ g4 s, w2 F
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
  `' d2 p8 u/ R/ QThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
" ^' `( c2 B: l8 _enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
( F4 X+ h! w, q  I+ E& N% Z  J8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
/ @' C+ a5 J1 R' v9 Udeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
( m6 Q6 m( |" G. \6 v( I4 M5 d540
$ d  j4 f& L( A! Uat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
. E" g6 F7 W- Q7 x+ zthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The$ t5 @3 h; W' P& ]; C' z
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each./ I  Z& v) P2 B. Y/ T8 ]0 X
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
  {+ }& G. f) b3 B$ {oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
5 b/ `) B0 n1 Q2 s( y4 j3 Z( Eabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots., G2 V# _8 j1 j& ~; d  P
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
1 H, ]$ O/ K9 e7 f6 h7 dbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
0 V, a0 W! V5 k4 J! Pof papilledema.1 }" L% {+ u6 H9 l
Laboratory Evaluation
. R2 B8 L' f* C& `4 mThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
. ]% k: @, e/ e% ~8 T3 e% Gusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-0 Q8 v& Q9 D/ _, r- J
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal# o3 F' P% T3 d8 A, b( r3 a! K, m
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test: {4 c5 b( E, K8 h4 s2 Z
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-% ]: n' l& b3 j  O& S- j
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
* G4 S, h" P5 L, e# VThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
9 [% K$ ~" f. a* \$ E. M6 Vurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were3 k  D# V1 D- d& h' e# |
within normal range for his age. The concentration! Y$ A( j0 [( f5 `
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL: \: ~7 }; [, {( P; _' }; U) S3 Q1 Y
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
% q3 W3 ?/ h" u5 Xng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
1 D" l" D/ P3 o9 z# [, w; `& xterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),& K8 K7 K- R" L' q
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
0 J+ f  ?- S6 ^8 h% {& h0 o' e49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
1 o  L9 _: X" t7 I1 D8 O" Hwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-1 _$ A7 W$ l, K3 D4 n" I8 u
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
2 M9 F: C0 D+ R2 Z9 N+ A: L) Wtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
2 G$ B: X: v: e/ X! P$ v! p+ nand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than5 H0 ^* }; p8 }: C; V. w
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular0 C; P3 S* L' A/ G4 N! n
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone3 K! ]. f$ `3 U) [, a( u7 h" j, S& x: @
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL# l. Q/ y/ A% G  I. E+ V
(prepubertal).
) O- r# G' e' q' L1 u9 Y% T8 nThe parents were notified about the laboratory
0 G7 f  p: ?5 ?. ?# @results and were informed that all of the tests were
' ?; M+ B& E4 x4 e0 y6 f, m1 anormal except the testosterone level was high. The0 y, X7 J& E+ \9 S
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to0 v* U) R3 s  h; z& {: t
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
4 \( }; V5 e& [' X" V- f' zever, the family did not return for 4 months.
5 g8 O3 X+ k4 @* O6 Y8 p0 }Physical examination at this time revealed that the
. M7 I/ i% i* Nchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
! z( h: m' c1 O8 e% `7 b2 X2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
2 D4 v1 r0 s! B/ N% @0 Vunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-8 n5 b) n: w# a* J$ `
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
+ p3 M& x  ~3 k* Q! T( Qthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2) M/ g) X2 ^/ N! b% P0 `
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
! @! x* B: B2 m" uThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-; }' x' a, J8 W1 @! n3 F  }
ing frequent erections.
- `% H; u% o/ h- o* I/ t5 ?% MBoth parents were again questioned about use of7 @5 o1 B. t( Q4 |, _- l$ p8 K
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to( E- {3 p8 q! j3 F4 c
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the# L# D0 S4 }8 K; \) G
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
0 S7 b& W7 B* |+ Tuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
# S5 E: R- Y; u6 ]6 U0 Ping over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
9 ?1 n6 M  F2 ^; }: M0 Ja year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed' L7 A' N4 l) w' E( S
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
) E" \; ]6 n, |9 _9 Kscribed by his family physician for decreased libido1 _! X; L# h& M9 v- k
secondary to depression.
4 I3 J2 f$ f/ n( ^5 n' N) j* KThe child slept in the same bed with parents.* }' m' N# t1 R8 f; J. n$ p
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his! p7 w* j. ]6 \: C- i5 B" `) O! z
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
# H+ N* ?* Z* d7 Vnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
7 b; ?4 R# j9 {- o# C4 I7 UThe father also admitted that after the phone call,3 ~/ Z7 j1 [- V7 p' b. P
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby7 R+ u) I! X8 g# ?+ O  d" i
was high, he then read the product information7 s" O9 P1 C& W& B( n
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-+ Q5 ]- h# m! w6 \
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
7 X: ^: p6 P% z7 }3 u9 bdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the, G" }/ f+ s- J. X
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
  M$ z/ U) a) M5 Ibeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
: T9 e% C! M. c, ?( U$ R6 v) htest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
  B8 r# N5 @; k+ ?6 Klaboratory to obtain the test.. L7 u1 b  X" Q  M& ^
Discussion" n7 I. n" V  z1 J* o
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary; l8 f9 L, o" R
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4/ [/ H2 {+ B3 I2 W: J
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when3 ]5 g4 s8 s' k, M
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
/ }4 V. _- m5 p5 t3 c- athalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-6 L: s3 v1 n2 Z& [  Z# \3 H. }7 D
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
9 |, t0 f1 s) V$ wmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
9 T" ~7 H) U! a; ]responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
8 d* f4 A" e; uamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-, J3 B  V1 K1 {- T3 P
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
, A+ @' Y. ], p$ T0 n, mboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-1 |9 h9 q: K5 T- a2 h; t+ }6 u
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
  L" d1 P# U" }) [; ^- Brical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by9 T- _6 h. U$ R6 \! o, l6 m; Y
gonadotropins.1,3
" R5 a' {, g0 \Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-& D) f/ ]7 I1 n& D6 b$ m( k
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate& b# k7 Y4 ~( Y: T' A" E8 v2 Y
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
1 f3 n3 R& @4 k6 y) V6 Qexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
/ O& I8 M# Y! B3 I+ Yulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing9 d; P5 M" R; w2 {
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
9 N5 N  M5 L" Ladrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious, m+ \; {# |2 _9 ~
puberty in boys.3,4
9 }3 Y, L; Z4 U$ m: C3 q) XThe most common form of congenital adrenal  t! q5 ?) Z( h4 R' m) R$ j! F
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
1 q6 r0 u" `. [/ gThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in- E$ I% [+ N- g
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
3 k; ?* A* p5 Ean adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen$ ?/ J( T9 A2 N$ O) N1 i
excess.1,36 D( ?! N) t: V5 s
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
- |0 x9 {- Q6 Z+ K9 b542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
, D+ N! {- h; ?) R- A  XA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-) n" z5 X4 D; `: S
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
( q3 {& G/ m( t! }1 Vas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
2 B5 |! h: e3 P4 q: Gvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
/ h; j# C# D* ~5 s5 z- V/ X6 rwith this disorder are full pubertal development,& [+ }- x. A$ e: D
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys9 K# H, _' Y: \  y
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder7 \$ n% @# n7 {% e7 m
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
1 U* G" p5 A) K2 B$ Fpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
' m/ U. V( p$ h1 Xreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked. v7 z9 P, g0 Y% P& M8 V3 q9 F4 y' _
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
  `1 T. [4 d" v' Z% o/ M( vmales; therefore, other male members of the family& r( U+ d* _+ Q( H' A
may have similar precocious puberty.3
$ H" h0 d3 c6 k. y9 w! {; dIn our patient, physical examination was incon-; m* G0 D  `- v6 W8 H( Y5 n
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
7 f& x, [0 w3 t' S( C9 V/ k( Pcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis. B3 N& ~- N/ J  r+ \
was in the differential diagnosis because his father% x" @2 j# ]7 Y  u( E5 Q% W- f
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,# q, Q4 X/ }5 U5 J* E& Q7 i7 ?, H
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
( y" j9 k5 t7 W4 j- N, n/ ~1 S* X5 ubeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
0 j) Q8 h( O# B% u2 u: fative initial history of androgen exposure, our
" }' t  Z4 N$ Lbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
+ N6 H; \. t) R. \either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
" K( H0 I- b: Z2 m9 w+ a! `deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-& a# j: @. d* G  p0 c
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.  u  [$ C& l$ I% C  L& o  u! R
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly3 z! e% J6 ?9 |+ |; n9 c1 d( ~
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
/ x6 L7 ]' H) l: ]3 dthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
- V  D- e% r3 V& gpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
+ `* A8 e3 P" p4 X/ `4 _9 ?decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-' [& G! |3 {2 T
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was8 ~1 o7 f4 G( t6 Y2 a( O
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
$ I' A5 n" i, a" W& L2 M" ODesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
( c1 Z) c, O" |, Xcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to+ D3 X  p6 V4 b2 m
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.- P7 b6 d$ h# a' v4 C
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the. ?  l" H& @6 F+ S8 Z- t) g
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
- @& ^$ ~+ k, W! s! N& i. I! L7 O7 p) beven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
3 y& M& g+ U$ p9 ~) C8 T; ~partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-) V4 l1 v; n& r3 Z8 ]2 p
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
. ]7 y( m  G" K0 ROur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
6 c, _2 y! n" i& K+ Z& M& lwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that0 c8 S* m: Y6 z. S6 ]$ ?
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
) l  e5 I# _2 F) sterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more/ R" c# N+ p8 R1 v' K% O% o
active in young children exposed to testosterone# `; }7 D# Z. |# |/ r2 y& Q
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
* ?5 g/ t5 w) U" _( [1 fdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to; h1 }' G. Z5 k; ]$ ]
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
% U7 ]: `. V( D- e) u$ X! Jchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and! m/ s" B1 m8 e- n: M( Z% a- A9 e  F
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
& F* I' j, y( NThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
0 ^8 f2 d' [3 V/ U$ nearly childhood on pubertal development and final
3 c8 q( H8 z5 F- p$ ~adult height are not fully known and always remain
0 [! ?0 y2 Q% M* f5 f1 za concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
: U( ?; l( w% j' v9 l8 Tterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some. S& D- \$ [- O4 ^$ O; `4 p
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after) }0 c) @9 C2 X; ?9 }4 D
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation% K4 a' f" D- K4 ?. k) I* q
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9$ A/ ]7 m; ?0 l0 h# y) O
There are conflicting reports and controversy+ @2 X1 w/ M4 M* F0 C# p% q
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
1 p4 `' w' |( Y' n) Kpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
+ j2 l" B# F* O7 Dadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
3 H) b) X* G, d6 a6 aulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
  n# m& X+ X& @; F# }; ~3 C& `6 JSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between- ]$ O* a$ U) ]$ h4 r. A
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
! l2 a7 L  g. }4 Y) Hpenile length in clinical studies.1 x8 ]& X+ Y7 X1 @1 E/ d6 x
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is8 t$ u8 \9 ^  g/ k' N
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
9 W$ z9 R; m$ j2 Htestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
- ?1 t, {: G/ e5 zthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
+ D8 d9 R" P- h" J& J" ?# TAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
1 S& ?" O3 q' e! Qdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
' ^8 l! w3 O& U/ }% s! i, d/ Cthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult! }) t6 e* A) A+ `% b* A8 m5 p
height will not be affected.
+ A  S0 D6 r: D& |3 JAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-/ o! ~+ e# @! S( \: f
ability of androgen products in our society may* Z* a' e" X3 S. k/ f, J
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
  e- U  x: T' \3 E! C. X) Wchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-& w6 h/ u' w! [0 o# M' b1 z9 i: `
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
; V/ R- `0 D" x: N! {# Z) [' Utioning about the use of a testosterone product or: b8 W; g0 U. k7 O/ l/ r* M  E& S# l
gel should be asked of the family members during# X. Z7 r* t9 b
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-4 D5 A% I% W# S5 o
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-$ I) V: Q% `+ }1 Z3 A1 y9 n% k$ K3 B. w
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by& r% a) n+ \+ Y' k
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
( d" ?9 m4 F$ }1 I% lhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
. g. R8 I& U, Z. N: bresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
; {, L) }. C* V' ^( C, Yinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
' w4 f: H4 X# K4 Z6 L5 Faware of this fact, because most of these children# h, b3 i8 t8 v& u
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
+ z. }5 ?7 u: |; ?) x9 F' g+ ODesk Reference and package insert should also put a
# Z9 ]+ I' z  u% {8 ]& M# a9 }* jwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or5 `5 o0 z) w' U2 O: v: G; l
female child who might come in contact with some-& a5 x- z/ j' U! _8 y# i
one using any of these products.' ]" }* ^8 V0 }$ {8 s3 K3 c
References" y. b5 a3 P: |3 ]- X' X/ |
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation6 J' y( H  Z* U( f1 b, H
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
. V  Q0 d& m  _! J$ O$ Q- ?/ JEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
6 g1 O  {' r* X2002: 565-628.. s9 R7 k- P) g+ \
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
9 n- a1 Q! @, k, g( Y6 W% xpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old3 H: C0 y& x3 G- C/ O/ l
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
1 H. z) s$ v+ Q) R' C$ F" GExposure to Testosterone
$ B5 H/ g) E# ~# j0 C- @+ \Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,24 `2 ~& k! ]( I2 {
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1, W8 `$ v" G8 F8 j7 v, {
Clinical Pediatrics" x6 P4 g' ~% o% u" x$ D) f: t0 `
Volume 46 Number 6: x: @# Q* N; J% f& j% l
July 2007 540-543+ X* x/ ?' e8 C; e% M
© 2007 Sage Publications
& f' ?/ {9 z5 b" D) k10.1177/0009922806296651" W( f# I/ x- m& i& J& f
http://clp.sagepub.com
$ `1 h8 c; f  A7 ehosted at
0 M2 j0 v1 e4 q% s" {http://online.sagepub.com
" D3 C9 y4 f; @0 M, F: o/ KPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
; f6 d3 @! g- k3 ^is a significant concern for physicians. Central9 X  A0 `; v$ @! H% R5 m& C4 L
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated- P+ F& i6 N/ Q& {* K/ W/ n
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
* Z7 h( Q$ C' W7 Z# f" i. T, _% ga higher incidence of organic central nervous system& Z/ X" `8 e" m3 S- }
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested* `0 _8 P9 j; j& Q0 K+ t& u, A2 G
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
' e3 R" J- P0 q, E1 x& E- ?% z9 shair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-8 F* l& O+ a) u; b0 C& A
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
9 l8 V# b: H- Oreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
$ s0 B. M0 z9 o7 O  W$ M. R% _enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-2 j* ^& y, w, O- p/ v# q
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due( X/ d/ c7 a% \# R9 B8 K# [6 q
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
: j+ k1 c7 M% T8 T$ ?! Ethe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
+ q- Y( U0 N9 vmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
# m( Y+ {& Y- R+ [; wchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
: K/ H4 z5 g4 N. R5 ~- W. J6 S' Wtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
& s6 o0 F; ?% c% D4 [, @bly more common than the rare case report in the
4 U7 T) f, T) ~literature.4
7 ]0 B0 R  x- S& |8 ~, ?$ s7 _2 ^3 lPatient Report' h- x) C" c+ \+ Z
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the& Y# x0 s7 A  s" l5 j( P
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern/ y. z. l/ @0 Q8 {. b4 s7 }! b
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
0 ^9 L4 T- @1 T. U/ vlight colored pubic hair development when he was( }- i* W8 Z4 Q( e+ `* m4 u5 B
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of) v, ]5 Y; D& B) ^6 d8 w6 N
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
/ v: G/ l( ]/ L( f! GAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,' t% h& T2 Y* `) H: @' R$ ?7 A& l; W
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
0 G; g+ ~' ^3 v. R: n. lMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;2 ~# `$ `0 h( z" Y
e-mail: [email protected].
; d9 o$ \2 T% Q( B1 W/ Uabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
: D+ x, H+ c5 p, vdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-/ p9 i% o* Z; S+ N- `2 y
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
& W. U# S+ U; O) N" E) F2 F( |# `8 twas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
7 `+ A1 Q2 r9 L8 G. @; ba birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
2 V* K: L& e( K* _20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
$ {4 n) j5 K" T7 x; oof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
! x0 Z: f$ m# f! Osolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,5 q/ V- ^( {' m' l
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
  T4 d. J, p5 Dwas age appropriate., w2 d0 C5 r8 g
The family history was remarkable for the father,8 j# J3 ~0 r6 a( B6 u3 F
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,/ E# o! [3 `4 o$ z, X
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
% ?( I7 P* r, Y- K5 P; Q# dheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat* w/ a/ U( n* n7 Q: q: L
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
  x7 _7 P9 [3 _) r2 W" M  WThe father denied taking any other medication. The& C" o7 R& L8 z. F
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche2 T5 y- P' b; s3 }& w
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet: B* Q) J6 }/ a* h5 u* |
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
: n: B5 M) L+ Ecocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
7 |' Q9 \  ^" R7 y  O6 ?/ C- V- w% }tives. There were no siblings.. S4 T2 a- ~4 Q' {
Physical Examination! q/ c8 j6 t; ?5 Q2 e- m0 F& E7 j/ `
The physical examination revealed a very active,1 ^' d( \9 }# f0 y
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented8 Y& ^& T( `% T! T
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
# _# {7 W% D/ B90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg6 B  B. T1 r$ o5 o2 G
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth1 Q" C5 L( D8 i7 @' s
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of+ c/ e' G7 B3 F, ?+ w/ n2 ]
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
* U# v1 E9 L3 M9 r6 ?The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
$ J( D! T& ^2 u1 v! R) `enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of- j; J% X# E# A4 M& a6 e8 ?$ U" v
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well4 {1 I( N0 Z; B  m; X
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around( P4 E! n0 F1 C
540, ?6 Z" O* C' U6 j5 c
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from4 u5 `: Z3 }6 [5 t. I- |/ h, f
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The$ b+ p, v6 R+ u
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
+ U0 E: X5 K  g6 Z6 U' AThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat* }$ x" c* v# _# m+ S- ^$ V  I
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no: M! ~6 f# I! G, b+ z
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
5 Z) f* H! t/ c$ c# ]9 L; CNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+6 j$ D, y- S- T7 j3 Y/ h9 d5 D
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion5 G. A" k+ o: |* S
of papilledema.
+ I7 H1 p6 }5 g# N4 {* e% fLaboratory Evaluation& F3 m  Z( a; m- `7 S. K
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by/ W, o; ]' N2 h; `# ^
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
" Z: L+ h. Z( F- w; ]logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
# A4 y* c0 M9 c3 w3 B/ Fkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test, d& `8 e& x0 h: u5 t/ [% y
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
  b& c; ]5 d$ L; C+ ulating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).( ~3 V2 }" B# K. Y
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood% v$ x& s% S' C
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were: n* ^6 m7 E2 U: O8 q& B
within normal range for his age. The concentration8 d+ ~/ e0 m3 d8 r9 I+ K
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
! T1 x7 H9 C  j: i$ u) n(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
. g( Q. J+ \3 i9 ?9 tng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-9 }+ G% B" q$ k3 a: _- k
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),' ^- V0 u: S' I
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
5 `% {9 P$ l; g49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)8 z$ I4 [- x& i  G7 C
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-& X+ l5 L: R/ {7 ~( O, c( r8 G
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
* x+ ^* m$ _* }" Ntestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),& O6 p2 T) ]- r! V0 J; A
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than* G7 Y0 ~' V- O: d0 F
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular3 B! T1 i3 ~0 W" o
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
* |; V- c3 O! |' {( qconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL! F9 b7 @1 H! t" I5 m0 Z  [
(prepubertal).
* O) m) z9 f9 n) xThe parents were notified about the laboratory# c, h7 I4 ]" U7 |9 j" b/ U6 @
results and were informed that all of the tests were
& E" q% P0 z8 m; {normal except the testosterone level was high. The+ }; q' r4 i1 g; T2 O8 a
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to5 o7 W5 g4 y# v
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-" I: |! I( E1 `9 ]8 Y4 P& f
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.* n3 k# f0 w& u; W
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
- p6 t0 n. {$ a( \  `child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
5 W0 h4 c: S% }) x! z5 C% k2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained* i; s2 _6 F) f9 A* l
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
  L, ]5 V/ T: C+ W" Z' p  w7 rpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
; F' K) T0 o( O6 bthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
. o  Z) g3 V8 \+ ^( rmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
" e# t' z( q# N+ I+ U1 mThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-- Q5 g8 V: F/ b/ r" [
ing frequent erections.4 p" T) d# K# J- E: h
Both parents were again questioned about use of
+ [' y  }+ S. Q, d5 T9 O* J, lany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
9 S) _3 ^5 P, Q: u; L, R. q3 w6 ~the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
) Y7 c) v4 \, F1 m$ ?, K6 L0 x. ZTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
0 F* h' j  ]4 D4 @' @! p' ~+ r8 F' ?$ vuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
' M. x4 W8 O2 ~$ Z" T6 p/ Cing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for7 H6 ~( b6 j8 z/ K" W: k% k
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed9 f2 o  Q# x' o' s5 S% }0 Z
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-  e4 |% E' H* u* |: j1 P5 s; Z
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido8 b( {! e4 U7 p4 t2 ^
secondary to depression.
/ K) x" K0 \9 z0 B/ B' V: v" iThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
: A+ W+ f( k9 qThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
: p' e- o& z* p: |% q1 v7 O% K& [chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-; o1 p/ j0 b: n! y3 I4 {% K
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
% W% ?$ I8 w( o6 X* }  x9 ]$ \: FThe father also admitted that after the phone call,# O6 \, `  [, p* j% y/ a/ ~
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
" c/ W0 F7 r: H) T$ D; _was high, he then read the product information- D+ K0 _* g6 H8 p' }& l
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
- y* J8 Z  p7 U% L/ bson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they0 A* @8 E2 O, J4 |( m
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the! w" I6 S5 m  {3 e
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
* e+ b  l' k& n' I9 _# H) @* S# Tbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone! z6 j/ a6 j" U; W! n7 X0 [
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the& F- F: o' v( N4 A
laboratory to obtain the test.- _% _! l8 \. c3 P8 \: E' a& \% R
Discussion
, J5 S5 _1 }0 r, [Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary' I7 f6 N. `# L' j6 X. n
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,43 f! A# h) ?0 k* n! Y9 j
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when* ]& j$ U9 G7 Q5 y& ]: k8 J  P* x
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-. u1 z( V5 g9 d1 L+ H
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-+ F: z  c/ @0 w* e3 F
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP* `' c; o2 y0 i9 J( O7 L
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
! Q6 J$ l8 O6 K' vresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-* e; z6 \* B, U! X. ~
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
4 k- v8 V: F" ]3 osis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
$ [7 J" g! H" o. G, U/ pboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-$ H& v( j) _9 O/ S: z' L; I- a
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-9 Q5 {3 D4 H. P" S/ i& U6 d  J
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
: B  e8 {/ v0 Z3 Q3 O1 Ogonadotropins.1,3
- f/ ?/ n) l9 j, EGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-7 G  S9 g# W% O: n5 B
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
. i, o5 j' B6 }+ q, m* @6 `1 Xandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or- z/ [1 _5 J, g0 g* h0 E, Y
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-) ]9 ?3 b& C$ {! o' n
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing9 J- R# a* A: }% {6 K
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
0 Y. v5 m& L% M! gadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
" r4 b2 R1 N3 G* ]puberty in boys.3,41 Q5 K) H7 c# `& c, ~; {- z
The most common form of congenital adrenal$ B* K' [4 L4 c- e$ R+ C( Y, [
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
& [7 o5 ?$ U; ~The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
6 H% {4 \2 e, s/ e3 c- V# Wexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
/ M& L! E$ @: q/ M' Pan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
4 r: G$ z( m' u1 ~& p$ zexcess.1,3' a1 a, t$ T6 {/ S6 }+ C
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
% n# T6 ?% t3 K9 c" S  V542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
$ f; D+ A, S; T2 HA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-& S. W% b& {2 |6 U: o, E0 A0 {+ N
independent precocious puberty, which is also known! P& i: J. X: q7 o( X2 \$ i
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
; @/ F- {' u1 }0 e# Q& j1 b  Xvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
- k; \( x! F; D) t9 ?- ~- Lwith this disorder are full pubertal development,* z8 G" X, k5 ~* W) U7 H. L
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
) s) W0 Y* p2 a& g8 H  c" gwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder) S" E" n$ h/ ]( S
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
: e  c- r$ u$ D; C  P, _; Vpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-! O5 `3 C7 ?- {: n
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked( U$ t" Z9 N# H6 F5 Q1 E
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
( m! \3 [6 ]1 F( hmales; therefore, other male members of the family
# R0 W# ^" d7 q% M* zmay have similar precocious puberty.3. A8 r& ~# [2 c: A/ T
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
. C) A6 T" L8 Q' psistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-+ R$ ~1 E5 q1 Y- h6 g% N6 X% p. X
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
9 ~( W5 Z7 K6 |* ^2 {5 k' Swas in the differential diagnosis because his father
! M( V/ \8 d$ s- x6 L0 z9 Fstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
0 f! q6 C3 {- a6 R2 {& @testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
) n1 {9 B$ \9 g! T  J4 mbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-( O% f9 I5 F4 B& ]- s" |' q" Z( K
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
* o5 T! g* e) i. r: ]biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
' i# a% N9 u/ p* v/ C2 F$ meither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
0 ?9 W6 Z* S0 G. j9 p8 ideficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
$ C; U. N4 A  R$ |4 ~. d0 fing the normal level of adrenal steroids., s0 v8 j& e5 x/ w, f: `
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
% n9 z- J' \% E8 J, I. v$ esuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because. G% D0 [# s9 F* i* d9 F+ D
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-8 w. r! h% ?7 W' c) ]9 G
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and8 q4 `  l- N/ y5 I1 M& ^0 W6 F
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
8 l* V2 k& K; S- e% U2 R  U# ?; B% Cterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
$ A  o0 e" [' x; E* ~# pusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’/ k( ^6 d0 |7 w" i
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
- c5 E$ a4 r( [# n4 Jcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to. v5 ^' s* a1 p) i* O0 u% z
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.( Z) u- R& a5 U( g
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the3 ]) X4 N1 C; J  u* n$ D$ r9 r7 A
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
* f" ^! a0 G5 @even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male8 @: a( u6 }. ^5 H% Z$ y# f
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-) [4 u6 U  \9 B( {% E% j. }7 Z) [
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
& ?9 ^- s3 F" U! SOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,% ]7 L, _- @: _& \
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
9 P4 V0 g) c- E6 Ddermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
. k1 i' ~0 D  E$ m1 u$ \terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
$ E' ~# H' K% r- E, S6 u* y& e# }* {active in young children exposed to testosterone% i- B! r; r1 K. h/ V& H; O! O
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-; i3 R+ B$ x6 ^- A
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
5 E* w4 C! c0 d" @6 Yvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in# [$ D" |' Q/ h* m# L' c
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
1 `! Y1 b1 G  C3 {% y# Q9 @advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.+ F' M# j  M  J4 w* Y; p& g
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during, \5 z. Z% g+ P
early childhood on pubertal development and final4 [- g8 |. T1 n# g7 s
adult height are not fully known and always remain5 ?& w2 T% I7 V+ [+ [5 O
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-5 ~! z9 F# A, P
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some) t5 F' O' P7 P2 [, k1 T
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
' v* R) T9 P: R( \cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
* a2 G$ ?6 x+ e3 X5 d, Udecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9. J: p0 o% H7 q9 s9 D: d+ k
There are conflicting reports and controversy, ]  S# x4 q) t5 `) S
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult6 x6 ]3 j" n/ r6 o+ t2 x
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal5 s: m0 |, D# `. g5 H8 z$ N- n
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-* r. W, p8 e3 v
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
. V2 Q& M7 m  }. s8 G2 PSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
: c6 R5 b' i: i+ Jchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult/ S' b3 a- O) S. w# B
penile length in clinical studies.' Q% a* @  G! H5 l+ H
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is- D: i6 ^$ f! i
going to experience any of the untoward effects from- C' H2 S& l7 |2 X
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
8 T, i6 o- n% q; s+ kthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.( U3 R4 n% P+ c2 I& a4 ^. K
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
3 }$ g6 }+ h6 [$ k9 vdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
4 L  O4 s" i0 k" nthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult0 U2 v( d% x; F+ M. t! T
height will not be affected.
! e1 d# m6 Z1 \% `% WAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
8 c$ q0 Y  @. \ability of androgen products in our society may+ r+ R* @( v3 M! y4 i$ e- o! w
indeed cause more virilization in male or female( ?9 R1 H0 ?# `: R$ q- l$ p. q3 r
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
4 c( g( W: L& M4 g+ Mgen products must be considered and specific ques-! H! |- a2 z! K' T/ e( Z
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or; \6 G1 m1 g6 G
gel should be asked of the family members during& |$ e- O0 c9 o5 k. h
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
% Y6 |9 E  t- Q- Z& `ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
& B! y$ K9 |3 v; @2 M5 lnosis can be established by just a few tests and by& p- r7 Q! N, O( i( _! `
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
: A  m1 U  F8 |3 T3 rhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may. B6 k! h" ]% }; m: X
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
' z6 L5 Y/ k/ g2 y: T3 Ginvestigation. The primary care physician should be
1 P5 G9 `& T* p( i$ uaware of this fact, because most of these children- e9 l; l, W7 G4 L. f, M2 W# v
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
8 N. A/ v& v  P6 z- Z7 w4 z/ ZDesk Reference and package insert should also put a. n6 Q2 l% p( E, H' o, k; j
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
2 ?* Q( e: B, P4 |2 w+ a9 _female child who might come in contact with some-
1 H, K( R3 v' K2 Eone using any of these products.
/ l: g0 I0 q5 v' O) r( |References6 }; F2 A+ I) X; v; a0 ~
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation8 @: \/ {3 T* B& d# X6 G
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric/ F! ?4 Y% O4 a) c9 F. l6 X
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;0 O- B/ S1 e' C8 v  C
2002: 565-628.9 i  \1 d- I8 m0 {" a
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious7 i2 P* x, R. u+ }) \
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
) N: s( E6 @; S* D4 z2 J
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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