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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
' w' |" R0 U. C2 H8 y9 D5 g) D9 g$ bBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
: {3 T" W  [* c" U9 xExposure to Testosterone6 y9 Q3 \4 O! B' f/ c5 s6 t
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
( s; p7 d# r4 V# sand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1% y$ F1 ]/ V8 ^2 p; x( l; Q' M* ?
Clinical Pediatrics
, M% Q5 E+ I6 {: }, W) dVolume 46 Number 6+ H; G# ^  z$ y5 _  N
July 2007 540-543
8 d, Q* S5 Z! T" B© 2007 Sage Publications, I5 w. P+ E+ x* Z
10.1177/0009922806296651
8 J8 ]2 @$ u. h5 ahttp://clp.sagepub.com
' j) z: P' n' c! \hosted at6 h' I& L8 f2 M
http://online.sagepub.com
% X0 n, E5 z3 L6 b5 ~* {Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,  v9 j7 E2 w) D# g; M8 j! R
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
( A4 r7 N0 y/ J8 C" H% Pprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated1 g' a# d: K# N; T8 m+ q: M
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has: A/ E8 w5 m# U: _2 g
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
' O( S2 k$ W! y- _3 Tlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
7 V7 i4 m% `4 x# ], l4 a) V" l4 b$ Tby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
% @) T: B. u4 Nhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-7 A; a  e) j, S1 E9 }; y" R
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We4 V' ?& L1 T4 y% k# _6 S
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
7 H( c& A( H1 a- i8 D% tenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
2 W5 J0 F. }7 G7 A, D/ fment without testicular enlargement, which was due
+ ^8 X7 t, c9 U8 @4 }$ xto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by0 D& k7 L( l+ H. \# _" j
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-/ }% C  s$ x0 K
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this: u; `) t& `  f" A! I) d% r5 {
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of6 d9 ^3 f6 r+ ]; {
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
; M" _: i3 T+ v$ u8 z  Tbly more common than the rare case report in the
: M& g* P+ e0 Q0 Z1 e- w- {* fliterature.41 u* R8 A* f: @- O
Patient Report
& b! q$ `3 K; y0 C& zA 16-month-old white child was referred to the+ w, f5 w4 m1 f; K; ?  P! E
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern! E& y$ k4 F( I5 \
of early sexual development. His mother noticed: }0 N$ J6 a5 s- s( c2 l" F
light colored pubic hair development when he was
7 l( q: @6 n' Y# l, C! J6 TFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of" o/ a8 b/ F% E6 e4 |0 ~. z
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
5 S; y, z* K, s- ]$ W+ vAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,% W6 B6 \$ u+ B4 l: \- y& U
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
# Q$ ^$ A) u8 nMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
# m1 a6 z& ~( c1 i. _0 l/ ee-mail: [email protected].6 e; o1 Q+ n  S
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
5 G8 _! ]1 `/ udarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-( g0 s" {6 v1 h: `  m9 Q% C$ J
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child1 d6 n& D8 T% o* }) S) G; C
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
( G7 Y+ \$ J4 C: Pa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
( b) z; c4 J& [- k/ x2 v20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
8 F7 _2 W4 n( y4 K) p. zof life and was still receiving breast milk along with) @5 `9 X, r) O7 M
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,: t+ |* B3 W8 k
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development, g* M& j% P- T0 m! Y. I2 o
was age appropriate.9 T0 A& p& |: I7 a, _: W: T, o
The family history was remarkable for the father,
+ ?* a# G% N/ fwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,/ c% N# S  r  F5 h
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s: u$ l3 t$ f" y! ?" K+ ~
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
* {7 ^: a! M) E  E' ?early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.5 t4 t4 u7 Y, f. g$ e% x4 W
The father denied taking any other medication. The
% w- j9 _" |5 W$ [: K: h) Bchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
( I( M9 y+ R$ {! j. \5 ~was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
/ c+ b/ x. Z. g' x: |7 Z5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-- P/ N1 M6 i7 g% V
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-( ?/ o0 ?' b5 z* D6 J9 L9 w& ^& s
tives. There were no siblings.4 [: M. \- |/ t$ S
Physical Examination
; u" S! F8 `. W6 Y3 f) l* P( m: ?The physical examination revealed a very active,# y/ ^% l% @+ C: ?, z
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
, `, U  F$ l: _. n0 {0 q9 r! b; ~a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
9 |3 t" z, `) ?& B* _4 |: \90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg  Q: b, _9 G* j0 Y9 x3 r
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth9 |( N) O( g) n$ T5 q0 f
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of: S: A5 K6 e) n8 \7 p7 [  W: ~( ]
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.% L- D1 O9 R+ K2 Q( C7 T
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for% q$ v8 ^8 d8 F$ m6 D8 @
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of1 e3 w. |1 D6 W* ], \) H% B
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
. U2 E% u4 S) ?( @developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
) l4 k' M, \6 X  B9 P8 E540! `7 Q. K7 ?5 q) B  \2 }
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from4 U0 K- Y/ z! A: V2 }% S: X
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The. c3 w1 |5 E3 Q
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.* [9 T& o$ C) `" V
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat* W% k6 r% q  G+ m" J: z" T: F4 \* E
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no2 V; k& I- c  s5 M  @( a! \
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
0 @  z: r3 |2 q: `7 b- |Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+" ?2 y2 z) w) a1 {
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
: q5 K& d  s# o4 g4 E, Kof papilledema.& e( {+ V. c( I6 u9 I7 C
Laboratory Evaluation/ v/ b8 t2 n: ~+ n2 }
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by7 B& J+ C* `" _! }* u. f; n. Z
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-0 `# v) _1 G& v: E- p4 D
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal% M- N( a1 i; q7 q, F0 ^: o
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test$ v/ ~5 O2 n  }9 f! G# d9 l; V4 A
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-+ _/ S6 B8 t  |: @& ^7 h
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).4 m  ]" {9 G# \" ]' I3 L
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
. T; \* Z: S  l, U$ Burea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
( I( a( j7 D5 Q6 cwithin normal range for his age. The concentration5 O* u/ K5 u4 r  T8 }
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
) F2 |4 L6 i9 ?0 m(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
: P0 I$ q" h+ d6 z9 Y& @ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
$ d. K& W0 g4 a5 Jterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),. w! G5 n  v6 o" \
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to' G' e3 w, h4 D" |/ h4 ~* a5 o2 o
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
+ h$ x- f' B* t5 E7 E- Cwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-* H( n- s  l/ n
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
9 o  h9 L6 q" {1 q6 Ktestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
- x8 w  C9 |! O6 p2 k# band β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
0 o$ V% q0 B4 {8 v( {5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
9 d1 j2 J7 ]# j; J6 kstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
4 x8 s, A: `$ h7 H) k; Lconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL" y" A+ j: D4 F# m
(prepubertal).
" ]6 G1 r' t' f) C  A3 N* K6 PThe parents were notified about the laboratory1 u3 y. Z* K# ^8 O+ E% u
results and were informed that all of the tests were
- ]. s/ U4 D% U0 t/ ynormal except the testosterone level was high. The
# H/ P4 ~# ~6 R! V2 ufollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to0 t. p$ C% B- I4 J( i+ ^
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-. n" k' v. X" x7 ]0 K# }0 D, V* A
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
- O) m" T4 H! V* qPhysical examination at this time revealed that the) |: R' I4 }6 H1 B: B) I
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained( E( i* U: t0 [6 t. k! C# R! u
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
% N% c) ~! S3 o4 C4 A. eunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
5 k: f' X/ K% s/ apletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at1 j! X$ u9 m( ^9 O6 ~" A  V
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
! x; G5 @0 u( p( `6 }mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
* v/ ]+ ?6 ?5 a3 YThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
7 Z# n) h# {& P  l* ving frequent erections.
3 j) [# v# w. Q1 W0 tBoth parents were again questioned about use of
8 _9 d3 ^0 U) J5 Kany ointment/creams that they may have applied to" G* U2 |/ x  y. O% m
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
+ H. |( n+ s/ uTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5413 ~3 x: Q" B: ^
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-4 ~" n) Y" U0 C% L# P6 C$ {
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for" F4 n& L( b- z* W. O  _6 d- J+ H
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed) a/ P9 O) K1 M
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-6 w; Z# o) R& z1 B
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
$ H" _% x2 g  I! Isecondary to depression.1 Q" u& `' t) r2 M; u; a+ u
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
% u0 O" ^# j( lThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his! ?# m! W  R. Y3 E6 z# V
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
% f) I- e* M- V# L. _nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
5 S! y; z1 d" v5 V; XThe father also admitted that after the phone call,; o# l# e" B; e3 ]0 @! e
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby( O. h3 c# o3 O9 h
was high, he then read the product information$ g( i# N9 I) N4 @3 ?" n4 B, A
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
+ T$ H4 f+ w0 t# json for the child’s virilization. At that time, they$ d% w) p0 i8 b2 |, H
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the! x* u9 W% D6 h/ h4 w' F5 ~: w0 e
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had' g* E7 g3 h8 X, [+ v7 p
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone$ Y$ T6 X7 q) W6 f
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the  n7 O* J1 K, J: Y
laboratory to obtain the test.
$ G4 J9 }) M3 T0 g) u9 U1 E! }4 JDiscussion9 o# x, T- ~3 P3 ^+ G
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
* J: w5 k1 X4 S. @/ {% v+ @sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
& z+ r4 N$ ]* y% S% @Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
# n8 A4 I6 X( n: a( p% [it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
0 r2 g: Q4 X% B: J3 xthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
) b1 T0 Y5 r$ i  Z0 R' ?mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP* i) J& Z" l, R+ |3 A) b
may have a central nervous system lesion that is! I! I& m# d. \9 Y( }' J8 ]
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-1 i0 f5 {2 H( m$ s9 M6 ~
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-4 P  d& r# o+ X/ D4 a
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in- e/ p& R+ {: l$ e' L5 M# U" y8 v
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-$ S) }! R7 D0 a5 \: i" Y4 ~. G
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-+ V) k- J1 v9 ~& A  R
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
  l: F: T- N; A, `8 ?4 J- u$ |# Igonadotropins.1,3
1 F- h! p. h& j& D- lGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-( s1 R8 c, T6 _% ?" A& v$ v/ R6 k
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate* F# [" ~4 q7 N4 i6 v- W- z; x
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
) {8 }' ~/ O. a8 g/ A5 Texogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
2 N( y7 O" P. U) ^ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing, E2 U6 q* ?$ b/ O% S9 ~
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive- G- s% c3 c( p7 i; ^
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
" b" A; U5 p3 n" j, Lpuberty in boys.3,4  Q" @' n/ _5 f1 S" I6 B+ m' D; x
The most common form of congenital adrenal( L$ M( M; ~* m+ E* y9 a: M% |" x% |
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
/ [  I+ T7 Y+ bThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in- j9 K8 k! X- g( T2 A5 Z3 E* g
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
/ i( G+ [& j3 S" P6 Pan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
8 U, g7 R: h) x) ^" aexcess.1,3$ l4 P1 O  ]# g. S0 I- S# v
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from* G1 b. @7 O$ K' J* q; L
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
8 F0 O/ P! N8 G0 Z" Z; SA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-0 f7 i/ y& p7 j7 c& o: ]6 t
independent precocious puberty, which is also known, C- p! b- ~- p8 v
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a. Z0 M; `" l. G) M1 @+ {% S
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
3 h6 \- T# |4 p1 T7 S, x$ ewith this disorder are full pubertal development,
. C; v1 C  A" K/ M8 a$ ~- X  Fincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
$ g/ P* Q6 ]+ b5 H% Pwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder% q; D6 e3 ~; x7 I5 g
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show" N% e1 ]9 o4 J  K; j
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
, _/ T$ S7 V. Preleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked' L+ \# U5 i- ?
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
; D5 Q7 r0 K* _males; therefore, other male members of the family) d9 z3 {) d' l- s, h+ R7 Q# m
may have similar precocious puberty.3/ d" ]# L* N& j* p# {, W
In our patient, physical examination was incon-" n. t' `* Z! y2 ?, d, v# j/ r8 W
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
2 z: @& o; @% P' z. o5 y: @cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
, _7 L" q2 k0 V1 i8 Lwas in the differential diagnosis because his father8 W+ G9 r: l/ Y; R6 f+ @# z6 K
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,$ s$ }) I) O) {- B: F6 j$ q/ S5 r
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the5 O: \& Z& }2 Y# R
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-4 W) ~$ ]2 ?) P2 O
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our, I$ P3 J+ L& t, j% v# v. ?) c
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,& P+ l  h4 T8 N% e, V* K9 |, _
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
) H" o. a8 _3 ^3 Bdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
( \0 P/ T4 K$ G9 l( l+ O: Ming the normal level of adrenal steroids.0 g! Z& `2 a' L* P9 [% W9 r. |
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
/ W* t  X6 m3 n/ _$ [suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
9 G% x- m  Q) u9 v7 |% ]% cthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
5 c; [7 ?- i, y, s0 lpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
) L7 j# ]) v" V: |* Jdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-: q$ M: i5 a: _1 Y: w
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
2 q: V# ^5 D; q' V  Tusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
# N, D& K  }; wDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
' E: o7 n8 t! ~+ p0 y. ccream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
) d: k( f1 k2 C: z: L" d) Iunprotected females through direct skin exposure.7 K5 s3 Y6 @( \" q3 ]
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
! \  y4 S" S' [* Zbaseline value in those females who were exposed to2 t0 i# V# N3 r  R% G. a. w
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
, I8 z  H7 m5 F& Xpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-/ Q  o0 B0 ~1 |, R6 l
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
( @5 ?6 w6 f% m, ]' HOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,! a0 @/ Q( s8 B2 h1 c
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
$ L& V* d4 e- P5 J+ _  u7 k  R3 k7 ]dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-9 P  [, ?: |6 }
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
1 N* `2 I! S6 bactive in young children exposed to testosterone. \+ G/ n$ j  F5 [& j% C
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
: A2 v" y4 G! ?! \2 t1 l4 Ydrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
; g7 @# @/ X3 {7 f  e' c' e4 M: Kvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
( ~8 u* _" Y: `/ D& qchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and7 X9 D, V. b! |
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient., y& W+ D+ [6 L1 C% D. x; R
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during# }& b& G9 F( K: [& L6 N
early childhood on pubertal development and final
; k- I+ H7 \% [1 X2 o" Nadult height are not fully known and always remain
' K- n9 t$ X; a% ?" l. ya concern. Children treated with short-term testos-/ y% G+ n9 E7 K6 W( s8 u: c3 s/ u  C
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
% A. X* J( B$ c/ qacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
6 f5 R, E& R* m! Ucessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation/ s; V7 U! r  N/ ?
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
' c5 K$ k+ [! _* K- }8 qThere are conflicting reports and controversy
* @3 Y0 |# N* \3 I0 [3 ]" sover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
& K: j! u/ l- D; @! r# J( n9 M" xpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal! r' a8 y5 w) G4 Y! H
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
% l- r  l  Q4 c- R* ]ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
  |- ~6 O' x7 a! ~  {% rSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between$ \7 Z3 C5 B3 _' q* ]: n9 V
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult, v: x2 B6 b6 D
penile length in clinical studies.7 l1 N3 M0 i& y* |+ A
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is4 V; }$ u& z+ H0 Z
going to experience any of the untoward effects from- a; W- Y# [' A6 h
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because# A" c9 u" x1 L0 U, Q/ i& R; L0 w
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
2 ?. y1 t5 @+ H  l9 n  gAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of5 \; h/ Q0 r0 a# @# }5 Y8 k1 j
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
% Q4 f0 Z8 T; N* Y! Nthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
) a# _" l3 i3 `/ r9 N. C# K* Qheight will not be affected.( @3 d9 F$ `! f/ {
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
+ q+ k  V9 {- A3 b* h. nability of androgen products in our society may# H1 \' V, ^% i8 O
indeed cause more virilization in male or female$ i/ ^; R) F/ V' B
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-: [$ P; K6 S6 Q* ?6 }# {. I) Z2 A
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
4 X6 Q# Y" c8 D4 `2 Ktioning about the use of a testosterone product or
0 C6 X8 p- J4 \  t! I# mgel should be asked of the family members during
- o) w& O6 ~1 ~8 H: Ithe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
* r( h2 `8 b% M" m& @- b7 N4 nilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-5 O! _; l. h' m2 ^8 U3 q/ `7 E
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by8 ^; }2 ~8 K( L1 U) D" X
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a( ]' C3 ~2 s7 x5 e+ z5 O
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
. v6 u' E3 S- U* Y* Eresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive, [$ ?7 L# b' ^( A# i
investigation. The primary care physician should be
6 `7 o* A/ l+ P$ e3 K9 K& m* gaware of this fact, because most of these children( G9 V1 F. W2 _! d2 \
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
/ \& e0 u6 E& Q$ P- E7 p9 ?Desk Reference and package insert should also put a" O3 @- G) o1 V. h5 W
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
8 r4 E+ z" i) `3 Hfemale child who might come in contact with some-
! U! S/ O6 L6 d0 E  f/ hone using any of these products.1 `+ d7 e- g: Q0 j# E0 t
References
- {: Z; _; {+ C9 i. V1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation: t( [& j6 y8 Y1 t5 X5 d, [1 }$ o
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
. Z' D6 r. P0 ^6 u$ H, _Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
: b7 O) {8 Y  R3 P. Z2002: 565-628.
: V4 Y' T9 ^* g. P$ Y2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious( K! H8 C2 b+ F" W9 W$ C; I
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
" m2 g1 Q$ m+ A4 G- \) ~Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
$ @; m' ^1 D# B  m& B" G0 g3 _Exposure to Testosterone
# o! f: g' H. b/ W. W" h" p  @Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2, A& b3 w5 E+ @4 G- G5 T% W( D8 k
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
6 i( k" l- Y; Z7 u' j9 u% `; I3 S2 RClinical Pediatrics
. o$ S  z% i' v1 h0 R) A: iVolume 46 Number 6
# k( K, Q1 x+ o6 n9 s* TJuly 2007 540-543
- Q% i8 E3 }: K) z2 n© 2007 Sage Publications
, a' n1 l; O6 t. O5 T10.1177/0009922806296651+ b! y8 \; }* U! ?
http://clp.sagepub.com
7 B# i, d- S* p0 ~& a& Q. ?hosted at" G; T7 ]5 i. k8 u; ^+ `9 T' l
http://online.sagepub.com
' c8 R  v& [( pPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
0 N& G8 }, W4 Q3 J( fis a significant concern for physicians. Central
4 [# J9 L) x. l, q1 T% ^6 qprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
+ r8 F. t3 x  g4 |3 ?# Y2 B  x( xthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
6 {* R0 b1 o% N* A- n" ta higher incidence of organic central nervous system
0 T7 g9 f  y/ n% r3 Nlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
! {2 q0 r2 x$ N% c$ Hby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
7 L# y& b  Q4 [$ b# g; M2 o6 Y- Ehair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
4 l6 O$ {" l! Ccles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
& P: ?3 L, f* ~+ K) ]report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the" Z1 M( b, E3 Y1 r
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-$ x& T+ f! v' H" O
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
$ g" _) g* u1 M( \* S2 ?; B8 d) ^to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by8 c$ E  H2 t3 s. K
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
/ l. z( C9 D8 z! ?mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
! T+ L4 a- E( }; S* z0 h$ f( Tchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
8 {; z. J" |8 M. i: y* qtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-6 [/ K' t! o1 ]. A3 x; v- V
bly more common than the rare case report in the
9 M' D& z2 o- v# k/ a1 s# Rliterature.4. i. d8 d0 x7 a6 |1 U! q
Patient Report
' ^" t& o" T& C5 r, z/ IA 16-month-old white child was referred to the. T4 {" F* u* e/ e/ y4 p
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern1 V6 S# A, k" C0 H* A# }
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
$ u! m) f% Q$ s+ X# O0 alight colored pubic hair development when he was" u- w$ V% O  k/ U% b' s5 G  }
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of( B! o5 J( B5 ?3 {) f/ a! a
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
2 `: S  }4 u4 E1 I0 VAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
; W8 W, e' d- _' c0 LProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
; s  Q8 D# W  L0 q& A# pMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
/ i8 R" p7 I( }( P) r/ d4 t! H, x0 Ze-mail: [email protected].: _+ n/ u4 E' P& t9 g' N
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became0 L- }: X. d- {; d' ]
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
0 u( R8 N) f+ K# p# g9 z/ bment of his penis and frequent erections. The child; l1 Y& B+ s+ C( T0 m0 ]6 v
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with0 a2 k# [8 ?2 e! y) T+ i  G. w
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
5 e& P) U/ B) Q* ^5 I20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
+ B/ \6 O+ k. q4 w8 f2 r$ @of life and was still receiving breast milk along with) ]( g& U$ c9 M' o) }. V* {/ ]/ {
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,% F" [( a9 {/ w! l( o. z7 A
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development0 T4 K& H; [# @9 h9 p2 k
was age appropriate.3 h0 e  \- h% y; u( G, e8 r1 h0 k  {
The family history was remarkable for the father,
5 \: o6 K# M" U8 @! g" Q7 S0 z( bwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,, a) {8 T& B; f& {
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s2 D! _6 n: z. V# s9 Q( D. r
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat& ^' ^- B7 \4 U* A" j0 B
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
# u7 h- N# i0 z8 @5 [6 OThe father denied taking any other medication. The& V) z4 x' [" E: j. ^% [
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche% t3 ?2 A' P! R, E  ?% g
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
$ i3 h) z( p- T8 N# h0 i1 a; F! y5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
6 e! q  k6 I! G) ococious sexual development in the first-degree rela-2 Z# K( V3 K: i
tives. There were no siblings.$ d/ |* `7 q5 C/ W+ x  w- B
Physical Examination
/ B7 N) ?2 E2 u& B. w% b: {The physical examination revealed a very active,
7 m* P- X+ E! m; {playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
! J+ H5 O: }' w3 T  |& r' fa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was: {4 G: D9 ?0 U' c: \
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg$ I, ^, P' w4 K* @- s: s
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth% T/ I& o+ F+ }$ t
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of, V+ T+ f5 e$ b' @9 y
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
+ N! G+ G+ O7 k- U; j$ _2 p( XThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
, c6 P7 G! ~6 z- N4 N+ [enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
4 `3 k5 X) T6 p5 F" s8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
+ ?' f3 M, d# t, w* ldeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
7 N" z5 ^6 K% H540
8 k6 Y9 C5 }9 e! mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from% @+ a, A; f  _1 X8 T5 @! |
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
# s8 x7 J: K3 `$ e7 F' Z, n5 ntesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.- Y% {4 T+ Y3 F" Z! Q
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat3 S, T0 b8 ~; _3 ^5 U
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
6 N' J. h) b9 ?- c6 I& i' }abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
3 B) y$ n( s, E+ z5 {3 h: X9 kNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+! O. X$ m1 p% O2 U" o1 N0 y& u# t
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion! C! M2 q, B3 I4 Y9 ^4 I1 B
of papilledema.# W' Y2 Q" r* c
Laboratory Evaluation
5 Z8 r. N) {7 ^8 B2 E3 vThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
- M9 r: W4 \4 ]8 @4 j" rusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
( Q0 C: i4 L: p4 m+ H! o  Z. H8 }logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal( A, j0 x( D+ ^% z  a) P
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
# J4 P( F! X2 P! I  R% ^showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
; r2 n- f) I, d, q( i3 w, Llating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
1 h/ G2 [9 x1 q9 I5 v5 |The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
' ?3 A3 V  K) P! ?9 B, g5 y- iurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
/ i& o$ D* y! Q+ gwithin normal range for his age. The concentration" V9 |0 p) k$ L( J' j4 W5 z8 D3 w
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL% K  Y+ [- C* a8 K
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20' E6 n+ u$ V- W. c6 N
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
! h0 V$ }5 V- I* \9 \terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),* q+ L  r5 q7 n4 [* M8 a( |
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
0 l6 r% j3 x: f) _49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
) D9 v  a& z, g4 Mwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-% R7 k9 w. `: t- K$ y2 P0 P1 Z( ~
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total# A7 D" i( ?. M
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
: c6 m1 O- T" oand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than5 s% S/ R8 x9 {  Y& u. v9 w4 f) ]7 Q
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular& i# J% u* r2 x1 }- s" u
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone$ l2 d4 E, `0 d, I: m
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
6 P1 F% Q- Q; @1 q1 M( K- t(prepubertal).
4 B/ y. k2 n4 f& hThe parents were notified about the laboratory
! r: x9 R8 r# K+ hresults and were informed that all of the tests were( t" J% z1 L! h* W8 x2 B1 s
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
: z8 e( V2 y* a, q4 _4 C' l% P# Tfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to! w. ~! M& `4 U  n
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
: [1 n6 X- T5 h. h# d7 uever, the family did not return for 4 months.
5 w+ ]/ S: N0 K9 m" DPhysical examination at this time revealed that the! `7 B' B$ E( I- D: G
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
! u% r8 y4 W7 t% D: Z0 C$ E* b2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
7 q) ~  k3 E/ ~+ Q$ Gunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-1 f5 n+ y# E+ F8 n! t
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
9 P# T/ N  f2 dthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
2 b) ^: P0 T$ y2 O" r) K4 m: `* RmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.1 b7 W4 |2 M1 s& x5 Q5 [$ A
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
/ h( n- R$ Q" u+ h- Ling frequent erections.
: }) V5 g5 T7 A3 wBoth parents were again questioned about use of0 Y1 p- a3 L+ l
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to: S! z. A4 \( b9 t7 v
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the+ I- }4 p! d8 W* N
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541; h' k3 S9 `3 I- q& [
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
9 ^3 W% C* d! w! t: z; y0 King over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for, K) W; X2 j% j" Y( l' s
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed  q! t6 s( W4 j; U+ W  n
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
2 l  ~" U0 G  \' @9 M: R% yscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
! ~) I' a  G, R5 Esecondary to depression.$ `; f* m- i" M: h9 j# u: J# ]1 h. @
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
" u4 z. v6 H0 V7 M+ BThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his* D" D- K' N5 T
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
& D5 l3 @, Y( e3 @nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.1 q' N* C1 k; i! ]2 ^. D+ Q# I6 e
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
4 z' L2 H" @8 o& m% Dwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
* t8 B$ W9 d4 Z/ t( Hwas high, he then read the product information
8 ?1 _% G+ ]# y4 ppacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-3 ?- r4 |; m6 c0 u& _4 o
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they/ n4 j& n3 }4 M+ X' S7 m
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
9 {) X  S& ~- M! \- Z1 I( |: Gfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had  t% O/ |+ r6 c" j
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
; B( U$ {5 F# m0 z/ \! wtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
8 t8 V) U0 M5 m$ ~laboratory to obtain the test.2 M; O- U( A, O' a/ ~4 C
Discussion
9 w) H" [7 p0 x4 b- BPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary% g" g' r1 X2 N7 A; h
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
% w+ V0 ^4 H9 x1 ?+ v/ H$ ~5 ?Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
% p; ~' l0 S% N6 E1 l% @it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
6 R3 I3 K, _1 B1 B4 ~% Z8 Othalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
0 J  H: K7 Z: {, o, v+ [' @mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
2 u5 n+ j. O7 m$ Amay have a central nervous system lesion that is5 g& i* J: Y+ p$ v- Z
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-+ g# a+ C* i1 u7 s7 o
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-3 D+ U9 r7 w7 u; Q# h( X1 w
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in, j. a: I0 r& ]  c  m  m
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-5 M* ?' B  }4 b
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-, z* }: m* P3 e/ c# q
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by) M  F+ _( x* w6 f9 g0 r: t9 h4 S
gonadotropins.1,3
  f# P& i- Y( wGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-  j0 o# [# g& _! r
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate" I) T; o2 E$ H2 s- N8 V. {
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
3 V# ~' o9 f" K4 jexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-9 i5 }1 S$ n8 h
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
- M" V- N- J5 _8 R0 Mcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive# {& _* g) H, f4 o! B" O
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
6 q* y/ c% w; p* }6 M  spuberty in boys.3,49 R, u/ u/ v9 x5 ~( T7 Z
The most common form of congenital adrenal( F+ J8 Q$ O/ [) H, r# D
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency., V  I( O: W" K7 t7 I
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
( ?; o3 }& T/ ^6 z8 b! yexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,3 R/ q% K: }9 V4 v) J: ]: |, o
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen2 w) h+ X3 o1 X6 Z
excess.1,37 F" E# k8 k" Q. ~9 O
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from' M- l& ^6 I" F2 c# T# V
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20077 s, `8 i. l! Z/ ^9 n
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-8 p$ A5 i, d0 x+ b: U
independent precocious puberty, which is also known( B: f( r' U$ E. ~4 K# r
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
1 M  B7 o  T' i9 \very young age. The physical findings in these boys2 G4 U. `7 f3 b/ W+ G5 A
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
' r* O  I4 S% J  T& [' H& I: uincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
6 K! K; m7 {# j" |5 I8 Pwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder' A! O  J9 D5 w2 L
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show2 R- K7 a) `; v# ?8 `
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-/ n% ?; z9 ~9 C" l: v
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
% a2 m; R1 w5 h" mautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
7 o; T  E8 }6 P4 ^- h# S" Zmales; therefore, other male members of the family
3 w) f) U4 Y# M# Ymay have similar precocious puberty.3
* v3 m- R$ m6 l6 V% h4 s5 iIn our patient, physical examination was incon-% i- E$ U/ n  i
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-) {- @! \7 Q  F# k- k
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis, M" B& R. \! A. t4 \# |0 i. x; f
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
" [1 q/ \9 E1 c6 P! ~( O7 Fstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
; B, \+ A3 n" ^9 I7 ?' c- utesticular enlargement is not that evident in the6 ~% t4 h+ ~% W
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-7 O* d5 U+ q1 I+ ~/ |8 Y0 {! t1 k( X
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
. `2 K  n; b4 Bbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
. ~4 p. O; Z+ T4 s1 z$ P# reither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase( d4 N- J3 ~' v
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
- ?2 m& L, u" n* H$ Wing the normal level of adrenal steroids.7 t4 O6 L$ m0 c. x) B  B1 ~
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly$ [# m8 s% x2 C
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because. Q$ p$ T8 D& L
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-# Z) g% k2 c" r7 T$ P
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
7 g0 k8 D0 |2 z* ^+ F+ l, ^; Ndecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
/ F+ O# P' O6 V7 m" _terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
- {5 A" h7 j: a! p& t" ~$ J; Zusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’! Q# c. E$ W( G+ D' W
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or% x( z8 t5 v! X7 {& e5 {
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to( h! t/ @6 G8 s) n
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.4 r& m# \5 z8 l0 m) ^) L! w5 d3 Q
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
7 ^* K& c9 ?+ k! Dbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
4 ]6 Y2 ~, P% [' H# C" w/ ?0 ueven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
( d) I0 h1 `" K3 P+ ~+ \; H5 W+ {. Dpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
$ B; c1 V( `! k5 w; b. J4 etion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.* @, c" }9 Y/ t  _* e8 m
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,7 ]- u( ~9 U+ h7 `0 m
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that" [: l) p( j4 G3 D/ Q
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
6 T1 h- O* b6 D% d0 wterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more7 f6 L8 D" n! ]( X, L: h! Q, c$ q
active in young children exposed to testosterone
# a) F' }& D; a2 s$ V# p! iexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-% m, W! P, C+ F% I* h  T
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
* ^6 I) {1 _- k- J8 {virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
; [$ o9 S7 I$ Z5 g4 Zchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and4 ]+ u/ {4 j+ f6 s: [- _7 h4 s
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
& [7 i3 Q9 n4 M* _The long-term effect of androgen exposure during% e5 n% s' t  ~
early childhood on pubertal development and final
# O1 l- u- u7 m$ Jadult height are not fully known and always remain
$ N- Q% [* l' u+ ua concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
. t& n# K! ^! b# b. T* ^1 eterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
# B2 X  X2 s% a7 X3 a& R8 C( ~acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
) z0 B( e4 s3 d& K6 S) Wcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation1 ^6 i; n; Y4 a( B$ q5 G
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
; {$ h6 g! P1 O2 h$ @/ |There are conflicting reports and controversy. B5 F( M9 Z( I* s5 M
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult+ G2 H$ F$ |" p5 y2 X( ^: \6 ]
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal) e3 R& B# D$ _. B, _
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-7 x  n) Q* g* c6 C2 h2 l& m
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
0 M2 i/ L# e7 J5 [* T4 jSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between9 g, Q5 h( o6 ?8 [- {) O
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult  t7 L& M; y2 o. E1 ?, Q# L3 q) x
penile length in clinical studies.6 X3 K9 w9 W: L) Z, g  ~
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is* e" z: q9 l& o' }) u
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
7 m3 a$ ?  A' a) Q' {- f' ztestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
" K: d2 Q% @3 xthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
/ @/ M0 g0 E1 G' vAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of9 ]5 F6 x3 K7 {$ m2 a* T- P
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
, f2 q2 c# t" @4 ]0 f5 H) Nthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
0 d% b/ Q* }) _) a" ^height will not be affected.; Z3 G& A# e& j& ~) W
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
' N) u1 i# q+ U& s. ~: Iability of androgen products in our society may
( V9 r1 J% E# o" K* b. oindeed cause more virilization in male or female
) v$ n3 T- `) h/ {, J6 dchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
1 L) b& |% D$ c( hgen products must be considered and specific ques-
4 o  x3 i9 e( c- r4 o0 p+ [, \tioning about the use of a testosterone product or" V, \; O1 k3 g: K. u) T/ n4 l
gel should be asked of the family members during! v% e5 v( J) X. q. `
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-) s6 ]" r( l% |) s" c3 ?% Q
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
/ `& _$ Y7 z+ P& j! F1 H9 Q* fnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
3 h& z- `! x: g+ \: vappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
! V8 A$ C& C7 E7 u0 @history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may1 ~% }# A- ^( d* _" c
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive! H' x5 l* ], Q, v, C# E
investigation. The primary care physician should be# ^5 C3 h! O" ?2 R+ T% O- z. Q
aware of this fact, because most of these children1 D  ^) b, P4 x; y6 A/ d7 j
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’1 X; n* p' F$ e- @" q
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
( {- I* J$ \% W% owarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
( L+ n4 v8 \! q6 [female child who might come in contact with some-
9 d+ c: A1 X3 Q. i/ c( wone using any of these products.$ a0 \' B5 C9 Y
References
1 \6 j2 Y. Q, s9 o+ C1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation. r) v0 O7 E' S/ c
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
( s& e0 \/ n( l/ m+ F, _Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
( g. ^, K) e2 m: G% V( Y2002: 565-628.
. ~- Z7 h: r2 \' r( F  d* t% I2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious2 I- a% }6 J8 K1 x, }& Q
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!

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發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
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發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点

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發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
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發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

$ Y3 d2 \6 A% F4 G7 E精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!

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發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
 分享同時學會感恩,一句感謝的話語,就是最大的支持!  歡迎交流討論
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