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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
: X+ Y' X3 W: UBoy Induced by Indirect Topical" P% ?3 P1 S$ e
Exposure to Testosterone+ T1 N' C( b2 C; W% B, I' V
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2- C, f* o; R' x- k" a4 {9 i: \
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
$ W h: q* U' h2 z# F) ~& OClinical Pediatrics
' ]" i' b* v0 e! z& m; `Volume 46 Number 6
/ x, S+ _9 l) S: q" |% S1 p; o: P O WJuly 2007 540-5438 K, p( c- z$ H0 Q3 a: S
© 2007 Sage Publications
" T. C9 s/ b, I. I5 p/ @$ j+ t: }10.1177/0009922806296651
( c3 V8 R7 Z1 g3 |6 q6 ]http://clp.sagepub.com
/ m2 y" X0 g8 B" b% S6 Khosted at# x/ A! `% D2 g- E" f) Q
http://online.sagepub.com
, D. u7 s1 N1 `# V' g- h# VPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
5 n G0 Y. W9 Tis a significant concern for physicians. Central
6 F& C8 T/ J1 f9 h# t% xprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
' @7 W9 f7 D1 y* O, f4 I7 fthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has5 d' I; j+ |6 B# ?: q- P3 Q
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system* Z# g U! V) g) D0 ^0 \, u+ E" l
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested- A& [: l. s0 a2 A) T6 r
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
H. `3 w" I a! J, Xhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-* y3 r6 j( E8 H; T/ }4 h
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
1 B5 w* k; f& [9 `! \report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the, |/ }! \) j" ^( l7 g8 W
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
# U# `1 @8 {( |" k% y" o$ Q- G: yment without testicular enlargement, which was due
& c g# ?1 [# L4 O' wto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
: h7 A( t' {! ^7 R4 o0 F, mthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-3 a+ l+ M7 a- @1 }
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
# s5 B& g+ c' [5 Y+ H' T; c4 Gchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of4 M& E9 x1 Y* E# N5 c5 g
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
0 |* Q* {% c# z% v3 T2 p6 `) ]* Kbly more common than the rare case report in the
6 e3 M" j/ U/ [, Wliterature.4
& ]+ Y( Y, X# k6 z/ B1 `7 NPatient Report
- G( I6 d$ w; p, R7 |, pA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
9 I9 p$ ^& V( Jendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
" x% M3 r( e5 e& i. ?of early sexual development. His mother noticed$ `: m$ L p. I7 M" N
light colored pubic hair development when he was! l$ J1 ^) J: y( `+ E
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of E! a- {+ V1 }/ s" _! Q, {* A
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
' P9 v" u/ w+ w0 J. PAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,8 h+ i3 U8 ^5 a1 ~1 w
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of) w O, E9 a7 o6 w! s1 N3 f
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
4 X+ l: N9 L! Me-mail: [email protected].5 R. Q6 D9 B! H! S6 p; b) Z2 z! I
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became( D% k$ o5 O' l( s: O8 h: |0 F
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
8 l9 R$ P0 Z; jment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
2 y% m0 o/ }0 x+ F- C" b- [. d& zwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
$ w' z9 Z0 Q5 Ha birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of9 d' b( F# q' y7 ^* A$ l8 n
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year0 J% `8 q" A$ P* Z; v* ~
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with1 w' c" ?) y& H/ [$ t
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,) j( N* x5 g- B- ]! M9 Q$ T# M
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
- C' p# ?- S: b7 R: ^" l5 Dwas age appropriate.; e: N0 ^* B* K( i9 W
The family history was remarkable for the father,0 }8 d/ L0 }" @. z# E! o; G
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
! m3 O J8 G0 V( Z8 ^9 i! iwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s; E+ v( u8 C8 @) X ]; v5 `
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
4 v+ S6 B, `8 h* W# X6 t" Nearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14. @! G! l4 I) A; d
The father denied taking any other medication. The
$ k# S$ D# s. bchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
. u4 B! K/ X+ ^6 mwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
) [& X( Z+ s$ R5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
& o) u$ z# `4 o% j2 c) y; j% z" Fcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
% e. v" l m$ I& ytives. There were no siblings.
" i, O9 o9 j- sPhysical Examination
' o) e& Y2 |- Q5 OThe physical examination revealed a very active,
! W6 b m; H A9 t- t5 ?8 \playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
5 W5 v& W4 b) T; k6 H3 J1 Pa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
( |$ r) F9 E( a90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg/ d# r7 B- t* g3 L
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth) v" B. S. B9 E; W3 t
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of6 r4 L, H: n: D8 l, b
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
; N" P" R$ ^% i9 }4 }5 Q5 m" tThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for: I# d' U9 N' V4 ~) G4 @$ A( H3 B
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of+ r6 b+ {, V) `& N5 ^
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
x" R4 {; H$ N( Y9 n! ]+ b" Udeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around' E9 v0 w* [, X0 N
5405 J) [* |" ?8 O9 m5 b
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the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The- {0 H1 w' ^% N+ G @
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
) o0 k: J. l* D- U. {" U& R* }The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
6 S3 ^. q/ _6 _% h6 c$ k* a1 goily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no; |& h" N7 Y& ]
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
U. J; k, L3 X @0 }Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
; _4 i+ q4 [- B8 k1 N5 \* R: N" {bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
1 P6 z, f" E' _3 p/ X5 _$ C- oof papilledema.
( h5 S! a' G" A2 l! b9 V4 @Laboratory Evaluation% b6 s* s% z: l b# Q" a! r: P/ z
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
2 j7 ^, ^2 ^3 d( T3 ~using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-! u8 j E, @! x7 ^) u
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
! r5 V( K& ~- xkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
$ Y( R7 F6 K; o; j3 S2 n9 T% eshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
6 \7 i7 L$ A5 v$ [. M, A7 ylating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
. p. g- p# B' `! OThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
o( L8 D, E1 @4 N) Uurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
* B+ k8 j; i3 f3 ^* Y$ a* Q, vwithin normal range for his age. The concentration/ r9 H: i9 [) R0 c- k8 M
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
% t3 Z: [& K t! {( z# q- ^(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20 v3 z6 x" e# y7 g2 B! s
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
( f5 c: K# G" K8 ^1 e. Oterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),& E; Q! C9 x) E. Q3 D9 e' Q
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to w( h e$ u. `
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)" U2 l, z2 j- S3 j: V+ i: A# i& d
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-5 r1 e7 p0 A4 ]- J
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total/ _8 j4 }( N. t# }5 ]0 t7 S0 X6 h
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
3 \+ t) A, r d& m+ S) X5 Band β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
" [( r& V' j9 P# N% i3 D- r5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
# W4 B6 m7 N7 K; ]stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone. w$ C. Z0 H; E9 K: g
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL0 h! n# Z: ]! m/ g( j
(prepubertal).# c4 t+ \6 t0 B: M- ^
The parents were notified about the laboratory( T- W1 C: Q$ B9 c
results and were informed that all of the tests were2 L w! z$ o8 J+ u8 \5 O1 }) T
normal except the testosterone level was high. The* v4 [5 @5 l3 r, X6 s" }
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
" ]8 w1 M8 d* _( I6 e$ g, n1 Y: ]! Mobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-+ }+ {3 F, e2 y9 m4 J
ever, the family did not return for 4 months./ ]3 u7 e& Y' e6 _1 x' X
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
! r' X/ ~% c0 P G0 H* Hchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained4 x g3 y1 _$ L0 S; l8 c9 w
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained/ @) a" ^6 v: [3 {' y k
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
; ]- t k8 Y& v6 f$ Wpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
# ]3 s8 ~6 f- w: C2 R7 athe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
4 j" Q7 w7 e$ y9 P3 _% Y5 x/ I" ?mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.! X; {$ D G# b8 q& ?
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-$ E* V! u0 h; X: A& T7 D, q) Z0 C7 ~
ing frequent erections.
" g3 c# x X/ [3 WBoth parents were again questioned about use of- h- w- }0 e6 C. B1 E
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
- I3 |5 p: H: b, E% Kthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
$ ]% e9 L ~' cTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541. p H; U4 H h' g
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-4 L6 R. c9 v j1 y% H% g2 l
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for! S9 U6 P- _6 D! ]# T- E2 r
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed. k' V4 P3 o$ c$ P8 _7 ^
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-; w$ j6 a" k& Q0 x' h
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido2 P/ n7 \0 a& f; u5 V- B. P
secondary to depression.) E$ O1 e2 L! ]5 s! k: N* l' W
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
" Q6 w9 v' A* |( _) D; e+ Q8 QThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his# \/ O5 k) q+ N5 U( G2 ^
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-( }1 H1 y2 y* ^
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.4 ?5 @( ~5 C/ P' _; d+ ^4 L
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
* m6 k, K/ j! d7 G& A/ i! Qwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby9 Y' S T, \6 }6 ~7 G
was high, he then read the product information9 P: t( e: G% g
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-8 V# g: Y* }, m# i# `- F
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
, X* ~. Y3 f" m/ `5 {& bdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the' o9 j" j3 J6 P+ S) I9 q# q
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
7 r" I' S1 ?, Z6 ?* d) G) c" I0 pbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone1 Y' h N D7 b8 h
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the" [& l! {7 q6 _6 F& q1 ]$ F
laboratory to obtain the test.8 b5 S( ~$ r3 J; ~1 y$ `: F: }) {1 I
Discussion
/ m5 a3 a, R8 y% u0 ePrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary) j6 N: S$ D! a+ x+ l4 U
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,40 m" C1 E9 L$ W! W) [
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when, G S" `; t, J
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
9 i1 j1 [" b2 V; a2 c* Ethalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
/ }1 T- b U$ Rmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
- f+ D; F3 u0 i3 Vmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
/ `- ]/ k' q9 F3 ~3 U: ^0 sresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-+ o1 z; A$ q; R2 n
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
) d& T) i! S% Ysis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
* O" M; I" ^+ E% _" oboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
. H& S# N; P8 ^ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-; C& a) r- m, l: C* S
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by* r" W1 ?6 \4 n" D; R# c6 r
gonadotropins.1,3; h: p4 t% p0 c! m
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
. B9 D! r U5 \" |# H( hcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate D/ {. t' s' \$ z+ b) ?0 W1 H
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
9 [, B) S5 R, }exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-3 ]! \1 g, E' }5 x2 W5 X3 A, X
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
/ O. g1 M( j7 n" k3 A2 n$ \+ Pcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive, S$ D9 A8 I" B- j. v1 ]. `1 Z
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious( m- B! A+ J: `& w2 B& ?4 b
puberty in boys.3,4
* \4 c. U+ Y% m; g$ S' H* R. l5 V, yThe most common form of congenital adrenal+ T9 W/ M9 K. _$ y
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.* D' f6 l/ n' X* L
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
$ M! p; w6 o. W$ q# M( Vexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
! H* y8 l8 L& a- y/ u8 a Jan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
4 T8 K, s/ d$ C r/ Z' Lexcess.1,3
7 f8 r9 T* }' t; l+ U# gat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from& \ O- a+ r& w4 z9 e' m) P, K
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007# k& @, X( N8 X
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
6 D9 h3 C" f$ K5 ?. `6 K' m& |independent precocious puberty, which is also known8 Q& W* a6 z5 S3 ]. Z4 v/ B
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a; T8 C& X; j3 C5 J6 g2 A4 O, O
very young age. The physical findings in these boys' V2 C+ T+ e8 L1 ^. o6 P
with this disorder are full pubertal development,* P* P" @5 K0 F' b
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
E' O- i& b, s( [9 g+ N' Wwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
% \' y% w, a* N9 {) _$ v: _. Lare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show3 T2 X# E E& l
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin- z. b; w, g9 j( ~4 a
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked: N/ M% Z5 n/ \; H& C
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
, h. ?. E9 Q- R+ S2 }males; therefore, other male members of the family
& v$ u; V( k+ }3 a$ Z' j; ~may have similar precocious puberty.3
& r N! n' `2 ^In our patient, physical examination was incon-
# D8 ^' Q$ e( j8 ?* U3 t7 tsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
* H' ?- l% I& ?/ ucles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis2 L% E* V2 h! k5 A1 c$ ^1 \
was in the differential diagnosis because his father6 [- w4 s( ?6 F9 I3 f0 T
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,$ }4 L9 c. b3 v8 r5 p p9 U+ @
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the: V+ Y- d+ A. o+ p8 O1 K( ]
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-4 Q) f* |: {7 @2 b. U) _
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
+ L6 t0 g" o j: o! |2 Xbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,6 v5 v) j1 I8 Z. }5 V" J9 c" ]8 Q2 ?
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase+ M+ j- E) ~7 b8 D4 h3 ~% ?* D
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
2 u' {- P. S" I1 Ning the normal level of adrenal steroids.* r E9 o- @- {$ ~) U
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly8 t1 y' Y* e1 N) w: T7 z U: R
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because' M# m6 X+ e; }' F1 D8 F% o+ C
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
5 U( Z% e* ~% Q2 v' b0 Hpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and& |1 q, |! \ _: c0 u3 Q* s
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
2 L$ v8 z6 v! Q3 f. hterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was! O ]3 l( m3 ?7 J
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’6 X* E+ X X4 U! N
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or$ w# v* S- I: e: _% Z) G: s' }
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
2 i) j+ L% i4 i4 Cunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
% N% F7 W0 ?. `2 i+ nSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
$ R) x8 w/ |" wbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
: V; D4 b( o' o) w1 F; S7 g7 ]even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male5 p/ f* r0 f: Q: g
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica- Q! l% ]1 |! ]+ t2 T0 _+ N
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
# t* k; e8 e- a FOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
5 p4 x, H/ a+ D3 b9 o& e$ ~which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that* y- |- B5 l+ a6 C, N7 x
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
6 M! j! ~4 g- Iterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more9 s/ P4 J3 {; \) g8 y' E \" k
active in young children exposed to testosterone
# H8 a* ]+ t, Q0 ~" E# Q3 aexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-3 T# y' i5 Y; i4 i- k8 K6 Y6 h( }! `
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to* F) B& e- ~/ E5 H% M! O
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in( K6 P6 }7 [1 Q4 J4 h" w
children results in an increase in growth velocity and2 n4 q$ [/ H( S3 [
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
' \& U3 V, E2 Z! z* O" RThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during0 y( M. o; h {" k1 h
early childhood on pubertal development and final
. z5 K7 g X- n6 x1 r6 Q) Aadult height are not fully known and always remain
$ S0 U4 C* x1 h1 B/ \a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
/ M5 Z2 E7 Z0 J+ U9 [9 i+ o2 hterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some6 G$ P$ f" d0 W: _% V
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after; y9 R3 i# P) _, O* M8 \
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation% C q+ V- j, C
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
1 S/ i; D% V% I/ \5 N* B% Y4 YThere are conflicting reports and controversy5 v9 `: J1 W4 r' a! u! H
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult4 }. _/ _) Z# K: T3 g1 ~
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal" u: b1 p; i! `( |9 \$ R/ Z
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
s" i6 `! o& D: mulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
- _ V0 S' d7 T, \2 \- y( wSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between6 W$ Q2 T1 ~7 h m. y: E% M- @
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
9 z/ J. ?; Y5 l: F" Kpenile length in clinical studies.0 W3 {. v) s, H2 [; V3 r
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
8 |) }, z' `# Ggoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
2 B8 j k& {, qtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
. a) D" \2 {- ~, Y9 Othe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
% ]/ M1 c/ V! }5 v# c; c O' ZAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of- i( @+ M( o ]$ N& Z0 f
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at2 i6 i4 T$ q- L% h% M3 T, Q
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
2 a, j: w6 ]! _1 u+ Bheight will not be affected.
6 r: I2 V7 }1 `Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-/ \+ J9 N/ i# U0 Z E' ~8 _ p; J
ability of androgen products in our society may! N% |" h1 H" c# W. I
indeed cause more virilization in male or female5 j9 L: }. a' J( @/ \+ d
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
6 N: z* h% e* e: mgen products must be considered and specific ques-1 j B& s* V( {" o& f6 p6 x
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
6 e( ? A; e @7 U4 n: fgel should be asked of the family members during9 l; h- V& ?7 o/ t! J" T1 ^
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-! s% b7 U( k5 L! o, q: p1 `
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-' p# \& c6 |- i* Q# B
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by* f+ D; [, k1 M2 Z5 N
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a* ~# p" Y0 B2 K7 A
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may! u0 u( I; ?1 ~' t' z. j( e
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
" D. f( J0 J& X1 [+ {/ M) R. Sinvestigation. The primary care physician should be( r, E9 {/ `0 `6 m, p% P# K
aware of this fact, because most of these children9 `3 u, C" a, [4 v
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’' l6 r& m6 j; p( [: U
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a* v. r4 i4 o8 t- L @5 D
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
' Q6 z9 s) c, }3 Sfemale child who might come in contact with some-
9 e* @6 z) a; A: j( a6 ~one using any of these products.
: e: v, d1 s( k/ m- i2 v2 DReferences% l+ B: Z- h9 f7 h( O
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
- L) H& }& ]' ]3 P1 L7 t' eand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
0 t2 v' T9 y3 z6 U" ~/ R' s6 _Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
; a1 M3 N8 E7 r7 S2002: 565-628.
2 O9 f. f4 P- a9 s: M2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious' i1 j, w- P6 i. s' _
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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