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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
" m2 g1 Q$ m+ A4 G- \) ~Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
$ @; m' ^1 D# B m& B" G0 g3 _Exposure to Testosterone
# o! f: g' H. b/ W. W" h" p @Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2, A& b3 w5 E+ @4 G- G5 T% W( D8 k
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
6 i( k" l- Y; Z7 u' j9 u% `; I3 S2 RClinical Pediatrics
. o$ S z% i' v1 h0 R) A: iVolume 46 Number 6
# k( K, Q1 x+ o6 n9 s* TJuly 2007 540-543
- Q% i8 E3 }: K) z2 n© 2007 Sage Publications
, a' n1 l; O6 t. O5 T10.1177/0009922806296651+ b! y8 \; }* U! ?
http://clp.sagepub.com
7 B# i, d- S* p0 ~& a& Q. ?hosted at" G; T7 ]5 i. k8 u; ^+ `9 T' l
http://online.sagepub.com
' c8 R v& [( pPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
0 N& G8 }, W4 Q3 J( fis a significant concern for physicians. Central
4 [# J9 L) x. l, q1 T% ^6 qprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
+ r8 F. t3 x g4 |3 ?# Y2 B x( xthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
6 {* R0 b1 o% N* A- n" ta higher incidence of organic central nervous system
0 T7 g9 f y/ n% r3 Nlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
! {2 q0 r2 x$ N% c$ Hby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
7 L# y& b Q4 [$ b# g; M2 o6 Y- Ehair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
4 l6 O$ {" l! Ccles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
& P: ?3 L, f* ~+ K) ]report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the" Z1 M( b, E3 Y1 r
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-$ x& T+ f! v' H" O
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
$ g" _) g* u1 M( \* S2 ?; B8 d) ^to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by8 c$ E H2 t3 s. K
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
/ l. z( C9 D8 z! ?mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
! T+ L4 a- E( }; S* z0 h$ f( Tchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
8 {; z. J" |8 M. i: y* qtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-6 [/ K' t! o1 ]. A3 x; v- V
bly more common than the rare case report in the
9 M' D& z2 o- v# k/ a1 s# Rliterature.4. i. d8 d0 x7 a6 |1 U! q
Patient Report
' ^" t& o" T& C5 r, z/ IA 16-month-old white child was referred to the. T4 {" F* u* e/ e/ y4 p
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern1 V6 S# A, k" C0 H* A# }
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
$ u! m) f% Q$ s+ X# O0 alight colored pubic hair development when he was" u- w$ V% O k/ U% b' s5 G }
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of( B! o5 J( B5 ?3 {) f/ a! a
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
2 `: S }4 u4 E1 I0 VAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
; W8 W, e' d- _' c0 LProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
; s Q8 D# W L0 q& A# pMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
/ i8 R" p7 I( }( P) r/ d4 t! H, x0 Ze-mail: [email protected].: _+ n/ u4 E' P& t9 g' N
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became0 L- }: X. d- {; d' ]
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
0 u( R8 N) f+ K# p# g9 z/ bment of his penis and frequent erections. The child; l1 Y& B+ s+ C( T0 m0 ]6 v
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with0 a2 k# [8 ?2 e! y) T+ i G. w
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
5 e& P) U/ B) Q* ^5 I20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
+ B/ \6 O+ k. q4 w8 f2 r$ @of life and was still receiving breast milk along with) ]( g& U$ c9 M' o) }. V* {/ ]/ {
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,% F" [( a9 {/ w! l( o. z7 A
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development0 T4 K& H; [# @9 h9 p2 k
was age appropriate.3 h0 e \- h% y; u( G, e8 r1 h0 k {
The family history was remarkable for the father,
5 \: o6 K# M" U8 @! g" Q7 S0 z( bwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,, a) {8 T& B; f& {
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s2 D! _6 n: z. V# s9 Q( D. r
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat& ^' ^- B7 \4 U* A" j0 B
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
# u7 h- N# i0 z8 @5 [6 OThe father denied taking any other medication. The& V) z4 x' [" E: j. ^% [
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche% t3 ?2 A' P! R, E ?% g
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
$ i3 h) z( p- T8 N# h0 i1 a; F! y5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
6 e! q k6 I! G) ococious sexual development in the first-degree rela-2 Z# K( V3 K: i
tives. There were no siblings.$ d/ |* `7 q5 C/ W+ x w- B
Physical Examination
/ B7 N) ?2 E2 u& B. w% b: {The physical examination revealed a very active,
7 m* P- X+ E! m; {playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
! J+ H5 O: }' w3 T |& r' fa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was: {4 G: D9 ?0 U' c: \
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg$ I, ^, P' w4 K* @- s: s
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth% T/ I& o+ F+ }$ t
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of, V+ T+ f5 e$ b' @9 y
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
+ N! G+ G+ O7 k- U; j$ _2 p( XThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
, c6 P7 G! ~6 z- N4 N+ [enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
4 `3 k5 X) T6 p5 F" s8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
+ ?' f3 M, d# t, w* ldeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
7 N" z5 ^6 K% H540
8 k6 Y9 C5 }9 e! mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from% @+ a, A; f _1 X8 T5 @! |
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
# s8 x7 J: K3 `$ e7 F' Z, n5 ntesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.- Y% {4 T+ Y3 F" Z! Q
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat3 S, T0 b8 ~; _3 ^5 U
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
6 N' J. h) b9 ?- c6 I& i' }abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
3 B) y$ n( s, E+ z5 {3 h: X9 kNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+! O. X$ m1 p% O2 U" o1 N0 y& u# t
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion! C! M2 q, B3 I4 Y9 ^4 I1 B
of papilledema.# W' Y2 Q" r* c
Laboratory Evaluation
5 Z8 r. N) {7 ^8 B2 E3 vThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
- M9 r: W4 \4 ]8 @4 j" rusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
( Q0 C: i4 L: p4 m+ H! o Z. H8 }logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal( A, j0 x( D+ ^% z a) P
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
# J4 P( F! X2 P! I R% ^showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
; r2 n- f) I, d, q( i3 w, Llating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
1 h/ G2 [9 x1 q9 I5 v5 |The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
' ?3 A3 V K) P! ?9 B, g5 y- iurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
/ i& o$ D* y! Q+ gwithin normal range for his age. The concentration" V9 |0 p) k$ L( J' j4 W5 z8 D3 w
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL% K Y+ [- C* a8 K
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20' E6 n+ u$ V- W. c6 N
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
! h0 V$ }5 V- I* \9 \terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),* q+ L r5 q7 n4 [* M8 a( |
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
0 l6 r% j3 x: f) _49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
) D9 v a& z, g4 Mwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-% R7 k9 w. `: t- K$ y2 P0 P1 Z( ~
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total# A7 D" i( ?. M
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
: c6 m1 O- T" oand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than5 s% S/ R8 x9 { Y& u. v9 w4 f) ]7 Q
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular& i# J% u* r2 x1 }- s" u
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone$ l2 d4 E, `0 d, I: m
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
6 P1 F% Q- Q; @1 q1 M( K- t(prepubertal).
4 B/ y. k2 n4 f& hThe parents were notified about the laboratory
! r: x9 R8 r# K+ hresults and were informed that all of the tests were( t" J% z1 L! h* W8 x2 B1 s
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
: z8 e( V2 y* a, q4 _4 C' l% P# Tfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to! w. ~! M& `4 U n
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
: [1 n6 X- T5 h. h# d7 uever, the family did not return for 4 months.
5 w+ ]/ S: N0 K9 m" DPhysical examination at this time revealed that the! `7 B' B$ E( I- D: G
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
! u% r8 y4 W7 t% D: Z0 C$ E* b2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
7 q) ~ k3 E/ ~+ Q$ Gunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-1 f5 n+ y# E+ F8 n! t
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
9 P# T/ N f2 dthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
2 b) ^: P0 T$ y2 O" r) K4 m: `* RmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.1 b7 W4 |2 M1 s& x5 Q5 [$ A
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
/ h( n- R$ Q" u+ h- Ling frequent erections.
: }) V5 g5 T7 A3 wBoth parents were again questioned about use of0 Y1 p- a3 L+ l
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to: S! z. A4 \( b9 t7 v
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the+ I- }4 p! d8 W* N
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541; h' k3 S9 `3 I- q& [
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
9 ^3 W% C* d! w! t: z; y0 King over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for, K) W; X2 j% j" Y( l' s
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed q! t6 s( W4 j; U+ W n
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
2 l ~" U0 G \' @9 M: R% yscribed by his family physician for decreased libido
! ~) I' a G, R5 Esecondary to depression.$ `; f* m- i" M: h9 j# u: J# ]1 h. @
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
" u4 z. v6 H0 V7 M+ BThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his* D" D- K' N5 T
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
& D5 l3 @, Y( e3 @nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.1 q' N* C1 k; i! ]2 ^. D+ Q# I6 e
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
4 z' L2 H" @8 o& m% Dwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
* t8 B$ W9 d4 Z/ t( Hwas high, he then read the product information
8 ?1 _% G+ ]# y4 ppacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-3 ?- r4 |; m6 c0 u& _4 o
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they/ n4 j& n3 }4 M+ X' S7 m
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
9 {) X S& ~- M! \- Z1 I( |: Gfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had t% O/ |+ r6 c" j
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
; B( U$ {5 F# m0 z/ \! wtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
8 t8 V) U0 M5 m$ ~laboratory to obtain the test.2 M; O- U( A, O' a/ ~4 C
Discussion
9 w) H" [7 p0 x4 b- BPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary% g" g' r1 X2 N7 A; h
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
% w+ V0 ^4 H9 x1 ?+ v/ H$ ~5 ?Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
% p; ~' l0 S% N6 E1 l% @it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
6 R3 I3 K, _1 B1 B4 ~% Z8 Othalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
0 J H: K7 Z: {, o, v+ [' @mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
2 u5 n+ j. O7 m$ Amay have a central nervous system lesion that is5 g& i* J: Y+ p$ v- Z
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-+ g# a+ C* i1 u7 s7 o
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-3 D+ U9 r7 w7 u; Q# h( X1 w
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in, j. a: I0 r& ] c m m
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-5 M* ?' B }4 b
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-, z* }: m* P3 e/ c# q
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by) M F+ _( x* w6 f9 g0 r: t9 h4 S
gonadotropins.1,3
f# P& i- Y( wGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco- j0 o# [# g& _! r
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate" I) T; o2 E$ H2 s- N8 V. {
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
3 V# ~' o9 f" K4 jexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-9 i5 }1 S$ n8 h
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
- M" V- N- J5 _8 R0 Mcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive# {& _* g) H, f4 o! B" O
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
6 q* y/ c% w; p* }6 M spuberty in boys.3,49 R, u/ u/ v9 x5 ~( T7 Z
The most common form of congenital adrenal( F+ J8 Q$ O/ [) H, r# D
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency., V I( O: W" K7 t7 I
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
( ?; o3 }& T/ ^6 z8 b! yexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,3 R/ q% K: }9 V4 v) J: ]: |, o
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen2 w) h+ X3 o1 X6 Z
excess.1,37 F" E# k8 k" Q. ~9 O
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from' M- l& ^6 I" F2 c# T# V
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20077 s, `8 i. l! Z/ ^9 n
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-8 p$ A5 i, d0 x+ b: U
independent precocious puberty, which is also known( B: f( r' U$ E. ~4 K# r
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
1 M B7 o T' i9 \very young age. The physical findings in these boys2 G4 U. `7 f3 b/ W+ G5 A
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
' r* O I4 S% J T& [' H& I: uincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
6 K! K; m7 {# j" |5 I8 Pwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder' A! O J9 D5 w2 L
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show2 R- K7 a) `; v# ?8 `
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-/ n% ?; z9 ~9 C" l: v
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
% a2 m; R1 w5 h" mautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
7 o; T E8 }6 P4 ^- h# S" Zmales; therefore, other male members of the family
3 w) f) U4 Y# M# Ymay have similar precocious puberty.3
* v3 m- R$ m6 l6 V% h4 s5 iIn our patient, physical examination was incon-% i- E$ U/ n i
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-) {- @! \7 Q F# k- k
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis, M" B& R. \! A. t4 \# |0 i. x; f
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
" [1 q/ \9 E1 c6 P! ~( O7 Fstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
; B, \+ A3 n" ^9 I7 ?' c- utesticular enlargement is not that evident in the6 ~% t4 h+ ~% W
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-7 O* d5 U+ q1 I+ ~/ |8 Y0 {! t1 k( X
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
. `2 K n; b4 Bbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
. ~4 p. O; Z+ T4 s1 z$ P# reither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase( d4 N- J3 ~' v
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
- ?2 m& L, u" n* H$ Wing the normal level of adrenal steroids.7 t4 O6 L$ m0 c. x) B B1 ~
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly$ [# m8 s% x2 C
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because. Q$ p$ T8 D& L
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-# Z) g% k2 c" r7 T$ P
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
7 g0 k8 D0 |2 z* ^+ F+ l, ^; Ndecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
/ F+ O# P' O6 V7 m" _terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
- {5 A" h7 j: a! p& t" ~$ J; Zusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’! Q# c. E$ W( G+ D' W
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or% x( z8 t5 v! X7 {& e5 {
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to( h! t/ @6 G8 s) n
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.4 r& m# \5 z8 l0 m) ^) L! w5 d3 Q
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
7 ^* K& c9 ?+ k! Dbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
4 ]6 Y2 ~, P% [' H# C" w/ ?0 ueven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
( d) I0 h1 `" K3 P+ ~+ \; H5 W+ {. Dpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
$ B; c1 V( `! k5 w; b. J4 etion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.* @, c" }9 Y/ t _* e8 m
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,7 ]- u( ~9 U+ h7 `0 m
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that" [: l) p( j4 G3 D/ Q
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
6 T1 h- O* b6 D% d0 wterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more7 f6 L8 D" n! ]( X, L: h! Q, c$ q
active in young children exposed to testosterone
# a) F' }& D; a2 s$ V# p! iexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-% m, W! P, C+ F% I* h T
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
* ^6 I) {1 _- k- J8 {virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
; [$ o9 S7 I$ Z5 g4 Zchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and4 ]+ u/ {4 j+ f6 s: [- _7 h4 s
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
& [7 i3 Q9 n4 M* _The long-term effect of androgen exposure during% e5 n% s' t ~
early childhood on pubertal development and final
# O1 l- u- u7 m$ Jadult height are not fully known and always remain
$ N- Q% [* l' u+ ua concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
. t& n# K! ^! b# b. T* ^1 eterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
# B2 X X2 s% a7 X3 a& R8 C( ~acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
) z0 B( e4 s3 d& K6 S) Wcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation1 ^6 i; n; Y4 a( B$ q5 G
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
; {$ h6 g! P1 O2 h$ @/ |There are conflicting reports and controversy. B5 F( M9 Z( I* s5 M
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult+ G2 H$ F$ |" p5 y2 X( ^: \6 ]
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal) e3 R& B# D$ _. B, _
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-7 x n) Q* g* c6 C2 h2 l& m
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
0 M2 i/ L# e7 J5 [* T4 jSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between9 g, Q5 h( o6 ?8 [- {) O
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult t7 L& M; y2 o. E1 ?, Q# L3 q) x
penile length in clinical studies.6 X3 K9 w9 W: L) Z, g ~
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is* e" z: q9 l& o' }) u
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
7 m3 a$ ? A' a) Q' {- f' ztestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
" K: d2 Q% @3 xthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
/ @/ M0 g0 E1 G' vAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of9 ]5 F6 x3 K7 {$ m2 a* T- P
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
, f2 q2 c# t" @4 ]0 f5 H) Nthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
0 d% b/ Q* }) _) a" ^height will not be affected.; Z3 G& A# e& j& ~) W
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
' N) u1 i# q+ U& s. ~: Iability of androgen products in our society may
( V9 r1 J% E# o" K* b. oindeed cause more virilization in male or female
) v$ n3 T- `) h/ {, J6 dchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
1 L) b& |% D$ c( hgen products must be considered and specific ques-
4 o x3 i9 e( c- r4 o0 p+ [, \tioning about the use of a testosterone product or" V, \; O1 k3 g: K. u) T/ n4 l
gel should be asked of the family members during! v% e5 v( J) X. q. `
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-) s6 ]" r( l% |) s" c3 ?% Q
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
/ `& _$ Y7 z+ P& j! F1 H9 Q* fnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
3 h& z- `! x: g+ \: vappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
! V8 A$ C& C7 E7 u0 @history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may1 ~% }# A- ^( d* _" c
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive! H' x5 l* ], Q, v, C# E
investigation. The primary care physician should be# ^5 C3 h! O" ?2 R+ T% O- z. Q
aware of this fact, because most of these children1 D ^) b, P4 x; y6 A/ d7 j
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’1 X; n* p' F$ e- @" q
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
( {- I* J$ \% W% owarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
( L+ n4 v8 \! q6 [female child who might come in contact with some-
9 d+ c: A1 X3 Q. i/ c( wone using any of these products.$ a0 \' B5 C9 Y
References
1 \6 j2 Y. Q, s9 o+ C1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation. r) v0 O7 E' S/ c
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
( s& e0 \/ n( l/ m+ F, _Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
( g. ^, K) e2 m: G% V( Y2002: 565-628.
. ~- Z7 h: r2 \' r( F d* t% I2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious2 I- a% }6 J8 K1 x, }& Q
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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