繁體中文
不翻译
简体中文
English
繁體中文
日本語
한국어
切換到寬版

WK綜合論壇, WK综合论坛

 找回密碼
 立即注册
樓主: wk007

鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

[複製鏈接]
發表於 2025-1-4 03:25:35 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old7 s6 W8 e0 P0 S
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
* R& q3 R# C% |$ BExposure to Testosterone  m+ Z% y+ B6 V% N, F1 z
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,20 G; E/ J# h$ n8 U& L
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
  p- t) Q% w* d( lClinical Pediatrics
: m0 {  a1 n9 w5 w$ K& }# b, O. CVolume 46 Number 6( T0 g' W/ i2 Q  q+ P( H' \/ i
July 2007 540-543. s3 z3 N# z8 U" k
© 2007 Sage Publications
4 b4 ~! \# N8 F% j  v" Q10.1177/00099228062966517 ^! L2 }, `% k5 i/ J, y  r# |
http://clp.sagepub.com
" }. x4 C5 d4 K0 b/ n5 uhosted at
: i4 T! a" {7 D- {6 dhttp://online.sagepub.com# c+ |$ j. h& p. u9 b3 ]& B4 S3 u& |2 |
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
- q' ~2 h! y2 o  C% His a significant concern for physicians. Central& i4 F) q7 S& }# K5 K
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated$ K) x! s% v4 P+ S- O  X6 x6 w
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
, [$ E2 b5 k: k+ \  w, l, @8 Y% Ha higher incidence of organic central nervous system
+ u5 S/ V% _; A( m: {& F+ Zlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
- f+ U7 H4 y; t, W# M# Gby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
* [/ f* `$ |1 l5 b) X& F1 nhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-, {5 T, ~' x( I6 S  d
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We: H/ G! z( \$ o# y
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
/ C5 v' Y# o( `3 g" v( ?! Venlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
2 D0 G* O6 |3 u# y' V1 D: Y, ]ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
8 Q$ f: W0 d9 Eto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by" z! k( X9 O7 G, E  v' _; {
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
% h) R6 i  W; P1 z/ F) S2 f2 Zmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this" a& v- h, k" @8 x" R6 T+ V: U4 s
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of/ u+ u, g& U! N' @+ W  @8 J
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
) z2 ?4 G7 N& c# H5 ]% Q% B, vbly more common than the rare case report in the
/ v  s, v6 D" T. ?% D1 w) s) M* Mliterature.4
, W( D7 m9 d) S. v0 c( H6 r( O) lPatient Report
6 x/ l0 u$ z8 B7 s4 `, iA 16-month-old white child was referred to the; z0 E/ a+ t7 T2 ]. \
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern: u8 x" @0 w/ g
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
, V6 \+ \8 i1 f. a  s, o* m% Klight colored pubic hair development when he was( f( ~( t1 o0 t- ]# c# p- j% J
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
. M# L. f7 }5 r9 ]7 r0 i$ a3 rSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
6 Z* ~4 L' ]; BAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,' b" V" C$ ^5 D" R' `3 n
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
6 ]9 ?- J5 B$ e5 V5 y. I9 JMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;8 y# L( P! |: f# N
e-mail: [email protected].
+ \( i1 B% u  v1 q/ a1 Iabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became) G3 G# P* ?+ e' U9 ^4 n3 `( x
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
2 m/ Q( j; V! Bment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
2 R7 g) |# X. q% X4 R2 l- _was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with2 s: j* N4 @# \
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of- v& s. @$ F) \
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
" A3 Q8 t4 g' g5 y+ W' }( I* U1 nof life and was still receiving breast milk along with( U9 g. w  |+ _& V% a
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,2 |/ W; b+ |+ N$ d. \: u$ v
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
7 c9 y8 d7 ?; f# V7 V  Dwas age appropriate.
" I+ p8 q" @* KThe family history was remarkable for the father,
2 A9 n+ |) l  }6 S& C% {9 [1 Ewho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,2 H3 M+ r; N! h9 Q  t+ Q
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s! ]) j9 q( O+ a  C; ]. N; ?' |
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
. b9 m' x" p+ Yearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.* T" _/ H5 \2 s; C: ~7 a3 |
The father denied taking any other medication. The
! t. k! p" C# {child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche# q3 |7 a( i. n7 Q0 m5 ~# s2 J
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
5 [# b$ r4 A) ]5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-$ ]2 t! O. D- A# q& i% Y! U4 b
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-+ n2 a1 a6 t. Z) d. i& u
tives. There were no siblings.: @4 z' H( x! B! A9 |% g# Y- K4 ?$ n
Physical Examination! L) s3 @$ [( G' L# l8 i
The physical examination revealed a very active,% `8 E( x+ l. g, |
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented" t7 |, Z, @# {8 F1 v$ K4 ?
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
4 w, e  b6 d9 i6 U% @7 ^8 {90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
( f/ k) W6 Y5 `7 Q# r, J9 o' s9 Z(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
" h9 t1 R9 ^1 Zvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of( p( x- n# W* \; t# @" J
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
9 o% G# o( S% W( Z; ]The genitourinary examination was remarkable for' F, B, C5 t  ~" U
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of: k/ r2 @4 Q3 L1 N, A; J$ E
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well$ O& A9 m4 v/ h5 s# f: R6 Q! I+ N, M6 S
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
, b0 E2 N3 @. N- V3 v540
8 R! n' V7 E, U6 }$ x' kat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
; V, u7 R0 M& Z8 ]the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
) P+ b2 F: m/ z7 ?) G' H( {9 Ltesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
6 F6 o: j$ ?- G! B3 nThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat4 ]2 R; f% K9 W0 c3 V
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no6 z( y4 i" {# w- r+ F7 H
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.8 U/ [9 Z  g( Z' k4 Z+ A$ S
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+; c, M" ]: K+ |, Y3 ~! E* v
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
% f2 g+ V% f) R$ ]8 |7 Zof papilledema.( n" n7 j2 Y- b- [
Laboratory Evaluation7 d+ m4 F  z- I: r# S
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by1 L: m2 E: Z. d; y' d; w. V
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
1 [% \1 k* }. w( ulogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal) l4 g' Q' u: |8 y/ D* R$ \/ k
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
6 i4 M$ f; B7 U% o+ a0 \! ]showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-% @) o- k# N* r) l* `2 J
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
; N* R) j9 u; P4 iThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
+ \) e  A* w8 |urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
' M4 d4 k, j% v4 D7 e' ^7 c2 W! g7 \within normal range for his age. The concentration7 a! c' c: C8 s8 ^& L+ m, E
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL8 W5 A+ V1 H( T! r1 |7 m
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 204 V/ b) O6 ]) |; ~# ~0 X
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
3 H' a/ o& r6 N  b* Y. d! H% d9 ]8 Mterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),) x: K3 C! V9 u3 G  p
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
1 {# T2 M0 T# V49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
- r, p  z. B; E/ s( D- i  s/ Hwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
( Y. C5 C% ~; c. T. Ytisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
3 c1 R: K* V/ Y. btestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
" P& H& v5 S6 N5 p" z" O* j9 }( m. ?and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
1 C1 o8 Z  k. W5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
/ W$ h- R" N8 o; e' bstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
* {% }+ F  U' C/ Y3 [; K! A; vconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
+ _, o1 s' t( Y6 L9 a& z(prepubertal).
9 _4 G  e/ U5 B' j! }( qThe parents were notified about the laboratory
- p6 a- d" Z( V6 u0 Zresults and were informed that all of the tests were
3 l. R$ N# X7 V8 T6 B9 f) b0 D) V5 Z/ jnormal except the testosterone level was high. The% k( }( ]( S4 m% e: ?/ h6 R
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to$ D- c0 c/ I0 q; w5 \
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-9 n6 J) D1 ^$ g& q) @
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
8 P$ a- n0 U) c, X+ k# `7 X6 \Physical examination at this time revealed that the8 }3 C# R: e# q; w- [
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
0 u5 {& ?# z" T8 e& R2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained: D" q2 `3 @9 h, c+ s4 a
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-0 D( K" `% i8 p7 H3 D) A5 t
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at5 V0 Z) N" P( m, g9 ~: P
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2' l/ {4 S! r  L' A
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
! o2 {: d% `" _The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-/ S+ ~% Q. s  A. B; a7 G2 F5 s" f
ing frequent erections.
2 X- K8 G" o/ T( C4 RBoth parents were again questioned about use of/ q: }8 W6 d$ ^8 a: K9 Z" g6 \) p
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
1 d/ O6 n3 v. E# ?* qthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
- D4 H1 n# H+ _Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
1 ?: @3 ^# {/ K0 `% N* P6 W' Tuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
2 W4 @' E8 X6 j. l. j% Ging over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
8 W3 z5 V3 _# h, R& J* wa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
  d* h" J  ?) Q6 C) G* ~9 M/ Kto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
6 d1 l$ r9 O4 b9 vscribed by his family physician for decreased libido& L4 Q9 G; I8 e7 U' N) v
secondary to depression.. R0 c( g% n; ^( [1 G) l- t: i6 a" }
The child slept in the same bed with parents.+ q4 a9 C# Q8 {5 k
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
( ]1 p  L8 t2 X9 f, D% m' Qchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-0 X  L, P: A+ i- ~$ A
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.( R4 e3 l9 Q) J; n
The father also admitted that after the phone call,$ e1 h$ S! A& x' \  I; m, E! [0 q
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
. {! q: l" @0 {0 e0 V+ [8 F& {( rwas high, he then read the product information
; O9 W: ^% e1 K# [. I9 O3 ^5 W9 x9 ]packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
6 J, U/ w- I7 C1 e  uson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
3 F2 t& I' h* g1 g5 r# udecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
7 _# a& v8 O' a6 I3 x3 q8 C/ wfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had* v6 q5 L+ e! r; ~
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone! R% e. w8 J% k3 V! p* p0 N$ Q$ P& h
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the7 T  W3 [2 Y0 e" Q" I  z; D
laboratory to obtain the test.
% T& f5 a- i) U+ \Discussion+ @' G5 t$ k2 |" {
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
: v& ~9 f/ v. r8 Nsexual development before 9 years of age.1,44 S! _3 x6 y+ K- X
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when& N# l4 {: }$ k9 J& i
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
3 I! Q4 \6 \0 k' Fthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-. x! \$ |3 m, ^7 I6 k& G  e
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP: N1 }! c8 h  j2 o; D
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
, K2 y7 j4 d, g  U5 N  Qresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-. b# K1 L0 V- b1 z' h# C4 G8 r
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-( v! Q. f( Y# R: |4 k
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in) _1 o) \; J% P. _& ?9 W( R
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-9 T; |5 G+ W( S# c* b$ U6 U
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
& k9 i. g8 K) e) rrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
4 N4 u3 @+ v( u* B  T" D. ?' wgonadotropins.1,3" K; }; @% G' Z& x) u' ?# @
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-' j3 @" S( ~6 c4 T1 S' B7 ]' T
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
. I) O/ H' F: F7 p2 T$ F9 fandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
" U4 r8 n* J9 mexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-* }! a; h2 A& f
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing; v! f) r3 q( v
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive, R- v- C/ }/ T
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
& {0 r3 m, {/ e' S+ ?puberty in boys.3,4* u' J: W: i' m- S5 k9 F6 P$ w; T
The most common form of congenital adrenal2 _7 K, S; ]( q$ {8 i: ?7 z! ?
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
# q- |* K- {- h, H" i" _The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
* [. E# l2 q! W! oexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
) l: Q- l, ?  e# ?  l1 g- a2 gan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen8 a+ X: g3 K( D  d7 \! x
excess.1,30 v% O' E& l( d
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from% }' `% w) v; g7 G. B
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
6 |5 ?/ b( @, _A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
2 W- K' i+ S4 _independent precocious puberty, which is also known
0 Q7 Y. p2 @* uas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a2 b$ v" y9 u: y3 t$ n) J# y
very young age. The physical findings in these boys# x8 B- D2 k' C$ U( f3 ~
with this disorder are full pubertal development,5 [* s( V; |0 v4 C1 x' V
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
- U' ]2 ~* j- P2 V2 l2 h% Bwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
- ?  {& a/ V- l- j. eare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show* i- e8 W; \8 z/ O4 u6 _
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-; A# M7 i8 W8 o
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked* m8 `" d) E$ C
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
. f! @2 q* v! k# \males; therefore, other male members of the family
& s! @! a6 |2 Amay have similar precocious puberty.3
1 M+ w) i7 `. L* n4 eIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
( O. m# Z6 T" r; Z3 W! Wsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-+ S+ @: x; N4 J( m& `; d0 V6 p
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis. U6 l) D3 s# R+ E& g( V5 z1 Z
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
8 o& F) g: C4 H. ^, k* u' jstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
8 ?* @7 ~) b, xtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
3 C% d3 O% E1 ?9 I$ }+ rbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-: `, u' F* B- ?6 D
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
5 I4 b0 S7 @6 I% p" Abiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,3 E/ d* y. Z* ^( P& J: N. Q
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase) B! m2 R% K) N" K0 k  z
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
' l0 ^. }0 ~( Y( Ying the normal level of adrenal steroids.
" }' b1 j, I: ^. EThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
% ~8 j5 o9 t+ _; T% o; l, esuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because+ [( s' `( v2 K
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
- a1 \+ }. O6 {5 S# l3 hpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and1 @, g) [  d4 y
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
/ z/ r9 s, W/ qterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
( m* \7 G* t0 c7 W  w9 l# T' X2 Xusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
6 S& B* ~' P  n$ w% N( Z8 ?Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or9 s) d9 J' k% n0 G) q
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to2 O: s- X2 u  \5 \( N# k2 m4 a
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
. {+ n* ^' C' _8 d- vSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the) p& v3 b+ @& s9 c
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
4 E; C2 \! ]& H! p" Q  Meven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
, Y3 {- s$ t: y8 r( \. t4 Apartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
# `) A' P8 z2 }' ^4 ation site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
- o6 M( N4 J2 |2 B5 dOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,! x7 h. d5 H; L
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that  w; ~  h: R* B4 V9 r. F/ Y
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-: i9 A- r) m0 b
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
& P- M+ W6 S* K7 x# ~2 n, jactive in young children exposed to testosterone8 |# U7 h2 _5 J8 X, Q: Q
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-9 e( x4 O# s4 k8 d; i5 L+ k8 @; V
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to! d# p1 c) U; h7 Y3 c
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in, P) j  O" w+ K$ E
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
' E3 @- H' H# O. q& ladvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
" Q1 g3 w, z7 y6 F3 oThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during" O3 q! V7 [0 P
early childhood on pubertal development and final
2 E$ Z& [; P! R( \% Xadult height are not fully known and always remain  \3 k5 _! d; `% Z
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-8 N7 q# B. Y; r* Y6 G3 E
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
/ C7 L/ J9 e4 f( O/ o" @acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
" F/ `. h* P3 z' ]9 \8 v) e; xcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation4 l( A8 n5 {  F1 p) }  ?1 E
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9; O( h: A7 q) r3 {
There are conflicting reports and controversy% Z1 v9 s) M& f1 V8 f- z# A# p9 g
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult7 j& H& H; ]$ s1 z4 ?' W+ T, h
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal) B$ N; l+ Q8 W1 v1 W
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
  a5 u- x8 E2 m, _  m& Hulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,/ m$ Y, i+ N1 i* k7 K
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between, g! y) H" F7 ]$ F% {5 e; }6 k
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
0 E6 _- C5 x' rpenile length in clinical studies.
% M% G/ D+ a7 ?Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is, M7 |; v1 d3 L' \
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
) Y4 i4 z! C& Q+ a* ptestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
2 K# n' f2 G' X$ U2 r" Y) ethe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
, P1 H9 S4 z3 Y# X; P& s$ l/ BAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
5 ]0 ^( O0 m0 \& Z# rdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
" w/ p+ O: y  |! mthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
7 Y; [  |( q( c& \' E! }height will not be affected.2 C; t4 U) g3 R2 H6 A
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-* C8 C' X1 w3 [+ S  ?* o7 v
ability of androgen products in our society may
9 w7 }$ G* J2 Yindeed cause more virilization in male or female2 b# S2 e' a) @2 m/ }3 Y( V7 ^2 g
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
# K+ ]& k' y& z$ W: [5 Z  Xgen products must be considered and specific ques-# S) M8 J9 G6 l8 I, N. x! Z5 B
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
. j% D& R' z. agel should be asked of the family members during$ v0 C0 F! b: |8 F' K+ L7 t
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-+ C6 n8 G, O0 _# b$ i4 O
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
2 T5 s* t* u3 Nnosis can be established by just a few tests and by' k, m0 S; I% K( X$ f4 {, r
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
' J% X2 S9 c) n! a+ B  E1 d, ?history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may& q! w$ S  {" |* `  K# g
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
( c" C7 K5 X5 K5 F+ Z' Zinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
9 u, M6 w7 X/ ], A- R' \aware of this fact, because most of these children
& p" e  u3 }4 G" Rmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
+ p8 c" W$ g& Z/ l0 hDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
' }, o( [+ Q/ z& k0 V' \warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
/ K5 `* q! Q1 D* Z" U$ ~female child who might come in contact with some-! E& f+ I% e7 s. ^: h2 J
one using any of these products.
. x: |4 \) |  B( t, HReferences
2 e5 V- R! W: m% G9 e' x1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
2 T' L# k/ |0 l* u& i4 V; V0 Pand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric0 O' C" F8 f* g' e" L: H
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
5 O! h: w1 [/ G( U2002: 565-628.! z2 A5 N; j6 r9 g
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious* V3 I# O* @- p( \4 i
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old/ ?- H( \5 g' w$ G3 y, Y/ \' u
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical4 d  W2 t5 H' ?6 O2 B( M1 I
Exposure to Testosterone; N  p' |/ j0 ^. C: s# o2 R
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2- H) u# J! G) }( v5 ?' [) }/ V
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD14 r8 T- V5 ~( Z' J& \
Clinical Pediatrics
# X0 w+ u- N2 l+ L  A/ {5 T' q* pVolume 46 Number 6+ [5 M! M* ]9 h7 q  `  z1 a
July 2007 540-543
/ S$ K" A# q6 z' T& v3 u© 2007 Sage Publications
! S! ]/ C+ O6 u, z; h, C! V( ]10.1177/0009922806296651. e$ c% Y1 A  m5 H2 a
http://clp.sagepub.com9 Z1 F+ K. x( K
hosted at
9 |: f# V3 f) e) i" Lhttp://online.sagepub.com" C+ Y# w/ x: d; V4 L! m/ k  N
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
* j& n* a8 p% X# dis a significant concern for physicians. Central
! p2 M5 Q1 L' Fprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
: H5 U+ N5 r& q" V, y9 Y& Hthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has" Y- R* C  B, @+ y: l
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system' N- d, K& l1 }+ V8 B* |, N
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested4 I0 w8 A" l+ E. n+ @
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic+ Z: z. H6 h' ]! O
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-8 X2 j4 j# F1 t6 m( f
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
. {- ]4 W* n& H# v! ]; a* o' oreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the' f9 r: K6 u) }7 U
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-8 q& j' b' I4 F) r/ B  M/ @" \. S, {7 d" O
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
! Y$ k3 Q! F' I5 ^! h! @5 T/ D* Uto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
8 C* Z' T. {" Y3 y: @the father. The family initially concealed this infor-3 K1 L5 l. D, X: B, d6 f9 ^
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
' p$ H, ^& }1 ?& ~) Ychild. Given the widespread and easy availability of$ y4 \0 M& A+ c
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
) V* u5 n, K- ]' _. x5 a  a8 fbly more common than the rare case report in the
# n$ O  ]' C$ z1 }literature.4. I9 L9 S) ^5 w9 z- @9 p) Z9 l
Patient Report9 q" k* h+ ^0 z" e0 c/ `
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the3 C0 e4 J4 Y) Y$ S
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern  D+ `0 `& U# l) u# z% f1 i5 ?
of early sexual development. His mother noticed# H. ~1 O4 k, ^, l" S5 {
light colored pubic hair development when he was
' l  ~. ?% j0 g( r( e  YFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of! ~5 V; u$ C3 w: ]" {1 s. q
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
3 R* \* P$ B( q" ?  A4 HAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
  r0 }7 N) t/ jProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of/ ?8 X; `8 {$ ]1 n8 G0 e6 Y
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
" R; ^+ z6 k5 _- H/ E0 y: He-mail: [email protected].7 q+ S  l8 N+ q5 ^
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became. n5 W! {: f# o( z0 O/ L/ O
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
4 E7 }7 K1 i& p( ement of his penis and frequent erections. The child
3 I$ _( R' w: ~6 {7 F' b+ _4 Mwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
/ n! l2 N$ V0 E: \+ o$ o" Qa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of7 b" v; A9 k9 C  W2 |; e/ e8 R
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year- D9 D+ _4 L" [) t  j1 E
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
# ?  ?8 i: A$ V6 Qsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
3 K) x8 j' Z  [. {3 D: b# mand his psychosocial and psychomotor development' p4 j8 ^7 g5 r5 D& {
was age appropriate.
% ], I* Z$ [4 h6 ^9 e0 dThe family history was remarkable for the father,
3 \/ m6 ^. {$ |  Z8 s' J2 N, Owho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
; r$ C+ h0 H3 mwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
  Z6 K: X# j+ O# z& g; ?; P9 K5 Jheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat  d7 _* A# |+ N' N2 D6 Y4 [$ b
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
9 J( Y2 T- O, H* A5 v! ?The father denied taking any other medication. The6 Y) e$ b5 n. ]9 _3 k; F
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche" U( \$ }0 S% V! [9 w3 J$ z
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
, c7 S( b/ {( p8 A; W5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
7 G+ H. E4 B5 @- s# [: \4 ecocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
! r* R1 @! L9 P8 E7 J3 vtives. There were no siblings.+ Q+ p* x9 X# P
Physical Examination
9 H7 I$ E% I* G1 f: T/ V9 A* J2 bThe physical examination revealed a very active,: t1 Q& C3 z+ L" B3 X. _( r9 d
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented, x+ E# O. D# X" ~3 [
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
8 m1 e1 Y  F+ v7 ]90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg: b* C  m1 M+ _% M
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
+ @( U+ _9 u/ @& n' c& Rvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
$ |! |4 {3 E' s" a+ Pthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.% \3 B; s, H( E+ @) R
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for" |* k3 J  `& J6 ]& O9 h; j
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
& I0 P, q$ m0 `8 v! ~5 f- Q8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well4 y( G6 d1 K. \9 p. e  u
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
: |8 |( L9 z: l0 m9 G540
$ s* _7 ]# U4 ~at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 m) M  D. N8 w
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The; `: U! T& v7 k3 u# o: {4 B
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
* b" M; _. F7 {8 IThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat7 e4 V. m( k* f
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no% Z- i% V$ \' F! Y' t6 g
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.; I) E: W9 p; a# ]6 l  t% V0 M
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
2 a/ |  ~. }! d& r: n$ ~1 I* [bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion3 O) [/ ~+ E2 u& w: e: S
of papilledema.1 c4 V8 R2 S; _' z$ A: {, x$ ]
Laboratory Evaluation7 g3 y' ?  {" ~* M5 r
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by+ E) c0 G/ e( C3 }7 X7 j
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
: r5 h/ i  C! Tlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
6 ]& Z/ x7 I# v9 P" y2 Hkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test+ ~1 Q' q7 s+ \$ w9 M
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-7 N/ E# E! E4 f
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).# v! G0 ?, A- W7 H: \- f
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
" }! A3 e/ m( i( U  L- m  h4 hurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
: z3 ^* Y$ O% @2 \- xwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
0 o8 A' p  i2 ?! w) |* Rof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
7 u, N9 c# B% F8 S(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 209 B+ p0 T' z) r4 E  e
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-" r4 g. B  T% r0 P/ T$ i- R1 P: z8 p
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
) B& U% w& J: Q* sdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to8 h6 E; k" I8 D8 `! R1 N
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)! {% Z& W$ Q: R9 \
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
+ U. d2 X3 u& I' O3 u5 W" jtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
9 K" G4 f4 ?0 p4 @+ ytestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
- A: n4 z) P, C- R$ J% Rand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than* j) [6 U% M0 X, ?
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular5 h! r9 ?4 n( \* p
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
. |. |$ A8 q' B: a3 Q2 P- o# E6 jconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
" f9 V# q5 [: b& J; i  Y: b4 y(prepubertal).) f+ g1 ~; Q9 e7 U$ Y8 n) e) O' Z
The parents were notified about the laboratory& f1 u. F$ a4 f' p5 y' h6 ?' ]
results and were informed that all of the tests were' H' C  K, s0 ^/ ^4 n" n$ V7 E
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
$ b9 O4 w/ l6 a, n5 h, g; Ffollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to" N* o9 A6 B# C8 \* L9 w; A; `
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
/ D# n0 M& a8 m+ p" a7 Sever, the family did not return for 4 months.0 y+ d1 G2 t* p3 {9 U1 E7 s3 s  Q" B
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
: t6 ^5 f, x* F) k9 ochild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
2 x1 F& r' F5 ~  ^- {2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
* X9 S5 q6 N2 j  w# dunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-* U2 Z- F, p" R, t6 p1 M
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at. i2 N9 r5 ~- H) q/ }
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 28 _+ {- ?" s( m, f1 ^
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.: I! ?, [$ a; B' L4 H! l
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
9 m! \) J( F  L( [6 z; }  cing frequent erections.
" F- Q$ r+ r) qBoth parents were again questioned about use of
  S+ G' b  O$ F0 fany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
. R/ R2 M) i) ~  H  ethe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
, t$ J2 P' w  q! a+ N6 g9 ^1 s- c* bTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
( @, {+ N! M5 l8 yuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
; m) f6 R1 y0 y8 X* G! ]ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for; o8 @; Q& Q- b0 |
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
7 \+ G7 N: r  r; V; |to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-( f! s3 \, }" r, j/ I
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido. J4 f- d: ~8 f) b, [9 M9 M! X
secondary to depression.6 O; C6 e* T' P# n
The child slept in the same bed with parents.$ @5 g( v3 B& G* ^- k
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
2 E! ?! m/ t7 C7 w, K: H* Ichest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
! M  g* ^, o6 `) x7 nnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
' y( i! P. [/ W8 AThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
( V4 |, h& j- n4 Qwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby) F. D, }/ k6 P- x
was high, he then read the product information
8 E' [$ S  T0 p# n. |4 h( @packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-" b2 J% f2 B+ o( Y6 P
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they2 `* y/ r% O# k
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
% {% `, a( I8 X: {3 afather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
, W" ?9 ?: C  Y- \* w, Qbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone0 K: k+ L0 v: h6 V5 ?2 B$ M& O4 T
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
) s: R! k& f  S! M. k  m" alaboratory to obtain the test.5 S9 D4 {  i* L" H$ X1 w3 Q' J9 V
Discussion
! P( E. g! i/ BPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary+ V8 f, N, M; r2 c, ?5 o
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4, q% q. A! g% A; ~9 X: A& n$ J
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when8 C3 ]6 C5 u; h+ I
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
( v2 z% a( x( C/ C2 O% vthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-) k1 L8 [* c1 }( F9 e$ G6 X/ _
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
6 Q$ n  \5 _5 x" ^  Wmay have a central nervous system lesion that is: L7 b; e( Z9 U6 d( K7 T; D' X& k1 ]
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
9 ~  Z. z) c% k' t7 X8 _0 u' C. Uamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-# w/ k$ f" w. }* @( ^+ o4 u7 c
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in, k' {& Y- g0 {. C2 u: y. v; _5 G  o
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-' f0 e0 |* e. ^( L
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
, U* ?/ x8 S- ~- @rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
3 M# X: S  Y, u+ g# r3 q" M) V8 Dgonadotropins.1,3
7 @" w' q. W; v6 O4 O! y# fGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
3 U1 ^! c2 a. _3 h7 e) ?: Ucious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate% J0 h$ Z6 h- ^; a1 D  N
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or6 z0 k( g$ j8 i4 M& v/ E6 s
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-4 \" k9 s! R, `" @0 }# A; R
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
0 l9 K7 `! j6 {' fcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive" _" S7 V% C% z$ @, }
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious  V1 k/ Z: v; N; N
puberty in boys.3,4. t( L6 m/ v6 H$ L+ W3 w: i
The most common form of congenital adrenal
& |9 V: t& e0 O' W1 p6 l1 ahyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
" {5 O' A0 ]; E  FThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in" J5 E! r8 t9 u, @, J* q7 P
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,0 y0 J% P* ^7 v2 g5 Q
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen3 v# A7 C  r6 i! W9 D5 K. N
excess.1,3
3 g& _7 r6 Q7 ^( J% l2 d6 rat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
# N6 c5 \! t! V% u542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
% [  }0 `, E5 J# N0 k% KA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-2 I8 O! j1 F; X6 m, u9 L  c
independent precocious puberty, which is also known0 H( }6 f, z2 O
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a( @, F1 q+ L7 U( P
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
2 |6 H5 x6 Z' X6 N% H) k, K* awith this disorder are full pubertal development,. ^% u/ I6 y, G1 M  ^# _
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys& R! j8 R% g1 `
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
9 u/ B  h0 v# K- d$ s& W5 Qare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
6 g% C/ r- P! b2 G% Gpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-- I  [& O9 ]3 a" A( D' k
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked- h2 W! h) l' h. x: i5 c/ s
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
2 x5 }* I/ p) x/ O/ l/ v5 \) ~males; therefore, other male members of the family* y, q- K2 M# @) g# Y
may have similar precocious puberty.3
' }6 Q" P5 `& TIn our patient, physical examination was incon-. A" Z% `/ p3 W0 b& m& ]) P  Y* H
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
' Z7 G0 I" p+ k/ g0 k5 s7 s0 |, o/ ccles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
; f, d& [% r* o: P4 I4 |was in the differential diagnosis because his father
( q/ P& u" g5 c7 G: _started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,! o: R" Q  d) |; U
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the* @" m, f0 Y! k  Y
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-/ Q& p/ b3 b- a. p7 i& j- ?- u" q* N4 R
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our' ^! o3 e% O: o0 W% T" O. U
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
& W' n& m+ z% }either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase  w  w: F' V8 K1 K% d0 g; T& A
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
6 N6 {% w8 _% v* K: S/ wing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
3 ]3 W" `8 V! M4 p- v( |The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
* n2 s5 o, H+ @+ I6 fsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because/ X/ |9 g- C3 P, n
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
0 m. U$ Y2 {! w+ j0 `& F1 x% H0 x. T) Zpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and( f) H+ D1 h) R* ]
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-9 ^! P6 U- Z) ^  |4 B& \
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was* U2 x- Q8 A/ ~9 M( C9 m" U
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’( G: L/ o) P! T
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or$ t0 W9 ^. P* K; A
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
) a5 \! P; |$ k, |1 cunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
! m! O' \; A2 u6 x# X4 b  X" U. o+ \/ JSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
9 l4 o0 j0 ]+ f0 B$ ?9 s- z6 C% _baseline value in those females who were exposed to
) g4 h7 F4 f9 H* }even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
: Z5 o+ h, v; k+ J: P1 ~partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
7 F; n/ }2 h0 {6 G+ A4 Wtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.4 }0 }5 H2 h5 t: a8 G9 J2 x
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
# H4 _. G# `; a$ ~& Q" Ewhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that7 R$ a$ A4 s$ r4 J
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
% U* e* t& D$ L2 Dterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more. ?, x+ H: R  T/ |3 Z4 F* B& v
active in young children exposed to testosterone
4 S' I! q: `9 W0 texogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-* h  b. }3 A  p1 W2 F/ K# G
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
7 k% K$ Y% `3 [5 D5 D$ ~virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in3 f' ^4 Q" j- z7 W
children results in an increase in growth velocity and) h. O0 n* d- [8 R4 Q  l
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient." B  f1 r1 {) A8 P
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during2 C  P( ^' l3 q
early childhood on pubertal development and final) L5 p5 W8 n, X
adult height are not fully known and always remain
3 s/ i$ B. D; N  Ea concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
- i4 ?" Z6 I6 R9 U' S8 qterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
, f( R0 G: y" H; L8 xacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after9 t. U2 [) Z! U2 D1 G
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation' p: P( y  {; _# g1 Z
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9. I  p' J3 L' l* O0 w" Q; \
There are conflicting reports and controversy4 h; I$ l: N* }9 J4 I' }' p9 Y
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult' @5 @0 f# B+ o+ f, n& i$ o
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
, ]! a0 x6 P( }* A; ]adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
2 @- r( n& h2 }5 j9 Rulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
$ C3 n+ v6 i# d0 A0 s: ?  jSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between7 P1 C5 ^8 S: ?5 H( l
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
5 e! M, y# @" j3 {- ?1 a* d! l% Apenile length in clinical studies.
* g5 E3 V; J1 x8 l, FNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is2 n1 R' O8 n+ w* `8 x, r8 f
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
3 C# c4 t: X2 ^: L! f& ^testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
* ~) x5 H. [' }the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.2 \/ Y& ]! t( D
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
  G( |) ?) ^, Mdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at; t" \0 c: }4 u! R9 O
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult0 m- m6 K* g  b! ~. t" {. \
height will not be affected.% ~- \  u( T& K' {  }
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-! J, ^4 l, ^8 O$ `, @5 C3 z
ability of androgen products in our society may
$ X5 E$ S4 u, Y" _* w. |+ n4 rindeed cause more virilization in male or female( N- f7 r1 S/ d7 P
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
- e1 D% g$ |& W0 R& Mgen products must be considered and specific ques-) f# r7 }  J! U3 J9 D$ y% P' U' _
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
5 y& [1 N; Q3 }( {gel should be asked of the family members during
8 g+ @. K5 b( M" xthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
0 h: r! y* d8 h7 vilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-* }, j7 P$ e* a! p! O* `' m" A' F
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
, V  y6 V$ v+ X* d5 H, x) {appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a. [1 L2 U1 y" g! v
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may! J. Q4 B: I$ l! X
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
4 V. {; z+ u% m- e% k/ oinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
9 U  S4 |) q& M* ]+ O3 X8 R: i5 Faware of this fact, because most of these children
8 b+ N) D5 R' R% l1 zmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’0 I9 X9 r. z- j5 |) w
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
; J/ y0 m+ {8 q; W( N6 ], Qwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or" V  l# ]( s2 o  }/ F- P( f8 |/ [+ B9 Z
female child who might come in contact with some-' v: U9 X& v8 p! |
one using any of these products.
& K' }) n4 O- s( `; U, fReferences) j' J# M+ E0 E* ]
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
& l( n) T1 e% K9 i/ O6 {and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric; m3 }! G% Z: V0 V
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
4 u" Q/ J; ], ^0 W2 p% ?; V" s2002: 565-628.
/ N4 \" Q6 X9 U% E2 u% s2 U2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
* M) X( B  S: ~/ `7 T8 Jpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

/ d% ?" V0 x8 `* {" t, t* b9 [精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
您需要登錄後才可以回帖 登錄 | 立即注册

本版積分規則


快速回復 返回頂部 返回列表